Atomic-Level Asymmetric Tuning of the Co1-N3P1 Catalyst for Highly Efficient N-Alkylation of Amines with Alcohols.

Despite the extensive development of non-noble metals for the N-alkylation of amines with alcohols, the exploitation of catalysts with high selectivity, activity, and stability still faces challenges. The controllable modification of single-atom sites through asymmetric coordination with a second heteroatom offers new opportunities for enhancing the intrinsic activity of transition metal single-atom catalysts. Here, we prepared the asymmetric N/P hybrid coordination of single-atom Co1-N3P1 by absorbing the Co-P complex on ZIF-8 using a concise impregnation-pyrolysis process. The catalyst exhibits ultrahigh activity and selectivity in the N-alkylation of aniline and benzyl alcohol, achieving a turnover number (TON) value of 3480 and a turnover frequency (TOF) value of 174-h. The TON value is 1 order of magnitude higher than the reported catalysts and even 37-fold higher than that of the homogeneous catalyst CoCl2(PPh3)2. Furthermore, the catalyst maintains its high activity and selectivity even after 6 cycles of usage. Controlling experiments and isotope labeling experiments confirm that in the asymmetric Co1-N3P1 system, the N-alkylation of aniline with benzyl alcohol proceeds via a transfer hydrogenation mechanism involving the monohydride route. Theoretical calculations prove that the superior activity of asymmetric Co1-N3P1 is attributed to the higher d-band energy level of Co sites, which leads to a more stable four-membered ring transition state and a lower reaction energy barrier compared to symmetrical Co1-N4.

Role of hydrogen sulfide in dermatological diseases.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), together with carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO), is recognized as a vital gasotransmitter. H2S is biosynthesized by enzymatic pathways in the skin and exerts significant physiological effects on a variety of biological processes, such as apoptosis, modulation of inflammation, cellular proliferation, and regulation of vasodilation. As a major health problem, dermatological diseases affect a large proportion of the population every day. It is urgent to design and develop effective drugs to deal with dermatological diseases. Dermatological diseases can arise from a multitude of etiologies, including neoplastic growth, infectious agents, and inflammatory processes. The abnormal metabolism of H2S is associated with many dermatological diseases, such as melanoma, fibrotic diseases, and psoriasis, suggesting its therapeutic potential in the treatment of these diseases. In addition, therapies based on H2S donors are being developed to treat some of these conditions. In the review, we discuss recent advances in the function of H2S in normal skin, the role of altering H2S metabolism in dermatological diseases, and the therapeutic potential of diverse H2S donors for the treatment of dermatological diseases.

Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells.

This work investigated the high-throughput classification performance of microscopic images of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) using a hyperspectral imaging-based separable convolutional neural network (CNN) (H-SCNN) model. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) were cultured, and microscopic images were acquired using a fully automated microscope. Flow cytometry (FCT) was employed for functional classification. Subsequently, the H-SCNN model was established. The hyperspectral microscopic (HSM) images were created, and the spatial-spectral combined distance (SSCD) was employed to derive the spatial-spectral neighbors (SSNs) for each pixel in the training set to determine the optimal parameters. Then, a separable CNN (SCNN) was adopted instead of the classic convolutional layer. Additionally, cultured cells were seeded into 96-well plates, and high-functioning hBMSCs were screened using both manual visual inspection (MV group) and the H-SCNN model (H-SCNN group), with each group consisting of 96 samples. FCT served as the benchmark to compare the area under the curve (AUC), F1 score, accuracy (Acc), sensitivity (Sen), specificity (Spe), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) between the manual and model groups. The best classification Acc was 0.862 when using window size of 9 and 12 SSNs. The classification Acc of the SCNN model, ResNet model, and VGGNet model gradually increased with the increase in sample size, reaching 89.56 ± 3.09, 80.61 ± 2.83, and 80.06 ± 3.01%, respectively at the sample size of 100. The corresponding training time for the SCNN model was significantly shorter at 21.32 ± 1.09 min compared to ResNet (36.09 ± 3.11 min) and VGGNet models (34.73 ± 3.72 min) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the classification AUC, F1 score, Acc, Sen, Spe, PPV, and NPV were all higher in the H-SCNN group, with significantly less time required (P < 0.05). Microscopic images based on the H-SCNN model proved to be effective for the classification assessment of hBMSCs, demonstrating excellent performance in classification Acc and efficiency, enabling its potential to be a powerful tool in future MSCs research.

