Study of the mandibular canal and its surrounding canals by multi-view cone-beam computed tomography.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the mandibular anatomical structures by observing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) from multiple angles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed 1593 consecutive CBCT images. Ultimately, 95 CBCTs met the inclusion criteria. The mandibular, inferior lingual, and bony canals at the tooth apex were studied by multi-angle observation CBCT. Descriptive statistics were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: It is beneficial to further observe the anastomosis of the mandibular, lingual, and mandibular canals when the course of the mandibular lingual canal is observed on CBCT cross-section. The frequency of the inferior lingual canal anastomosis with the mandibular canal was 43.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 33, 53.3) in the sample. The mental foramen was located below the long axis of the tooth in a few samples, with an occurrence rate of 29.5% (95% CI 20.1, 38.8). The occurrence rate of various types of the bony canal at the apex of the tooth in canines, first premolars, second premolars, first molars, and second molars under the root apex was recorded through the multi-angle observation of the dental volume reformat (DVR) and three-dimensional (3D) levels in CBCT. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the utility of CBCT imaging in examining mandibular anatomy from multiple angles, providing valuable insights into anatomical variations, and enhancing our understanding of mandibular structures. This research emphasizes the crucial role of meticulous CBCT examination in precisely identifying and understanding key anatomical structures, ultimately reducing the risk of surgical complications. CRITICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: By examining cone-beam computed tomography scans from various perspectives, it is possible to determine the precise position of anatomical structures within the jaw. This allows for a more accurate assessment, reducing the risk of harm to these structures during treatment. KEY POINTS: • It is crucial to utilize image data effectively to enhance the comprehension of human anatomy. • We captured detailed images of the mandible from different angles and orientations utilizing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). • This study provides essential anatomical information for procedural planning to ensure optimal outcomes and patient safety.

Unraveling the multi-pollutant removal using M-MoWTi (M = Fe, Mn, Cr) catalyst: experiment and mechanistic study of competition for active sites.

Multi-pollutant removal (MPR) of NO and VOCs simultaneously is efficient of flue gas treatment in coal-fired power plants. But reducing the competition for active sites between NH3, NO, C6H6, and C7H8 remains challenging. Herein, Cr, Mn, and Fe were respectively doped to MoWTi catalyst via wet impregnation. The Fe3+ + Mo5+ ↔ Fe2+ + Mo6+ redox cycle led to an increased proportion of low valence ions (Mo5+ and W5+) and facilitated the creation of active oxygen vacancies with several active sites. It also possessed plentiful mild to strong acid sites with ideal ratio. These factors enhanced catalytic activity of Fe-MoWTi. Remarkable MPR efficiencies of NO, C6H6, and C7H8 were achieved under industrial SCR condition, characterized by low oxygen but high SO2 levels at 340 °C, with removal rates reaching 89.85%, 97.57%, and 86.30% respectively. Theory calculations further revealed that Fe-MoWTi favor NH3 and O2 adsorptions. NO elimination was found to follow both Eley-Rideal (E-R) and Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) processes, supported by in situ DRIFTS analysis. The reactions involving NO/NO2/nitrite/nitrate occurred with NH3(ads)/ NH4+(ads)/NH2 (ads). C6H6 and C7H8 underwent gradual oxidation, formatting alcohols, aldehydes, acids, and maleic acids, before eventually being mineralized to gaseous CO2 and H2O. Findings hold significant potential for application, providing guidance for the development of catalysts with improved resistance against SO2 poisoning and enhanced MPR capabilities.

Copper/Nickel/Cobalt modified molybdenum-tungsten-titanium dioxide-based catalysts for multi-pollution control of nitrogen oxide, benzene, and toluene: Enhanced redox capacity and mechanism study.

