[Application of stable isotope techniques in soil food web research]. / ç¨³å®šåŒä½ç´ æŠ€æœ¯åœ¨åœŸå£¤é£Ÿç‰©ç½‘ç ”ç©¶ä¸­çš„åº”ç”¨.

Stable isotope technique is important for understanding the structure and function of soil food web, which is considered as a belowground black box. We reviewed typical application cases of stable isotope techniques in the research of soil food webs, including to determine food sources and feeding preferences of soil fauna by using isotopes, and to analyze the trophic structure of soil food webs through isotope fractionation effects during the process of feeding and nutrient sequestration by soil fauna. Additionally, stable isotope techniques could reveal the role of soil biota at different trophic levels within soil food web in ecosystem matter and energy flow, which favored to carry out accurate and efficient research on the contribution of soil food webs to soil carbon and nitrogen cycling process and the corresponding influence mechanism. We further put forward the limitations of current stable isotope techniques and the future development directions.

Gastro-esophageal reflux induced cough with airway hyperresponsiveness.

To investigate the characteristics of gastroesophageal reflux induced cough (GERC) with airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Compared to patients with GERC alone and healthy subjects, cough sensitivity, multi-channel intraluminal impedance combined with pH monitoring and airway inflammation were evaluated in patients with GERC and AHR. 23 patients were definitely diagnosed as acid reflux induced GERC, 9 patients developed AHR concomitantly. When compared with GERC patients, patients with AHR had significantly increased number of proximal extent episodes (21.5 (28.6) vs. 7.5 (1.8), Z = -2.038, P = 0.042) and increased proportion of proximal extent episodes to total refluxes episodes (24.5 (13.5)% vs. 4.2 (7.3)%, Z = -2.138, P = 0.032), and the level of IL-8 in the airway of these patients was significantly higher than that in healthy subjects (71.1 (64.0) vs. 24.3 (35.2) pg/ml, Z = -2.013, P = 0.044). Gastroesophageal reflux may cause neutrophilic airway inflammation due to the acid reflux into the airway, which results in AHR. However, AHR is not definitely able to cause chronic cough. Thus differential diagnosis is required in clinical practice.

Therapeutic efficacy of baclofen in refractory gastroesophageal reflux-induced chronic cough.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of baclofen for treatment of refractory gastroesophageal reflux-induced chronic cough (GERC) unresponsive to standard anti-reflux therapy. METHODS: Sixteen patients with refractory GERC were given an 8-wk course of baclofen 20 mg three times a day as an add-on therapy to omeprazole. Changes in the cough symptom score, cough threshold to capsaicin, reflux symptom score and possible adverse effects were determined after treatment. The variables of multi-channel intraluminal impedance combined with pH monitoring were compared between responders and non-responders to baclofen. RESULTS: Twelve of 16 patients completed treatment. Cough disappeared or improved in 56.3% (9/16) of patients, including 6 patients with acid reflux-induced cough (66.7%) and 3 patients with non-acid reflux-induced cough (33.3%). With baclofen treatment, the cough symptom score began to decrease at week 2, was clearly decreased at week 6 and reached a minimum at week 8. At the end of therapy, the lowest concentration of capsaicin required for induction of ≥ 2 and ≥ 5 coughs increased from 0.98 (1.46) to 1.95 (6.82) µmol/L (Z = -2.281, P = 0.024) and from 1.95 (7.31) to 7.8 (13.65) µmol/L (Z = -2.433, P = 0.014), respectively, and the reflux symptom score decreased from 8.0 ± 1.6 to 6.8 ± 0.8 (t = 2.454, P = 0.023). The number of acid reflux episodes was significantly lower in responders than in non-responders. The main adverse effects were somnolence, dizziness and fatigue. CONCLUSION: Baclofen is a useful, but suboptimal treatment option for refractory GERC.

[Optimal cut-off point of symptom association probability in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux-induced chronic cough].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the optimal cut-off point of symptom association probability (SAP) in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux-induced chronic cough (GERC) and therefore to improve the diagnostic accuracy. METHODS: Patients with suspected GERC consecutively referred to our respiratory clinic were enrolled into this prospective study between July 2011 and February 2013. After multi-channel intraluminal esophageal impedance and pH monitoring, SAP was calculated by associating the cough recordings on the patients' diary with the detected reflux. GERC was confirmed when there was a favorable response to the following anti-reflux therapy despite the laboratory findings. The optimal cutoff point of SAP was defined according to the highest Youden index. Then, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, the area under the curve of ROC, and the Kappa value for the optimal cut-off point of SAP was calculated and compared to those of SAP standards currently used in China or generally accepted in the diagnosis of GERC. RESULTS: During the study period, 103 patients with suspected GERC were recruited. Among them, GERC was confirmed in 87 patients (84.5%), including 54 patients (62.1%) due to acid reflux and 33 patients (37.9%) due to non-acid reflux. The optimal cut-off point of SAP was defined at ≥ 80% based on the highest Youden index of 0.372. For the diagnosis of GERC, SAP ≥ 80% had the area under the curve of ROC of 0.686, the Kappa value of 0.264, the sensitivity of 74.7%, the specificity of 62.5%, positive predictive value of 91.5% and negative predictive value of 31.3% respectively, which were superior to those of SAP ≥ 75% currently used in China, and to those of SAP ≥ 95% ( the generally accepted cut-off) in that the balance between higher sensitivity and higher specificity was maintained. When combined with DeMeester score ≥ 12.7, the diagnostic accuracy of SAP ≥ 80% was further improved, with the area under the curve of ROC of 0.820, the Kappa value of 0.689, the sensitivity of 87.0%, the specificity of 76.0%, positive predictive value of 94.1% and negative predictive value of 80.0%. CONCLUSION: SAP ≥ 80% may be a more suitable standard for the diagnosis of GERC.