Tumor suppressor KEAP1 promotes HSPA9 degradation, controlling mitochondrial biogenesis in breast cancer.

The oxidative-stress-related protein Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) is a substrate articulator of E3 ubiquitin ligase, which plays an important role in the ubiquitination modification of proteins. However, the function of KEAP1 in breast cancer and its impact on the survival of patients with breast cancer remain unclear. Our study demonstrates that KEAP1, a positive prognostic factor, plays a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle transition in breast cancer. We investigate the underlying mechanism using human tumor tissues, high-throughput detection technology, and a mouse xenograft tumor model. KEAP1 serves as a key regulator of cellular metabolism, the reprogramming of which is one of the hallmarks of tumorigenesis. KEAP1 has a significant effect on mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation by regulating HSPA9 ubiquitination and degradation. These results suggest that KEAP1 could serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in the treatment of breast cancer.

Butadiene Sulfone Based Binary Deep Eutectic Electrolyte for High Performance Lithium Metal Batteries.

Deep eutectic electrolytes (DEEs) have attracted significant interest due to the unique physiochemical properties, yet challenges persist in achieving satisfactory Li anode compatibility through a binary DEE formula. In this study, we introduce a nonflammable binary DEE electrolyte comprising of lithium bis(trifluoro-methane-sulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and solid butadiene sulfone (BdS), which demonstrates enhanced Li metal compatibility while exhibiting high Li+ ion migration number (0.52), ionic conductivity (1.48 mS·cm-1), wide electrochemical window (~4.5 V vs. Li/Li+) at room temperature. Experimental and theoretical results indicate that the Li compatibility derives from the formation of a LiF-rich SEI, attributed to the undesirable adsorption and deformation of BdS on Li surface that facilitates the preferential reactions between LiTFSI and Li metal. This stable SEI effectively suppresses dendrites growth and gas evolution reactions, ensuring a long lifespan and high coulombic efficiency in both the Li||Li symmetric cells, Li||LiCoO2 and Li||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 full cells. Moreover, the BdS eutectic strategy exhibit universal applicability to other metal such as Na and Zn by pairing with the corresponding TFSI-based salts.

Carvedilol to prevent decompensation of cirrhosis in patients with clinically significant portal hypertension stratified by liver stiffness: study protocol for a randomied, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial in China.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH) are recommended to be treated with non-selective beta-blockers (ie, carvedilol) to prevent the first hepatic decompensation event by the renewing Baveno VII consensus. CSPH is defined by hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG)≥10 mm Hg; however, the HVPG measurement is not widely adopted due to its invasiveness. Liver stiffness (LS)≥25 kPa can be used as a surrogate of HVPG≥10 mm Hg to rule in CSPH with 90% of the positive predicting value in majority aetiologies of patients. A compelling argument is existing for using LS≥25 kPa to diagnose CSPH and then to initiate carvedilol in patients with compensated cirrhosis, and about 5%-6% of patients under this diagnosis criteria may not be benefited from carvedilol and are at risk of lower heart rate and mean arterial pressure. Randomised controlled trial on the use of carvedilol to prevent liver decompensation in CSPH diagnosed by LS remains to elucidate. Therefore, we aimed to investigate if compensated cirrhosis patients with LS≥25 kPa may benefit from carvedilol therapy. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. We will randomly assign 446 adult compensated cirrhosis patients with LS≥25 kPa and without any previous decompensated event and without high-risk gastro-oesophageal varices. Patients are randomly divided into two groups, with 223 subjects in group A and 223 subjects in group B. Group A is a carvedilol intervention group, while group B is a placebo group. All patients in both groups will receive aetiology therapies and are followed up at an interval of 6 months. The 3-year incidences of decompensated events of cirrhosis-related and liver-related death are the primary outcome. The secondary outcomes include development of each complication of portal hypertension individually (ascites, variceal bleeding or overt hepatic encephalopathy), development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and other bacterial infections, development of new varices, growth of small varices to large varices, delta changes in LS and spleen stiffness, change in hepatic dysfunction assessed by Child-Pugh and model for end-stage liver disease score, change in platelet count, development of hepatocellular carcinoma, development of portal vein thrombosis and adverse events with a 3-year follow-up. A predefined interim analysis will be performed to ensure that the calculation is reasonable. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study protocol has been approved by the ethics committees of the Sixth People's Hospital of Shenyang (2023-05-003-01) and independent ethics committee for clinical research of Zhongda Hospital, affiliated to Southeast University (2023ZDSYLL433-P01). The results from this trial will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals and will be presented at international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR2300073864.

