In silico genome-wide analysis of homeodomain-leucine zipper transcription factors in Cannabis sativa L.

HD-Zip (Homeodomain-Leucine Zipper) is a family of transcription factors unique to higher plants and plays a vital role in plant growth and development. Increasing research results show that HD-Zip transcription factors are widely involved in many life processes in plants. However, the HD-Zip transcription factor for cannabis, a valuable crop, has not yet been identified. The sequence characteristics, chromosome localization, system evolution, conservative motif, gene structure, and gene expression of the HD-Zip transcription factor in the cannabis genome were systematically studied. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to verify its function. The results showed that cannabis contained 33 HD-Zip gene members. The number of amino acids is 136-849aa, the isoelectric point is 4.54-9.04, and the molecular weight is 23264.32-93147.87Da. Many cis-acting elements are corresponding to hormone and abiotic stress in the HD-Zip family promoter area of cannabis. Sequencing of the transcriptome at 5 tissue sites of hemp, stems, leaves, bracts, and seeds showed similar levels of expression of 33 members of the HD-Zip gene family at 5 tissue sites. Bioinformatics results show that HD-Zip expression is tissue-specific and may be influenced by hormones and environmental factors. This lays a foundation for further research on the gene function of HD-Zip.

DMF as an amine source: iron-catalyzed cyclization of 2H-azirines to imidazoles.

A novel method has been developed for the synthesis of 1-methyl-4,5-diaryl-1H-imidazoles through Fe(II)-catalyzed cyclization of 2H-azirines and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as an amine source. This transformation involves the cleavage of C-N and CN double bonds and the construction of new C-N and CN double bonds. The reaction has readily available starting materials, a wide range of substrates and mild reaction conditions. In addition, the reaction also facilitated the convenient synthesis of 1-methyl-2,4,5-triaryl-1H-imidazoles.

Effect of sacubitril valsartan on heart failure with mid-range or preserved ejection fraction in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: real-world experience in a single-center, prospective study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sacubitril valsartan (SV) on heart failure (HF) hospitalization and cardiovascular mortality in patients on hemodialysis with HF with preserved ejection fraction (EF; HFpEF). METHODS: This single-center, prospective study enrolled 155 stable hemodialysis patients with EF > 40% who were followed up for 12 months. Fifty-nine patients were treated with SV; the others were matched for EF (57.89 ± 9.35 vs. 58.00 ± 11.82, P = 0.9) at a ratio of 1:1 and included as controls. The target dosage of SV was 200 mg/day. RESULTS: Twenty-three (23/155; 14.84%) had HF with mid-range EF (HFmrEF), while 132 (85.16%) had HFpEF. After SV treatment, the peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity/peak early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity(E/e') improved from 17.19 ± 8.74 to 12.80 ± 5.52 (P = 0.006), the left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic diameter decreased from 53.14 ± 7.67 mm to 51.56 ± 7.44 mm (P = 0.03), and the LV mass index decreased from 165.7 ± 44.6 g/m2 to 154.8 ± 24.0 g/m2 (P = 0.02). LVEF (P = 0.08) and LV global longitudinal strain (P = 0.7) did not change significantly. The composite outcome of first and recurrent HF hospitalization or cardiovascular death showed no difference between group. However, the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Workgroup (ADQI) HF class improved in 39 and 15 patients and worsened in 1 and 11 patients in the SV and control groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Age, diabetes mellitus, and pulmonary arterial pressure were independent risk factors for HF hospitalization and cardiovascular mortality in patients with HFpEF. CONCLUSIONS: SV improved LV hypertrophy, diastolic function, and the ADQI class for HF; however, it failed to reduce the composite endpoints of HF hospitalization and cardiovascular disease-related mortality over 12 months of follow-up in patients on maintenance hemodialysis with EF of > 40%.

Bioinspired Multistimuli-Induced Synergistic Changes in Color and Shape of Hydrogel and Actuator Based on Fluorescent Microgels.