Previous studies have indicated the potential of monometallic-modified TiO2 catalysts in controlling nitrogen oxide (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in coal-fired flue gas. Unfortunately, increasing selective catalytic reduction (SCR) activity under complicated coal-fired flue gas status is tricky. In this study, modified Co-MoWTiO2 catalysts with multiple active sites were synthesized using the wet impregnation method, which exhibited excellent multi-pollution control ability of NO, benzene and toluene under low oxygen and high SO2 concentrations. The modification of Mo and Co achieved high dispersion and electron transfer. The interaction between W5+/W6+ and Co2+/Co3+ promoted gas-phase O2 adsorption on the catalyst surface, forming of reactive oxygen species (Oα). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations informed that the doping of Co effectively enhanced the NH3 and O2 adsorption capacity of the catalyst, and Co possessed the maximum adsorption energy for NH3 and O2. Possible pathways of multi-pollution control of NO, C6H6, and C7H8 were speculated. NH3/NH4+ on the Lewis/Bronsted acid site is reacted with intermediates of NO (e.g., NO2, nitrite, nitrate) via the Langmuir-Hinshelwood and Eley-Rideal mechanism. The introduction of NO and NH3 did not disrupt the oxidation pathways of benzene and toluene. Following the Mars-van Krevelen mechanism, C6H6 and C7H8 were progressively mineralized by Oα into CO2 and H2O.

Highly efficient and durable syngas production over one-step synthesized synergistic oxygen carriers in biomass chemical looping gasification.

Biomass chemical looping gasification (BCLG) gives a promising platform for cost-effective and low-polluting syngas production. To overcome the cumbersome process and poor dispersion of two-step synthesized synergistic oxygen carriers (OCs), NiO-LaFeO3 synergistic OCs were synthesized in one-step by sol-gel method with the found best Ni introduction amount of 0.5. The high lattice oxygen mobility and powerful oxidation capacity derived from the Ni-Fe synergistic effect made it perform better in the BCLG reaction. Due to the extraordinary stability of crystalline phase and oxygen activity, its reactivity did not suffer from any degradation during the 50 long-time redox cycles over 2750 min under the optimal working conditions of the ex-situ configuration, mutual mode and steam/biomass mass ratio of 5.0. The gas yield, carbon conversion, syngas selectivity and H2/CO ratio were constantly maintained around 1846.45 mL/g, 86.74%, 79.96% and 2.0, respectively. This study provides a feasible technical route for highly efficient and durable syngas production.

Identification of a miRSNP Regulatory Axis in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm by a Network and Pathway-Based Integrative Analysis.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) refers to local abnormal expansion of the abdominal aorta and mostly occurs in elderly men. MicroRNA (miRNA) is single-stranded RNA consisting of 18-25 nucleotides. It plays a key role in posttranscriptional gene expression and in the regulation of human functions and disease development. miRNA exerts its function mainly through the binding of complementary base pairs to the 3' regulatory region of mRNA transcripts. Therefore, miRNA-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (miRSNPs) can affect miRNA expression and processing kinetics. miRSNPs can be classified based on their location: miRSNPs within miRNA-producing genes and miRSNPs within miRNA target genes. Increasing evidence indicates that miRSNPs play an important role in the pathogenic kinetics of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to identify potential miRNAs and integrate them into a miRSNP-based disease-related pathway network, the results of which are of great significance to the interpretation of the potential mechanisms and functions of miRSNPs in the pathogenesis of diseases.