Triflate anion chemistry for enhanced four-electron zinc-iodine aqueous batteries.

I+ hydrolysis, sluggish iodine redox kinetics and the instability of Zn anodes are the primary challenges for aqueous four-electron zinc-iodine batteries (4eZIBs). Herein, the OTf- anion chemistry in aqueous electrolyte is essential for developing advanced 4eZIBs. It is elucidated that OTf- anions establish weak hydrogen bonds (H bonds) with water to stabilize I+ species while optimizing a water-lean Zn2+ coordination structure to mitigate Zn dendrites and corrosion. Moreover, the interaction of the OTf- anions with the iodine species results in an increased equilibrium average intermolecular bond length of the iodine species, facilitating the 4e redox kinetics of iodine with improved reversibility.

Efficacy of intravenous acetaminophen on postoperative shivering: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

PURPOSE: Postoperative shivering (POS) is a common and vital complication after anesthesia, which may result in serious consequences and uncomfortable experiences. Acetaminophen has been used to treat fever and mild to moderate pain. However, there is not enough evidence to prove its advantage for POS. This meta-analysis aimed to explore the prophylactic use of acetaminophen as a valid agent for POS. METHODS: Two researchers independently searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase for controlled clinical trials. The meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed by Review Manager. RESULTS: Nine trials with 856 patients were included in our meta-analysis. Acetaminophen significantly reduced POS compared with placebo (pooled risk ratio [RR]: 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.35-0.52). What is more, not only 15 mg/kg but also 1000 mg intravenous acetaminophen could reduce the incidence of shivering compared with placebo. CONCLUSION: Our present meta-analysis demonstrates that the intravenous prophylactic infusion of acetaminophen may prevent POS, and the results may provide new evidence to expand the clinical value of acetaminophen in addition to its routine usage.

Simple, Rapid, Safe, and Cost-Effective Technique for Rectal Washout During Laparoscopic Surgery for Rectal Cancer.

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A general pHLA-CD80 scaffold fusion protein to promote efficient antigen-specific T cell-based immunotherapy.

Inadequate antigen-specific T cells activation hampers immunotherapy due to complex antigen presentation. In addition, therapeutic in vivo T cell expansion is constrained by slow expansion rates and limited functionality. Herein, we introduce a model fusion protein termed antigen-presenting cell-mimic fusion protein (APC-mimic), designed to greatly mimicking the natural antigen presentation pattern of antigen-presenting cells and directly expand T cells both in vitro and in vivo. The APC-mimic comprises the cognate peptide-human leukocyte antigen (pHLA) complex and the co-stimulatory marker CD80, which are natural ligands on APCs. Following a single stimulation, APC-mimic leads to an approximately 400-fold increase in the polyclonal expansion of antigen-specific T cells compared with the untreated group in vitro without the requirement for specialized antigen-presenting cells. Through the combination of single-cell TCR sequencing (scTCR-seq) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we identify an approximately 600-fold monoclonal expansion clonotype among these polyclonal clonotypes. It also exhibits suitability for in vivo applications confirmed in the OT-1 mouse model. Furthermore, T cells expanded by APC-mimic effectively inhibits tumor growth in adoptive cell transfer (ACT) murine models. These findings pave the way for the versatile APC-mimic platform for personalized therapeutics, enabling direct expansion of polyfunctional antigen-specific T cell subsets in vitro and in vivo.

Forward-backward wavefront manipulation of orthogonal linearly polarized waves based on a metasurface zone plate.