Fluorescent hydrogels have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for developing biomimetic materials and artificial intelligence owing to their unique fluorescence and responsive properties. However, it is still challenging to fabricate hydrogel that exhibits synergistic changes in fluorescence color and shape in response to multistimulus via a simple method. Herein, blue- and orange-emitting fluorescent microgels (MGs) both are designed and synthesized with pH-, thermal-, and cationic-sensitivity via one-step polymerization, respectively. The two fluorescent MGs are incorporated into transparent doubly crosslinked microgel (DX MG) hydrogels with a preset ratio. The DX MG hydrogels can tune the fluorescent color accompanied by size variation via subjecting to external multistimulus. Thus, DX MG hydrogels can be exploited for multiresponsive fluorescent bilayer actuators. The actuators can undergo complex shape deformation and color changes. Inspired by natural organisms, an artificial morning glory with color and size changes are showcased in response to buffer solutions of different pH values. Besides, an intelligent skin hydrogel, imitating natural calotes versicolor, by assembling four layers of DX MG with different ratios of MGs, is tailored. This work serves as an inspiration for the design and fabrication of novel biomimetic smart materials with synergistic functions.

High-efficiency all fluorescence white OLEDs with high color rendering index by manipulating excitons in co-host recombination layers.

All fluorescence white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters are an attractive route to realize highly efficient and high color quality white light sources. However, harvesting triplet excitons in these devices remains a formidable challenge, particularly for WOLEDs involving conventional fluorescent emitters. Herein, we report a universal design strategy based on a co-host system and a cascaded exciton transfer configuration. The co-host system furnishes a broad and charge-balanced exciton generation zone, which simultaneously endows the devices with low efficiency roll-off and good color stability. A yellow TADF layer is put forward as an intermediate sensitizer layer between the blue TADF light-emitting layer (EML) and the red fluorescence EML, which not only constructs an efficient cascaded Förster energy transfer route but also blocks the triplet exciton loss channel through Dexter energy transfer. With the proposed design strategy, three-color all fluorescence WOLEDs reach a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 22.4% with a remarkable color rendering index (CRI) of 92 and CIE coordinates of (0.37, 0.40). Detailed optical simulation confirms the high exciton utilization efficiency. Finally, by introducing an efficient blue emitter 5Cz-TRZ, a maximum EQE of 30.1% is achieved with CIE coordinates of (0.42, 0.42) and a CRI of 84 at 1000 cd m-2. These outstanding results demonstrate the great potential of all fluorescence WOLEDs in solid-state lighting and display panels.

PLSCR1 promotes apoptosis and clearance of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma pathogenesis.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. In the pathogenesis of glaucoma, activated microglia can lead to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) apoptosis and death, however, the molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. We demonstrate that phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is a key regulator promoting RGCs apoptosis and their clearance by microglia. As evidenced in retinal progenitor cells and RGCs of the acute ocular hypertension (AOH) mouse model, overexpressed PLSCR1 induced its translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and cytomembrane, as well as elevated phosphatidylserine exposure and reactive oxygen species generation with subsequent RGCs apoptosis and death. These damages were effectively attenuated by PLSCR1 inhibition. In the AOH model, PLSCR1 led to an increase in M1 type microglia activation and retinal neuroinflammation. Upregulation of PLSCR1 resulted in strongly elevated phagocytosis of apoptotic RGCs by activated microglia. Taken together, our study provides important insights linking activated microglia to RGCs death in the glaucoma pathogenesis and other RGC-related neurodegenerative diseases.

Construction and evaluation of DNA vaccine encoding Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus nucleocapsid protein, glycoprotein N-terminal and C-terminal fused with LAMP1.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and is mainly transmitted by ticks. There is no effective vaccine for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) at present. We developed three DNA vaccines encoding CCHFV nucleocapsid protein (NP), glycoprotein N-terminal (Gn) and C-terminal (Gc) fused with lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) and assessed their immunogenicity and protective efficacy in a human MHC (HLA-A11/DR1) transgenic mouse model. The mice that were vaccinated three times with pVAX-LAMP1-CCHFV-NP induced balanced Th1 and Th2 responses and could most effectively protect mice from CCHFV transcription and entry-competent virus-like particles (tecVLPs) infection. The mice vaccinated with pVAX-LAMP1-CCHFV-Gc mainly elicited specific anti-Gc and neutralizing antibodies and provided a certain protection from CCHFV tecVLPs infection, but the protective efficacy was less than that of pVAX-LAMP1-CCHFV-NP. The mice vaccinated with pVAX-LAMP1-CCHFV-Gn only elicited specific anti-Gn antibodies and could not provide sufficient protection from CCHFV tecVLPs infection. These results suggest that pVAX-LAMP1-CCHFV-NP would be a potential and powerful candidate vaccine for CCHFV.

