Simultaneous bilateral floating knee: A case report.

BACKGROUND: The phrase "floating knee is a flail knee joint," referring to ipsilateral femoral and tibial fractures, was first used by Blake and McBryde in 1975. This condition is often caused by a high-energy trauma with often extensive injury to the soft tissues, and is accompanied by life-threatening systemic complications, including head, chest or abdominal injuries and a high incidence of fat embolism. Floating knee is a severe and uncommon injury pattern. CASE SUMMARY: A 27-year-old man sustained multiple injuries when the electric motorcycle he was riding was hit by a van. His injuries included traumatic hypovolemic shock, comminuted and open type II fractures of the left femoral shaft, fracture of the right femoral shaft, comminuted fracture of the bilateral tibial and fibular shaft, and multiple lacerations and abrasions on his forehead, lower lip, neck and limbs. The diagnosis was simultaneous bilateral floating knee complicated with soft tissue injuries. After emergency treatment and the exclusion of life-threating complications, open reduction and internal fixation were successfully performed using plates and screws in the bilateral femoral and tibial shafts. CONCLUSION: Simultaneous bilateral floating knee is a rare and severe injury pattern. The treatment is challenging, and complications. We present a case report of a young adult who suffered from bilateral floating knees during road traffic accident. We also offer our treatment experience of this complex injury and review past literature.

Unusual free oligosaccharides in human bovine and caprine milk.

Free oligosaccharides are abundant macronutrients in milk and involved in prebiotic functions and antiadhesive binding of viruses and pathogenic bacteria to colonocytes. Despite the importance of these oligosaccharides, structural determination of oligosaccharides is challenging, and milk oligosaccharide biosynthetic pathways remain unclear. Oligosaccharide structures are conventionally determined using a combination of chemical reactions, exoglycosidase digestion, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Most reported free oligosaccharides are highly abundant and have lactose at the reducing end, and current oligosaccharide biosynthetic pathways in human milk are proposed based on these oligosaccharides. In this study, a new mass spectrometry technique, which can identify linkages, anomericities, and stereoisomers, was applied to determine the structures of free oligosaccharides in human, bovine, and caprine milk. Oligosaccharides that do not follow the current biosynthetic pathways and are not synthesized by any discovered enzymes were found, indicating the existence of undiscovered biosynthetic pathways and enzymes.

Anti-Oxidative Effect of Pu-erh Tea in Animals Trails: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This study adopted systematic literature review and meta-analysis methodology to explored anti-oxidative effect of pu-erh tea. Study authors have systemically searched seven databases up until 21 February 2020. In performing the literature search on the above-mentioned databases, the authors used keywords of pu-erh AND (superoxide dismutase OR glutathione peroxidase OR malondialdehyde). Results derived from meta-analyses showed statistically significant effects of pu-erh tea on reducing serum MDA levels (SMD, −4.19; 95% CI, −5.22 to −3.15; p < 0.001; I2 = 93.67%); increasing serum SOD levels (SMD, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.61 to 3.20; p < 0.001; I2 = 91.36%); and increasing serum GSH-Px levels (SMD, 4.23; 95% CI, 3.10 to 5.36; p < 0.001; I2 = 93.69%). Results from systematic review and meta-analyses validated that various ingredients found in pu-erh tea extracts had anti-oxidation effects, a long-held conventional wisdom with limited supporting evidence.

Utilization Intention of Community Pharmacy Service under the Dual Threats of Air Pollution and COVID-19 Epidemic: Moderating Effects of Knowledge and Attitude toward COVID-19.

The utilization of pharmacy services in response to the threat of COVID-19 infection remains unclear in areas suffering from air pollution, and little is known regarding the effects of knowledge and attitude (KA) toward COVID-19 on this preventive behavior. This study aimed to explore how the residents perceived and reacted to the new threats of the epidemic and how KA may affect the correlation. Based on the health belief model (HBM), this research took the pharmacy service utilization (PSU) as an example to explain the preventive behavior. The samples were 375 respondents recruited from five districts near the industrial parks. T-test, ANOVA, and regression analyses of SPSS 22.0 were used to analyze the data. Test results show that self-efficacy was the strongest predictor, followed by the net perceived benefit. KA moderated the association of perceived threat and PSU intention. The levels of air pollution of a district may not be a good predictor for the preventive behavior against COVID-19.