Metasurface zone plates exhibit stronger optical control capabilities than traditional Fresnel zone plates, especially in polarization transformation and multiplexing. However, there are still few studies on metasurface zone plates that can be used for simultaneous control of forward and backward waves. In this work, we propose what is to our knowledge a new scheme that utilizes metasurface zone plates for orthogonal linear polarization separation and wavefront manipulation at the same time. We demonstrate the separation of linearly polarized components and transmission-reflection focusing by using the destructive and constructive interference between different meta-atoms in the super-cell, as well as the phase difference between the super-cells. The metasurface not only needs a simple binary phase design but also shows a working bandwidth more than 30 nm with a central wavelength of 875 nm. This scheme can be extended to other electromagnetic bands such as visible and terahertz ones, providing an important way for the multi-dimensional light field manipulations.

[Research Progress in the Role of the Ventral Tegmental Area-Medial Prefrontal Cortex Neural Circuit in the Regulation of Arousal].

There are mutual neural projections between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC),which form a circuit.Recent studies have shown that this circuit is vital in regulating arousal from sleep and general anesthesia.This paper introduces the anatomical structures of VTA and mPFC and the roles of various neurons and projection pathways in the regulation of arousal,aiming to provide new ideas for further research on the mechanism of arousal from sleep and general anesthesia.

Ensuring Stability of Anode Catalysts in PEMWE: From Material Design to Practical Application.

Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis (PEMWE) has emerged as a clean and effective approach for the conversion and storage of renewable electricity, particularly due to its compatibility with fluctuating photovoltaic and wind power. However, the high cost and limited performance of iridium oxide catalysts (i.e. IrO2) used as anode catalyst in industrial PEM electrolyzers remain significant obstacles to widespread application. Although numerous low-cost and efficient alternative catalysts have been developed in laboratory research, comprehensive stability studies critical for industrial use are often overlooked. This leads to the failure of performance transfer from catalysts tested in liquid half-cell systems to those employed in PEM electrolyzers. This concept presents a thorough overview for the stability issues of anode catalysts in PEMWE, and discuss their degradation mechanisms in both liquid half-cell systems and PEM electrolyzers. We summarize comprehensive protocol for the assessment and characterization, analyze the effective strategies for stability optimization, and explore the opportunities for designing viable anode catalysts for PEM electrolyzers.

Correlation of FDG PET/CT, tumor markers and Ki-67 index with EGFR mutation or positive ALK expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) are the two most common druggable targets in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To investigate whether the EGFR mutation and ALK rearrangement could be predicted by the combination of FDG avidity, tumor markers and Ki-67 Index. METHODS: A total of 168 newly diagnosed NSCLC patients who had undergone 18F-FDG PET/CT for staging were enrolled. PET/CT parameters of primary tumors including maximum standardized uptake value (pSUVmax), metabolic tumor volume (pMTV) and total lesion glycolysis (pTLG) were measured. Five serous tumor markers for lung cancer were recorded. Ki-67 labeling index was counted by immunohistochemical staining. EGFR mutation and ALK status were detected by ARMS-PCR and RT-PCR, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses were applied to identify the predictors of EGFR mutation and ALK positivity. RESULTS: EGFR mutation rate was 38.1% (64/168), which were found more frequently in female, ≤60 years old, non-smokers and adenocarcinoma patients, and were not related to lymph node involvements, distant metastases, stage and serum tumor markers. Low pSUVmax, pMTV, pTLG and Ki-67 were significantly associated with EGFR mutation. Logistic regression demonstrated that pSUVmax <6.75 and gender (female) were the independent factors affecting EGFR mutation, and the combination of them had a certain predictive value with the area under the curve of 0.784. ALK positive rate was 6.0% (10/168), all of them were adenocarcinoma patients, which were more common in non-smokers, low serum cytokeratin-19 fragment antigen (CYFRA21-1) and low Ki-67, and were not related to FDG activity. No independent factor for ALK positivity was found on Logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS: Low pSUVmax, rather than tumor markers or Ki-67, was correlated with EGFR mutation independently, which could be integrated with gender (female) to improve the identification for EGFR mutation in NSCLC patients.

Enzymes encapsulated in organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflower with spatial localization for sensitive and colorimetric detection of formate.