Effect of proximal artery restriction on flow reduction and cardiac function in hemodialysis patients with high-flow arteriovenous fistulas.

OBJECTIVE: Arteriovenous fistula is the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis patients. High-flow arteriovenous fistula may cause high-output heart failure. Various procedures are used to reduce high-flow arteriovenous fistula. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of proximal artery restriction combined with distal artery ligation on flow reduction for high-flow arteriovenous fistula and on cardiac function and echocardiographic changes in patients undergoing hemodialysis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on data collected from the medical records of patients undergoing hemodialysis with heart failure and high-flow arteriovenous fistula between May 2018 and May 2021. Thirty-one patients were treated with proximal artery restriction (banding juxta-anastomosis of the proximal artery) combined with distal artery ligation (anastomosis distal artery ligation). Changes in the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Workgroup cardiac function class, blood pressure, and echocardiography before and 6 months after flow restriction were compared, and post-intervention primary patency was followed-up. RESULTS: The technical success rate of the surgery was 100%, and no surgery-related adverse events occurred. Blood flow and blood flow/cardiac output decreased significantly after flow restriction. Blood flow decreased from 2047.21 ± 398.08 mL/min to 1001.36 ± 240.42 mL/min, and blood flow/cardiac output decreased from 40.18% ± 6.76% to 22.34% ± 7.21% (P < .001). Post-intervention primary patency of arteriovenous fistula at 6, 12, and 24 months was 96.8%, 93.5%, and 75.2%, respectively. The Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Workgroup cardiac function class improved significantly after 6 months of flow restriction (P < .001). The systolic and diastolic left heart function improved, as evidenced by a significant decrease in left atrial volume index, left ventricular end-diastolic/end-systolic diameters, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, left ventricular mass index, cardiac output, and cardiac index and an increase in lateral peak velocity of longitudinal contraction, average septal-lateral s', and lateral early diastolic peak velocity after flow restriction (P < .05). Systolic pulmonary artery pressure decreased from 32.36 ± 8.56 mmHg to 27.57 ± 8.98 mmHg (P < .05), indicating an improvement in right heart function. CONCLUSIONS: Proximal artery restriction combined with distal artery ligation effectively reduced the blood flow of high-flow arteriovenous fistula and improved cardiac function.

Prognosis of Heart Valve Calcification on Cardiovascular Events in Hemodialysis Patients without Central Venous Catheters.

INTRODUCTION: Heart valvular calcification (HVC) is an important predictor of cardiovascular events (CEs) and all-cause mortality in dialysis patients. Patients in the early stage of dialysis or those with central venous catheters (CVC) are also at high risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. It could be a confounding factor for the prognosis of HVC on CE. METHODS: From March 2017 to April 2022, the prognosis of HVC on CE and all-cause mortality was studied retrospectively in 158 hemodialysis (HD) patients who used arteriovenous fistulas or arteriovenous grafts as vascular access and entered HD for more than 12 months. RESULTS: Out of 158 patients, 70 (44.3%) were diagnosed with HVC via echocardiography. A total of 180 CEs occurred during follow-up. Among them, acute heart failure accounted for 62.66%, and its prevalence was significantly higher in the HVC group than that in the non-HVC group (p < 0.0001). The cumulative incidence of CE-free survival in the HVC group was significantly lower than that in the non-HVC group (p = 0.030). Only 11 patients died, and there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between the two groups (p = 0.560). Multivariate COX regression analyses showed that HD vintage, mitral valve calcification, and aortic valve regurgitation (AR)/aortic valve stenosis (AS) but not aortic valve calcification were risk factors for CE (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: After excluding the factors of the early stage of HD and CVC, HVC remained a predictor of adverse CE in HD patients.

