RESUMO
RNA can interact with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), mRNA, or other non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) to form complex regulatory networks. High-throughput CLIP-seq, degradome-seq, and RNA-RNA interactome sequencing methods represent powerful approaches to identify biologically relevant ncRNA-target and protein-ncRNA interactions. However, assigning ncRNAs to their regulatory target genes or interacting RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) remains technically challenging. Chemical modifications to mRNA also play important roles in regulating gene expression. Investigation of the functional roles of these modifications relies highly on the detection methods used. RNA structure is also critical at nearly every step of the RNA life cycle. In this review, we summarize recent advances and limitations in CLIP technologies and discuss the computational challenges of and bioinformatics tools used for decoding the functions and regulatory networks of ncRNAs. We also summarize methods used to detect RNA modifications and to probe RNA structure.
Assuntos
RNA Mensageiro/química , RNA não Traduzido/química , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/química , Sítios de Ligação , Biologia Computacional , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Modelos Moleculares , Mutação/genética , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Ligação Proteica , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Transcriptoma/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is a clinically effective treatment in allergic conjunctivitis (AC); however, the mechanism of the underlying pharmacodynamics remains unclear. Here, we investigate the efficacy and the mechanism of a sublingually administered Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f) vaccine in a murine AC model. METHODS: A murine model of AC caused by Der f extract was developed in BALB/c mice by repeated application of allergen. Sensitized mice were SLIT treated by Der f drops and subsequently analyzed for AC symptoms, histopathological and immunological parameters. RESULTS: In this study, Der f extract successfully induced the symptoms of AC in BALB/c mice. In these sensitized mice, clinical symptoms (scratching behavior, lacrimation, conjunctival hyperemia and edema), immunological and histopathological findings (inflammatory cell infiltration) were very similar to those in human AC. SLIT treatment of sensitized mice markedly reduced the clinical and histopathological symptoms and decreased the expression levels of total immunoglobulin E (IgE), Der f-specific IgE and T helper cell 2 (Th2) cytokine interleukin-4, with a significant increase in Der f-specific IgG4 and Th1 cytokine interferon-γ. CONCLUSIONS: SLIT with Der f drops is a potentially effective means of immunotherapy for Der f-induced AC by modulating the Th2-biased allergic immune response.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Dermatophagoides/uso terapêutico , Proteínas de Artrópodes/uso terapêutico , Conjuntivite Alérgica/terapia , Cisteína Endopeptidases/uso terapêutico , Imunoterapia Ativa , Administração Sublingual , Animais , Antialérgicos/uso terapêutico , Antígenos de Dermatophagoides/imunologia , Proteínas de Artrópodes/imunologia , Túnica Conjuntiva/patologia , Conjuntivite Alérgica/imunologia , Cisteína Endopeptidases/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação para Baixo , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Interleucina-4/sangue , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Células Th2/citologiaRESUMO
A new di-O-prenylated flavone, named 7,3'-di-(γ,γ-dimethylallyloxy)-5-hydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone (1), was isolated from the culture broth of the endophytic actinomycete Streptomyces sp. MA-12 isolated from the root of the semi-mangrove plant Myoporum bontioides A. Gray. The structure of 1 was determined by comprehensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments (COSY, HMQC, and HMBC). Primary bioassays showed that 1 at concentration of 0.25 mM had moderate inhibitory activity against three plant pathogenic fungi including Colletotrichum musae, Gibberella zeae (Schweinitz) Petch, and Penicillium citrinum Thom.