Formate is an important environmental pollutant, and meanwhile its concentration change is associated with a variety of diseases. Thus, rapid and sensitive detection of formate is critical for the biochemical analysis of complex samples and clinical diagnosis of multiple diseases. Herein, a colorimetric biosensor was constructed based on the cascade catalysis of formate oxidase (FOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). These two enzymes were co-immobilized in Cu3(PO4)2-based hybrid nanoflower with spatial localization, in which FOx and HRP were located in the shell and core of nanoflower, respectively (FOx@HRP). In this system, FOx could catalyze the oxidation of formate to generate H2O2, which was then utilized by HRP to oxidize 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid to yield blue product. Ideal linear correlation could be obtained between the absorbance at 420 nm and formate concentration. Meanwhile, FOx@HRP exhibited excellent detection performance with low limit of detection (6 µM), wide linear detection range (10-900 µM), and favorable specificity, stability and reusability. Moreover, it could be applied in the detection of formate in environmental, food and biological samples with high accuracy. Collectively, FOx@HRP provides a useful strategy for the simple and sensitive detection of formate and is potentially to be used in biochemical analysis and clinical diagnosis.

Exosomes from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate intervertebral disc degeneration via repairing mitochondrial dysfunction.

Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS), predominantly generated by mitochondria, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Reduction of ROS levels may be an effective strategy to delay IVDD. In this study, we assessed whether umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-exosomes (UCMSC-exos) can be used to treat IVDD by suppressing ROS production caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Materials and methods: Human UCMSC-exos were isolated and identified. Nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) were stimulated with H2O2 in the presence or absence of exosomes. Then, 4D label free quantitative (4D-LFQ) proteomics were used to analyze the differentially expressed (DE) proteins. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial ROS and protein levels were determined via immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry and western blotting respectively. Additionally, high-throughput sequencing was performed to identify the DE miRNAs in NPCs. Finally, therapeutic effects of UCMSC-exos were investigated in a puncture-induced IVDD rat model. Degenerative grades of rat IVDs were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging and histochemical staining. Results: UCMSC-exos effectively improved the viability of NPCs and restored the expression of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, collagen type II alpha-1 (COL2A1) and matrix metalloproteinase-13 induced by H2O2. Additionally, UCMSC-exos not only reduced the total intracellular ROS and mitochondrial superoxide levels, but also increased MMP in pathological NPCs. 4D-LFQ proteomics and western blotting further revealed that UCMSC-exos up-regulated the levels of the mitochondrial protein, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), in H2O2-induced NPCs. High-throughput sequencing and qRT-PCR uncovered that UCMSC-exos down-regulated the levels of miR-194-5p, a potential negative regulator of TFAM, induced by H2O2. Finally, in vivo results showed that UCMSC-exos injection improved the histopathological structure and enhanced the expression levels of COL2A1 and TFAM in the rat IVDD model. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that UCMSC-exos promote ECM synthesis, relieve mitochondrial oxidative stress, and attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro and in vivo, thereby effectively treating IVDD. The translational potential of this article: This study provides solid experimental data support for the therapeutic effects of UCMSC-exos on IVDD, suggesting that UCMSC-exos will be a promising nanotherapy for IVDD.

A very lightweight image super-resolution network.

Recently, ConvNeXt and blueprint separable convolution (BSConv) constructed from standard ConvNet modules have demonstrated competitive performance in advanced computer vision tasks. This paper proposes an efficient model (BCRN) based on BSConv and the ConvNeXt residual structure for single image super-resolution, which achieves superior performance with very low parametric numbers. Specifically, the residual block (BCB) of the BCRN utilizes the ConvNeXt residual structure and BSConv to significantly reduce the number of parameters. Within the residual block, enhanced spatial attention and contrast-aware channel attention modules are simultaneously introduced to prioritize valuable features within the network. Multiple residual blocks are then stacked to form the backbone network, with Dense connections utilized between them to enhance feature utilization. Our model boasts extremely low parameters compared to other state-of-the-art lightweight models, while experimental results on benchmark datasets demonstrate its excellent performance. The code will be available at https://github.com/kptx666/BCRN .