The Improved Biocontrol Agent, F1-35, Protects Watermelon against Fusarium Wilt by Triggering Jasmonic Acid and Ethylene Pathways.

Watermelon Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON), is one of the most important diseases, and has become a major limiting factor to watermelon production worldwide. Previous research has found that the improved biocontrol agent, F1-35, had a high control efficiency to watermelon Fusarium wilt. In this study, the control efficiency of F1-35 to watermelon Fusarium wilt was firstly tested, and the control efficiency was 61.7%. Then, we investigated the mode of action of F1-35 in controlling watermelon Fusarium wilt. Using a pairing assay, we found that F1-35 did not inhibit the normal growth of FON. To know more about the interaction between F1-35 and watermelon root, the protein expressions of roots after 12, 24, and 48 h post-inoculation were examined. A total of 1109 differentially expressed proteins were obtained. KEGG analysis found that the most differentially expressed proteins occurred in alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, plant-pathogen interaction, and the MAPK signaling pathway to the plant. A further analysis of differentially expressed proteins showed that F1-35 triggered the jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways in watermelon. To validate our results, the qRT-PCR was used to analyze the gene expression levels of PAL, LOX1, and CTR1. The gene expression results showed that those genes, which were positive correlated with the JA pathway, were up-expressed, including PAL and LOX1, and the negative associated gene, CTR1, was down-expressed. In conclusion, the improved biocontrol agent, F1-35, improves the resistance of watermelons to FON by triggering the JA and ET pathways.

Thermal-Radiation-Driven Ultrafast Crystallization of Perovskite Films Under Heavy Humidity for Efficient Inverted Solar Cells.

Fabricating perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in air is conducive to low-cost commercial production; nevertheless, it is rather difficult to achieve comparable device performance as that in an inert atmosphere because of the poor moisture toleration of perovskite materials. Here, the perovskite crystallization process is systematically studied using two-step sequential solution deposition in an inert atmosphere (glovebox) and air. It is found that moisture can stabilize solvation intermediates and prevent their conversion into perovskite crystals. To address this issue, thermal radiation is used to accelerate perovskite crystallization for integrated perovskite films within 10 s in air. The as-formed perovskite films are compact, highly oriented with giant grain size, superior photoelectric properties, and low trap density. When the films are applied to PSC devices, a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.8% is obtained, one of the best results for air-processed inverted PSCs under high relative humidity (60 ± 10%). This work substantially assists understanding and modulation to perovskite crystallization kinetics under heavy humidity. Also, the ultrafast conversion strategy by thermal radiation provides unprecedented opportunities to manufacture high-quality perovskite films for low-temperature, eco-friendly, and air-processed efficient inverted PSCs.

Bare and ligand protected planar hexacoordinate silicon in SiSb3M3 + (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) clusters.

The occurrence of planar hexacoordination is very rare in main group elements. We report here a class of clusters containing a planar hexacoordinate silicon (phSi) atom with the formula SiSb3M3 + (M = Ca, Sr, Ba), which have D 3h (1A1') symmetry in their global minimum structure. The unique ability of heavier alkaline-earth atoms to use their vacant d atomic orbitals in bonding effectively stabilizes the peripheral ring and is responsible for covalent interaction with the Si center. Although the interaction between Si and Sb is significantly stronger than the Si-M one, sizable stabilization energies (-27.4 to -35.4 kcal mol-1) also originated from the combined electrostatic and covalent attraction between Si and M centers. The lighter homologues, SiE3M3 + (E = N, P, As; M = Ca, Sr, Ba) clusters, also possess similar D 3h symmetric structures as the global minima. However, the repulsive electrostatic interaction between Si and M dominates over covalent attraction making the Si-M contacts repulsive in nature. Most interestingly, the planarity of the phSi core and the attractive nature of all the six contacts of phSi are maintained in N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and benzene (Bz) bound SiSb3M3(NHC)6 + and SiSb3M3(Bz)6 + (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) complexes. Therefore, bare and ligand-protected SiSb3M3 + clusters are suitable candidates for gas-phase detection and large-scale synthesis, respectively.

In Situ Reconstructed Zn doped Fex Ni(1- x ) OOH Catalyst for Efficient and Ultrastable Oxygen Evolution Reaction at High Current Densities.