Novel potential functions of amoeboid cells in thraustochytrids revealed by Aurantiochytrium limacinum BL10.

The current study investigated the potential functions of amoeboid cell formation and migration in a thraustochytrid strain, Aurantiochytrium limacinum BL10. Our results showed that: (1) When the surface of an agar plate was inoculated with BL10, amoeboid cells mainly emerged on the periphery of isolated colonies. The amoeboid cells then migrated outwards to form small vegetative cell clusters, which favored rapid colony expansion. In addition, amoeboid cells were capable of self-recognition (i.e. they were able to distinguish BL10 from other thraustochytrid species), and could choose whether to evade (self colonies) or approach (non-self colonies). These observations indicated that amoeboid cells were employed by BL10 to help colonize empty territories and to outcompete other thraustochytrid species in previously colonized territories. (2) When the agar medium was soft, amoeboid cells were able to penetrate the surface and migrate throughout, thereby allowing BL10 to colonize the interior of the solid matrix. This finding suggested that amoeboid cell formation and migration may help Aurantiochytrium colonize the interior of solid matrices to obtain additional nutrients and spatial resources. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of amoeboid cell formation and migration as well as the extraordinary microbial social behaviors of BL10 are also discussed in this article.

The Role of Caregiver's Feeding Pattern in the Association between Parents' and Children's Healthy Eating Behavior: Study in Taichung, Taiwan.

While parenting style has been linked with parent feeding behavior (FB), little is known about the role FB plays in the relationship between parents' eating behavior (PEB) and children's eating behavior (CEB). Based on social learning theory, we hypothesized that children learn to develop healthy CEB by obeying and imitating parents' healthy eating and feeding behaviors, and that FB is the mediator between PEB and CEB. In total, 257 survey responses from parents of children up to 5 years old were included in the study. Results indicated that CEB did not differ by children's age, gender, or birth order; for parents, older age and lower educational levels were associated with less healthy unhealthier FB and PEB. Healthy PEB and FB explained 46.8% and 21.7% of the variance in healthy CEB, respectively. The model confirmed that FB reduced the coefficient of healthy PEB from 0.563 to 0.468 and increased the variance explained from 35.0% to 38.5%. FB was a mediator for PEB and CEB. Discussion covers the complexity of ideal parenting styles and child feeding and their associated effects on CEB in varied environments, including different cultures. We concluded that PEB was the main predictor of CEB, and healthy feeding acted as a mediator.

Self-monitored versus supervised walking programs for older adults.

ABSTRACT: Walking is an effective, well accepted, inexpensive, and functional intervention. This study compared the outcomes and changes in walking behavior of self-monitored (SM) and supervised (SU) walking interventions for older adults.Participants were assigned to SM (n = 21) and SU (n = 21) walking groups according to their place of residence. Both groups exercised and wore a pedometer for 3 months.The outcome measures were step count, body mass index (BMI), and physical function. Two-way repeated-measure ANOVA and independent t tests were used to compare the intervention effects. We also plotted the trends and analyzed the walking steps weekly.Only BMI exhibited a group × time interaction. The pre-posttest differences showed knee extension muscle strength (KEMS) and Timed Up and Go test were significantly improved in the SM group, whereas BMI, KEMS, 30-s sit-to-stand, functional reach were significantly improved, but 5-m gait speed significantly slower in the SU group. For participants attending ≥50% of the sessions, those in the SM and SU groups had similar results for all variables, except for 2-min step (2MS) and daily walking step counts.Both self-monitored and supervised walking benefit older adults in most physical functions, especially lower-extremity performance, such as muscle strength, balance, and mobility. The effects of both programs do not differ significantly, except for BMI and 2MS (ie cardiopulmonary endurance). We recommend pedometer-assisted self-monitored walking for older adults because of its ability to cultivate exercise habits over the long term, whereas supervised walking to establish effective exercise intensity.

Exploring smoking cessation behaviors of outpatients in outpatient clinics: Application of the transtheoretical model.