Droplet Microfluidics Powered Hydrogel Microparticles for Stem Cell-Mediated Biomedical Applications.

Stem cell-related therapeutic technologies have garnered significant attention of the research community for their multi-faceted applications. To promote the therapeutic effects of stem cells, the strategies for cell microencapsulation in hydrogel microparticles have been widely explored, as the hydrogel microparticles have the potential to facilitate oxygen diffusion and nutrient transport alongside their ability to promote crucial cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Despite their significant promise, there is an acute shortage of automated, standardized, and reproducible platforms to further stem cell-related research. Microfluidics offers an intriguing platform to produce stem cell-laden hydrogel microparticles (SCHMs) owing to its ability to manipulate the fluids at the micrometer scale as well as precisely control the structure and composition of microparticles. In this review, the typical biomaterials and crosslinking methods for microfluidic encapsulation of stem cells as well as the progress in droplet-based microfluidics for the fabrication of SCHMs are outlined. Moreover, the important biomedical applications of SCHMs are highlighted, including regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, scale-up production of stem cells, and microenvironmental simulation for fundamental cell studies. Overall, microfluidics holds tremendous potential for enabling the production of diverse hydrogel microparticles and is worthy for various stem cell-related biomedical applications.

Aqueous Electrolyte With Weak Hydrogen Bonds for Four-Electron Zinc-Iodine Battery Operates in a Wide Temperature Range.

In the pursuit of high-performance energy storage systems, four-electron zinc-iodine aqueous batteries (4eZIBs) with successive I-/I2/I+ redox couples are appealing for their potential to deliver high energy density and resource abundance. However, susceptibility of positive valence I+ to hydrolysis and instability of Zn plating/stripping in conventional aqueous electrolyte pose significant challenges. In response, polyethylene glycol (PEG 200) is introduced as co-solvent in 2 m ZnCl2 aqueous solution to design a wide temperature electrolyte. Through a comprehensive investigation combining spectroscopic characterizations and theoretical simulations, it is elucidated that PEG disrupts the intrinsic strong H-bonds of water by global weak PEG-H2O interaction, which strengthens the O─H covalent bond of water and intensifies the coordination with Zn2+. This synergistic effect substantially reduces water activity to restrain the I+ hydrolysis, facilitating I-/I2/I+ redox kinetics, mitigating I3 - formation and smoothening Zn deposition. The 4eZIBs in the optimized hybrid electrolyte not only deliver superior cyclability with a low fading rate of 0.0009% per cycle over 20 000 cycles and a close-to-unit coulombic efficiency but also exhibit stable performance in a wide temperature range from 40 °C to -40 °C. This study offers valuable insights into the rational design of electrolytes for 4eZIBs.

Group 3 innate lymphoid cells promotes Th17 cells differentiation in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the correlation between innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets with T-helper (Th) cells and to explore the effect of ILCs on T cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: We analysed the frequencies of ILC subsets in RA patients with varying disease activity and their correlation with Th cell subsets. We further investigated this correlation in various organs of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice. The effects of ILCs on CD4+ T cells were determined by in vitro cell co-culture experiments. RESULTS: ILCs were less frequent in RA patients than in healthy controls, with higher levels of group 3 ILCs (ILC3s) in RA (p<0.05). ILC3s correlated positively with Th1 and Th17 cells in RA peripheral blood (p<0.05). In the peripheral blood, spleen, and lymph nodes of CIA, ILC3s decreased and then increased during arthritis progression. ILC3s correlated positively with Th1 and Th17 cells in the spleen and lymph nodes of CIA (p<0.05). NKp46+ ILC3s in the spleen positively correlated with Th1 and Th17 cells (p<0.05). Under Th17 cell differentiation conditions, co-culturing CIA-derived ILC3s directly with naive CD4+ T cells promoted Th17 differentiation and increased IL-17 secretion. However, co-culturing through a transwell insert impeded Th17 differentiation without affecting IL-17 secretion. CONCLUSIONS: ILC3s positively correlated with Th1 and Th17 cells in RA. In CIA, the frequencies of ILC3s changed with disease development and showed a positive correlation with Th1 and Th17 cells. ILC3s may facilitate the differentiation of Th17 cells through direct cell-cell contact.