Developing FeOOH as a robust electrocatalyst for high output oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains challenging due to its low conductivity and dissolvability in alkaline conditions. Herein, it is demonstrated that the robust and high output Zn doped NiOOH-FeOOH (Zn-Fex Ni(1-x) )OOH catalyst can be derived by electro-oxidation-induced reconstruction from the pre-electrocatalyst of Zn modified Ni metal/FeOOH film supported by nickel foam (NF). In situ Raman and ex situ characterizations elucidate that the pre-electrocatalyst undergoes dynamic reconstruction occurring on both the catalyst surface and underneath metal support during the OER process. That involves the Fe dissolution-redeposition and the merge of Zn doped FeOOH with in situ generated NiOOH from NF support and NiZn alloy nanoparticles. Benefiting from the Zn doping and the covalence interaction of FeOOH-NiOOH, the reconstructed electrode shows superior corrosion resistance, and enhanced catalytic activity as well as bonding force at the catalyst-support interface. Together with the feature of superaerophobic surface, the reconstructed electrode only requires an overpotential of 330 mV at a high-current-density of 1000 mA cm-2 and maintains 97% of its initial activity after 1000 h. This work provides an in-depth understanding of electrocatalyst reconstruction during the OER process, which facilitates the design of high-performance OER catalysts.

Bridging the Interfacial Contact for Improved Stability and Efficiency of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells.

Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received widespread attention due to their facile fabrication and wide applications. However, their power conversion efficiency (PCE) is reported lower than that of regular PSCs because of the undesirable interfacial contact between perovskite and the hydrophobic hole transport layer (HTL). Here, an interface regulation strategy is proposed to overcome this limitation. A small molecule ([2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl) ethyl] phosphonic acid, abbreviated as 2P), composed of carbazole and phosphonic acid groups, is inserted between perovskite and HTL. Morphological characterization and theoretical calculation reveal that perovskite bonds stronger on 2P-modified HTL than on pristine HTL. The improved interfacial contact facilitates hole extraction and retards degradation. Upon the incorporation of 2P, inverted PSCs deliver a high PCE of over 22% with superior stability, keeping 84.6% of initial efficiency after 7200 h storage under an ambient atmosphere with a relative humidity of ≈30-40%. This strategy provides a simple and efficient way to boost the performance of inverted PSCs.

Doping Free and Amorphous NiOx Film via UV Irradiation for Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells.

High crystallization and conductivity are always required for inorganic carrier transport materials for cheap and high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). High temperature and external doping are inevitably introduced and thus greatly hamper the applications of inorganic materials for mass production of flexible and tandem devices. Here, an amorphous and dopant-free inorganic material, Ni3+ -rich NiOx , is reported to be fabricated by a novel UV irradiation strategy, which is facile, easily scaled-up, and energy-saving because all the processing temperatures are below 82 â„ƒ. The as-prepared NiOx film shows highly improved conductivity and hole extraction ability. The rigid and flexible PSCs present the champion efficiencies of 22.45% and 19.7%, respectively. This work fills the gap of preparing metal oxide films at the temperature below 150 °C for inverted PSCs with the high efficiency of >22%. More importantly, this work upgrades the substantial understanding about inorganic materials to function well as efficient carrier transport layers without external doping and high crystallization.

Ternary 14-electron XB2Be2 (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) clusters: a planar tetracoordinate silicon (ptSi) system and its ptGe/Sn/Pb congeners.

A class of ternary 14-electron clusters, XB2Be2 (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), have been computationally predicted with a planar tetracoordinate silicon (ptSi) unit, as well as its heavier ptGe/Sn/Pb congeners. These pentaatomic ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb species are established as global-minimum structures via computer global searches, followed by electronic structure calculations at the PBE0-D3, B3LYP-D3, and single-point CCSD(T) levels. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that they are also kinetically stable against isomerization or decomposition. Chemical bonding analyses show that the clusters have double 2π/2σ aromaticity. The latter concept underlies the stability of ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb clusters, overriding the 14-electron count or its variants, such as the 18-electron rule. No sp3 hybridization occurs in these species, which naturally explains why they are ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb (rather than traditional tetrahedral) systems.