To examine the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of smokers towards smoking prevention and provide high-quality smoking cessation services and education on tobacco prevention and establish a smoke-free care network.This study is a cross-sectional survey. The research tool is a questionnaire composed of 4 sub-scales, namely, "tobacco harm awareness," "tobacco prevention attitude," "quitting smoking self-efficacy scale," and "intentional behavior to quit smoking."A positive correlation was identified between cessation-specific knowledge, attitude to quit smoking, and intentional behavior to quit smoking among outpatients. Following the regression analysis, 2 factors (cessation-specific knowledge and attitude toward quitting the smoking habit) were considered in the model and its total variance explained reached 53.2%.Regular smoking cessation classes should be conducted to increase the awareness of smoking hazards and improve the positive attitude toward smoking cessation to avoid smoking hazards.

Cervicogenic exophthalmos: Possible etiology and pathogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Unilateral exophthalmos is often caused by inflammation, neoplasm, infection, metabolic disease, vascular disorder and several other less common conditions. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy related to unilateral exophthalmos has not been reported in the past literature. CASE SUMMARY: We describe a 45-year-old female with unilateral exophthalmos caused by reflex sympathetic dystrophy and its unexpected spontaneous disappearance after a standard anterior cervical discectomy and fixation operation with two PEEK interbody cages and a plate. To our surprise, the patient's left unilateral exophthalmos improved spontaneously in the morning on postoperative day 2-with no relapse, without any further medication, as of seven years. We have named this condition "cervicogenic exophthalmos." CONCLUSION: We would inform other clinicians that unilateral exophthalmos was caused not only by inflammation, vascular disorder, infection, neoplasm, or metabolic disease, but also by reflex sympathetic dystrophy related with cervicogenic spondylosis. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first related case report and use of the term "cervicogenic exophthalmos" after reviewing previous literature.

A special needs dentistry study of institutionalized individuals with intellectual disability in West Sumatra Indonesia.

People with intellectual disability have a higher risk of oral health problems. This study assessed the clinical oral health status and behaviors and treatment needs of people living in an institution in Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. We quantified oral health status of 65 individuals with intellectual disability using Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHIs), Angle's classification of malocclusion, Community Periodontal Index and Treatment Need (CPITN), and decay index and also recorded their brushing behavior. We found that males had significantly lower OHIs (p < 0.001), more malocclusion (p < 0.001), greater caries number (p < 0.001), greater CPITN (p = 0.001) and higher need of dental treatment (p < 0.01) than females. Additionally, we found that high caries number was associated with poor OHIS, malocclusion, periodontal disease, and dependent brushing behavior (p < 0.001). The findings of this study imply that there is a gap in appropriate oral health care in individuals with intellectual disability. There should be a greater focus on providing appropriate oral health education to people with intellectual disability, improving the health literacy and quality of care of caregivers, and providing more dentists with specialized training in special needs dentistry.

ERß targets ZAK and attenuates cellular hypertrophy via SUMO-1 modification in H9c2 cells.

Aberrant expression of leucine zipper- and sterile ɑ motif-containing kinase (ZAK) observed in pathological human myocardial tissue is associated with the progression and elevation of hypertrophy. Our previous reports have correlated high levels of estrogen (E2) and abundant estrogen receptor (ER) α with a low incidence of pathological cardiac-hypertrophy and heart failure in the premenopause female population. However, the effect of elevated ERß expression is not well known yet. Therefore, in this study, we have analyzed the cardioprotective effects and mechanisms of E2 and/or ERß against ZAK overexpression-induced cellular hypertrophy. We have used transient transfection to overexpress ERß into the ZAK tet-on H9c2 cells that harbor the doxycycline-inducible ZAK plasmid. The results show that ZAK overexpression in H9c2 cells resulted in hypertrophic effects, which was correlated with the upregulation of p-JNK and p-p38 MAPKs and their downstream transcription factors c-Jun and GATA-4. However, ERß and E2 with ERß overexpressions totally suppressed the effects of ZAK overexpression and inhibited the levels of p-JNK, p-p38, c-Jun, and GATA-4 effectively. Our results further reveal that ERß directly binds with ZAK under normal conditions; however, ZAK overexpression reduced the association of ZAK-ERß. Interestingly, increase in ERß and E2 along with ERß overexpression both enhanced the binding strengths of ERß and ZAK and reduced the ZAK protein level. ERß overexpression also suppressed the E3 ligase-casitas B-lineage lymphoma (CBL) and attenuated CBL-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) protein association to prevent PI3K protein degradation. Moreover, ERß and/or E2 blocked ZAK nuclear translocation via the inhibition of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-1 modification. Taken together, our results further suggest that ERß overexpression strongly suppresses ZAK-induced cellular hypertrophy and myocardial damage.

