RESUMO
People are often reluctant to trade, a reticence attributed to the endowment effect. The prevailing account attributes the endowment effect to valuation-related bias, manifesting as sellers valuing goods more than buyers, whereas an alternative account attributes it to response-related bias, manifesting as both buyers and sellers tending to stick to the status quo. Here, by tracking and modeling eye activity of buyers and sellers during trading, we accommodate both views within an evidence-accumulation framework. We find that valuation-related bias is indexed by asymmetric attentional allocation between buyers and sellers, whereas response-related bias is indexed by arousal-linked pupillary reactivity. A deal emerges when both buyers and sellers attend to their potential gains and dilate their pupils. Our study provides preliminary evidence for our computational framework of the dynamic processes mediating the endowment effect and identifies physiological biomarkers of deal-making.
Assuntos
Nível de Alerta , Emoções , HumanosRESUMO
Marek's disease, caused by herpes virus infection, is a highly contagious disease characterized by latent infection. Here, we aimed to study the pathology, viremia and apoptosis during the Marek's Disease Virus (MDV) latency in vaccinated chickens. Vaccinated chickens were inoculated with the MD5 strain and were dissected at different time points. The viremia occurs in the spleen and thymus during the latency period of MD5 infection, however, lesions can be observed in the liver tissue. The latency-associated early gene of MDV, i.e., ICP4, was highly expressed in the spleen and thymus during the early latency. Compared with the early cytolytic stage, apoptosis of splenocytes was remarkably downregulated in the latency period. This study suggests that MDV latency could occur in the spleen and thymus in vaccinated chickens and there is a negative correlation between the MDV latency and apoptosis of spleen. MDV latency can resist the apoptosis of spleen.