Cucurbitacin E Triggers Cellular Senescence in Colon Cancer Cells via Regulating the miR-371b-5p/TFAP4 Signaling Pathway.

The induction of cellular senescence is considered as a potent strategy to suppress cancer progression. Cucurbitacin E (CE) belongs to the triterpenoids and has received substantial attention for its antineoplastic property. However, the function of CE on cellular senescence remained elusive. Herein, we revealed that CE significantly induced cellular senescence in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. The CE effects on the cellular senescence in CRC cells were confirmed by observing the common features of the senescence, such as the enhanced activity of senescence-associated ß-galactosidase, γ-H2AX positive staining, and upregulation of senescence-associated proteins including p53, p27, and p21. Moreover, CE exerted pro-senescent effects in CRC cells via attenuating the transcription factor activating enhancer-binding protein 4 (TFAP4) expression, and the ectopic expression of TFAP4 blocked the CE-induced senescence. Mechanistically, CE treatment caused a robust increase in miR-371b-5p, which markedly repressed TFAP4. In contrast, silencing of miR-371b-5p counteracted the percentages of CE-induced senescent cells from 37.49 ± 2.61 to 7.06 ± 0.91% in HCT-116 cells via derepressing TFAP4 to attenuate the expression of p53, p21, and p16. Altogether, these results demonstrated that dietary CE induces CRC cellular senescence via modulating the miR-371b-5p/TFAP4 axis and presents opportunities for potential therapeutic strategies against CRC.

Attenuation of Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Apoptosis and Pyroptosis in RSC96 Cells by Salvianolic Acid B.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether salvianolic acid B (Sal B) exerts protective effects on diabetic peripheral neuropathy by attenuating apoptosis and pyroptosis. METHODS: RSC96 cells were primarily cultured with DMEM (5.6 mmol/L glucose), hyperglycemia (HG, 125 mmol/L glucose) and Sal B (0.1, 1, and 10 µ mol/L). Cells proliferation was measured by 3-(4, 5-cimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-dilphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis rate were detected by flow cytometry analysis. Western blot was performed to analyze the expressions of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), cleaved-caspase 3, cleaved-caspase 9, Bcl-2, Bax, NLRP3, ASC, and interleukin (IL)-1ß. RESULTS: Treatment with HG at a concentration of 125 mmol/L attenuated cellular proliferation, while Sal B alleviated this injury (P<0.05). In addition, Sal B inhibited HG-induced ROS production and apoptosis rate (P<0.05). Furthermore, treatment with Sal B down-regulated HG-induced PARP, cleaved-caspase 3, cleaved-caspase 9, Bax, NLRP3, ASC, and IL-1ß expression, but mitigated HG-mediated down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Sal B may protect RSC96 cells against HG-induced cellular injury via the inhibition of apoptosis and pyroptosis activated by ROS.

Attenuation of Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Apoptosis and Pyroptosis in RSC96 Cells by Salvianolic Acid B / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To determine whether salvianolic acid B (Sal B) exerts protective effects on diabetic peripheral neuropathy by attenuating apoptosis and pyroptosis.@*METHODS@#RSC96 cells were primarily cultured with DMEM (5.6 mmol/L glucose), hyperglycemia (HG, 125 mmol/L glucose) and Sal B (0.1, 1, and 10 µ mol/L). Cells proliferation was measured by 3-(4, 5-cimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-dilphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis rate were detected by flow cytometry analysis. Western blot was performed to analyze the expressions of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), cleaved-caspase 3, cleaved-caspase 9, Bcl-2, Bax, NLRP3, ASC, and interleukin (IL)-1β.@*RESULTS@#Treatment with HG at a concentration of 125 mmol/L attenuated cellular proliferation, while Sal B alleviated this injury (P<0.05). In addition, Sal B inhibited HG-induced ROS production and apoptosis rate (P<0.05). Furthermore, treatment with Sal B down-regulated HG-induced PARP, cleaved-caspase 3, cleaved-caspase 9, Bax, NLRP3, ASC, and IL-1β expression, but mitigated HG-mediated down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Sal B may protect RSC96 cells against HG-induced cellular injury via the inhibition of apoptosis and pyroptosis activated by ROS.