Cellular apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction in STZ-induced diabetic rats attenuated by anthocyanins via activation of IGFI-R/PI3K/Akt survival signaling.

Anthocyanins are known cyto-protective agents against various stress conditions. In this study cardio-protective effect of anthocyanins from black rice against diabetic mellitus (DM) was evaluated using a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM rat model. Five-week-old male Wistar rats were administered with STZ (55 mg kg-1 , IP) to induce DM; rats in the treatment group received 250 mg oral anthocyanin/kg/day during the 4-week treatment period. DM and the control rats received normal saline through oral gavage. The results reveal that STZ-induced DM elevates myocardial apoptosis and associated proapoptotic proteins but down-regulates the proteins of IGF1R mediated survival signaling mechanism. Furthermore, the functional parameters such as the ejection-fraction and fraction-shortening in the DM rat hearts declined considerably. However, the rats treated with anthocyanins significantly reduced apoptosis and the associated proapoptotic proteins and further increased the survival signals to restore the cardiac functions in DM rats. Anthocyanin supplementation enhances cardiomyocyte survival and restores cardiac function.

Deep sea minerals prolong life span of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by compensatory augmentation of the IGF-I-survival signaling and inhibition of apoptosis.

Consumption of deep sea minerals (DSM), such as magnesium, calcium, and potassium, is known to reduce hypercholesterolemia-induced myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac-apoptosis and provide protection against cardiovascular diseases. Heart diseases develop as a lethal complication among diabetic patients usually due to hyperglycemia-induced cardiac-apoptosis that causes severe cardiac-damages, heart failure, and reduced life expectancy. In this study, we investigated the potential of DSM and its related cardio-protection to increase the life expectancy in diabetic rats. In this study, a heart failure rat model was developed by using streptozotocin (65 mg kg(-1) ) IP injection. Different doses of DSM-1× (37 mg kg(-1) day(-1) ), 2× (74 mg kg(-1) day(-1) ) and 3× (111 mg kg(-1) day(-1) ), were administered to the rats through gavages for 4 weeks. The positive effects of DSM on the survival rate of diabetes rats were determined with respect to the corresponding effects of MgSO4 . Further, to understand the mechanism by which DSM enhances the survival of diabetic rats, their potential to regulate cardiac-apoptosis and control cardiac-dysfunction were examined. Echocardiogram, tissue staining, TUNEL assay, and Western blotting assay were used to investigate modulations in the myocardial contractile function and related signaling protein expression. The results showed that DSM regulate apoptosis and complement the cardiomyocyte proliferation by enhancing survival mechanisms. Moreover DSM significantly reduced the mortality rate and enhanced the survival rate of diabetic rats. Experimental results show that DSM administration can be an effective strategy to improve the life expectancy of diabetic subjects by improving cardiac-cell proliferation and by controlling cardiac-apoptosis and associated cardiac-dysfunction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 769-781, 2016.

Cardio Protective Effects of Lumbrokinase and Dilong on Second-Hand Smoke-Induced Apoptotic Signaling in the Heart of a Rat Model.

Exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) has been epidemiologically linked to heart disease among non-smokers. However, the molecular mechanism behind SHS-induced cardiac disease is not well known. This study found that SD rats exposed to cigarette smoke at a dose of 10 cigarettes for 30 min twice a day for 1 month had a reduced left ventricle-to-tibia length ratio (mg/mm), increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis by TUNEL assay and a wider interstitial space by H&E staining. However, lumbrokinase and dilong both reversed the effects of SHS. Western blotting demonstrated significantly increased expression of the pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3 in the hearts of the rats exposed to SHS. Elevated protein expression levels of Fas, FADD and the apoptotic initiator activated caspase-8, a molecule in the death-receptor-dependent pathway, coupled with increased t-Bid and apoptotic initiator activated caspase-9 were found. Molecules in the mitochondria-dependent pathway, which disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential, were also found in rats exposed to SHS. These factors indicate myocardial apoptosis. However, treatment with lumbrokinase and dilong inhibited SHS-induced apoptosis. Regarding regulation of the survival pathway, we found in western blot analysis that cardiac protein expression of pAkt, Bcl2, and Bcl-xL was significantly down-regulated in rats exposed to SHS. These effects were reversed with lumbrokinase and dilong treatment. The effects of SHS on cardiomyocytes were also found to be mediated by the Fas death receptor-dependent apoptotic pathway, an unbalanced mitochondria membrane potential and decreased survival signaling. However, treatment with both lumbrokinase and dilong inhibited the effects of SHS. Our data suggest that lumbrokinase and dilong may prevent heart disease in SHS-exposed non-smokers.

Nerve Regeneration Potential of Protocatechuic Acid in RSC96 Schwann Cells by Induction of Cellular Proliferation and Migration through IGF-IR-PI3K-Akt Signaling.

Peripheral nerve injuries, caused by accidental trauma, acute compression or surgery, often result in temporary or life-long neuronal dysfunctions and inflict great economic or social burdens on the patients. Nerve cell proliferation is an essential process to restore injured nerves of adults. Schwann cells play a crucial role in endogenous repair of peripheral nerves due to their ability to proliferate, migrate and provide trophic support to axons via expression of various neurotrophic factors, such as the nerve growth factor (NGF), especially after nerve injury. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a dihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, isolated from the kernels of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq (AOF), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine the fruits of which are widely used as a tonic, aphrodisiac, anti-salivation and anti-diarrheatic. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms by which PCA induces Schwann cell proliferation by activating IGF-IR-PI3K-Akt pathway. Treatment with PCA induces phosphorylation of the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/serine - threonine kinase (PI3K/Akt) pathway, and activates expression of cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in a dose-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis after 18 h of treatment showed that proliferation of the RSC96 cells was enhanced by PCA treatment. The PCA induced proliferation was accompanied by modulation in the expressions of cell cycle proteins cyclin D1, cyclin E and cyclin A. Knockdown of PI3K using small interfering RNA (siRNA) and inhibition of IGF-IR receptor resulted in the reduction in cell survival proteins. The results collectively showed that PCA treatment promoted cell proliferation and cell survival via IGF-I signaling.

A study on people's concepts associating community health exam interventions with their participation in future health examinations.

This study primarily employed the health belief model (HBM) to identify the effect between health examination services and intentions to continue receiving health examinations. The research participants (n = 905) were people who received a health examination in a hospital in Central Taiwan in 2012. The study conducted an anonymous questionnaire survey to collect data and implemented cross-sectional research to examine the factors. The results for the threat construct the participants who showed concern regarding potential physical conditions, and the causes of diseases were more likely to anticipate in health examinations. The participants who indicated their intentions to modify dietary and exercise regimen according to their health examination reports were more likely to anticipate examinations. The results for the cues to action construct showed that the participants who considered advice from others were more inclined to undergo examinations. The results for the barriers construct found that factors, including anxiety, concern for personal-information disclosure. Providing community health examinations helps health care facilities understand people's concepts regarding health examinations and ensures that hospitals enhance the delivery of health examinations to satisfy people's demands and achieve community health.

An examination of the factors affecting people's participation in future health examinations based on community health exam interventions.

Community-based intervention health examinations were implemented at a health care facility to comply with the government's primary health care promotion policy. The theory of planned behavior model was applied to examine the effect that community-based health examinations had on people's health concepts regarding seeking future health examinations. The research participants were individuals who had received a health examination provided at two branches of a hospital in central Taiwan in 2012. The hospital's two branches held a total of 14 free community-based health examination sessions. The hospital provided health examination equipment and staff to perform health examinations during public holidays. We conducted an exploratory questionnaire survey to collect data and implemented cross-sectional research based on anonymous self-ratings to examine the public's intention to receive future community-based or hospital-based health examinations. Including of 807 valid questionnaires, accounting for 89.4% of the total number of questionnaires distributed. The correlation coefficients of the second-order structural model indicate that attitudes positively predict behavioral intentions (γ = .66, p < .05), and subjective norms also positively predict behavioral intentions (γ = .66, p < .01). By contrast, perceived behavioral control has no significant relationship with behavioral intentions (γ = -.71, p > .05). The results of the first-order structural model indicated that the second-order constructs had a high explanatory power for the first-order constructs. People's health concepts regarding health examinations and their desire to continue receiving health examinations must be considered when promoting health examinations in the community. Regarding hospital management and the government's implementation of primary health care, health examination services should address people's medical needs to increase coverage and participation rates and reduce the waste of medical resources.

Lumbrokinase attenuates side-stream-smoke-induced apoptosis and autophagy in young hamster hippocampus: correlated with eNOS induction and NFκB/iNOS/COX-2 signaling suppression.

Recent studies have found that cigarette smoke is epidemiologically linked to an increased risk for impaired cognitive development in adolescents. This study evaluated the influence of side stream smoke (SSS) exposure on hippocampal apoptosis and of the lumbrokinase (LK) effects on SSS induced apoptosis in young hamster hippocampus. Twenty male hamsters at six weeks of age were randomly divided into control group, SSS group (exposed to tobacco cigarettes smoke at doses of 10 cigarettes for 30 min twice a day for 1 month), and SSS hamsters with LK treatment (1.2 mg/kg, ip) for twice a week for 1 month. TUNEL assay and Western blotting were performed. The TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells, as well as Fas-dependent activity and mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathways, such as Fas, FADD, activated caspase-8, t-Bid, activated caspase-9, and activated caspase-3, were significantly increased in the SSS-exposed hippocampus compared to the control and highly attenuated in the LK treatment group. Additionally, SSS exposure significantly increased the autophagy marker proteins, Beclin-1, ATG7, and LC3-II levels, in the hippocampus compared to those in the control group and obviously attenuated after LK treatment. LK also reduced hippocampus injury by enhancing eNOS expression and remarkably inhibited the proinflammatory NFκB/iNOS/COX-2 signaling activity. We found that the detrimental effects of SSS on the hippocampus are truly mediated by cell apoptosis and autophagy. However, LK reduced the hippocampus apoptosis and autophagy related injuries induced by SSS in a widespread manner. We suggest that LK presents protective effects on hippocampus apoptosis and has therapeutic potential against abnormal hippocampal function.

A new and facile method to prepare uniform hollow MnO/functionalized mSiO2 core/shell nanocomposites.

Trifunctional uniform nanoparticles comprising a manganese nanocrystal core and a functionalized mesoporous silica shell (MnO@mSiO(2)(Ir)@PEG, where Ir is an emissive iridium complex and PEG is polyethylene glycol) have been strategically designed and synthesized. The T(1) signal can be optimized by forming hollow core (H-MnO@mSiO(2)(Ir)@PEG) via a novel and facile etching process, for which the mechanism has been discussed in detail. Systematic investigation on correlation for longitudinal relaxation (T(1)) versus core shapes and shell silica porosity of the nanocomposites (MnO, H-MnO, MnO@SiO(2), MnO@mSiO(2), H-MnO@mSiO(2)) has been carried out. The results show that the worm-like nanochannels in the mesoporous silica shell not only increase water permeability to the interior hollow manganese oxide core for T(1) signal but also enhance photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy by enabling the free diffusion of oxygen. Notably, the H-MnO@mSiO(2)(Ir)@PEG nanocomposite with promising r(1) relaxivity demonstrates its versatility, in which the magnetic core provides the capability for magnetic resonance imaging, while the simultaneous red phosphorescence and singlet oxygen generation from the Ir complex are capable of providing optical imaging and inducing apoptosis, respectively.