Evaluation of the distribution characteristics of the mandibular lingual foramen and its potential risks during implant surgery using cone-beam computed tomography a cross-sectional, retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: The lingual foramen is a risk factor for implantation and other mandibular surgeries, but there are few systematic studies on the anatomical and distribution characteristics of the lingual foramen in the entire mandible. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed using 405 CBCT images. The anatomical characteristics and symmetrical distribution of the mandibular lingual foramen were analyzed. RESULTS: All patients had at least one lingual foramina. According to the positional relationship between the mandibular lingual foramen and the root apex of tooth, the mandibular lingual foramen is divided into the upper lingual foramen and the lower lingual foramen. Upper lingual foramen were divided into three types according to its running direction, namely Type 1 (Enters the mandible and descend in the direction of the lower edge of the mandible), Type 2 (Enters the mandible and descends in the direction of the lower edge of the mandible with branches), and Type 3 (It enters the mandible and divides into two branches, one ascends toward the crest of the alveolar ridge, and the other descends toward the lower edge of the mandible). And their respective prevalence are 84.0% [95% Tolerance Limit (TL) 81.2%-86.8%], 9.9% [95% TL 7.6%-12.1%], and 6.1% [95% TL 4.3%-8.0%]. In addition, the 81.8% [95% TL 79.0%-84.7%] of the upper lingual foramen is distributed in the central incisor area. Lower lingual foramen were divided into three categories according to the running direction, namely Category 1 (Enters the mandible and ascends toward the buccal bone plate), Category 2 (Enters the mandible and descends toward the buccal bone plate), and Category 3 (Go straight into the mandible toward the buccal bone plate). And their respective prevalence are 29.6% [95% TL 26.4%-32.7%], 50.9% [95% TL 47.5%-54.4%] and 19.5% [95% TL 16.8%-22.3%]. The frequency of lower lingual foramen distributed anteriorly to the mental foramen is 55.8% [95% TL 52.3%-59.2%], mid-mental foramen is 21.4%[95% TL 18.5%-24.2%], and posterior to the mental foramen is 22.8% [95% TL 20.0%-25.8%]. CONCLUSION: Both the upper and lower lingual foramina should be evaluated in the anterior, middle, and posterior regions of the mental foramen before implant surgeries.

In situ DRIFTS FT-IR and DFT study on Fe-V-W/Ti removal of NOx and VOCs.

Nitrogen oxides (NOX) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are generated during the coal-fired power plant's combustion. They can be simultaneously removed in SCR (selective catalytic reduction) region. Herein, the performance of V-W/Ti and Fe-V-W/Ti synthesized by wet impregnation in removing NOX and VOCs was evaluated. XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) result indicated that a redox cycle of Fe2+ + V5+ ⇌ Fe3+ + V4+ could form electron vacancy through electron transfer. Besides, the mechanisms of NH3-SCR and VOCs catalytic oxidation were explored with in situ DRIFTS experience and DFT calculation. On Fe-V-W/Ti, in situ DRIFTS study found more absorption sites of NH3, and different intermediates during simultaneously removal process. DFT calculation demonstrated that absorption energy of O2 was decreased and O = O bond was lengthened with Fe doped. Both V-W/Ti and Fe-V-W/Ti followed the L-H mechanism and shared a common NH3-SCR pathway: [Formula: see text]. However, the bidentate nitrate and monodentate nitrate were also revealed on Fe-V-W/Ti, which combined with NH4+ and decomposed into N2 and H2O, or N2O and H2O, respectively. The detected NH2 species combined with NO on the Fe-V-W/Ti, following the E-R mechanism. As for VOCs, the intermediates of benzene and toluene were revealed by in situ DRIFTS study, and detailed Mars-van Krevelen mechanism was discovered.

Association between cumulative blood pressure in early adulthood and right ventricular structure and function in middle age: The CARDIA study.

OBJECTIVE: Cumulative blood pressure (BP) exposure is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study sought to investigate the association between cumulative BP from early adulthood to middle age and right ventricular (RV) structure and function in middle age. METHODS: We included 2844 participants from the CARDIA study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults). Cumulative BP over the 30-years follow-up was defined as the sum of the product of mean BP for each pair of consecutive examinations and the time interval between these two consecutive examinations in years. RV structure and function were assessed by echocardiography. The main analyses utilized logistic and linear regression models. RESULTS: In fully adjusted models, higher cumulative systolic BP was independently associated with lower tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), right ventricular peak systolic velocity (RVS'), right ventricular early diastolic velocity (RVe'), and higher pulmonary arterial systolic pressure. Higher cumulative diastolic BP was independently associated with smaller RV basal diameter, lower TAPSE, RVS', and RVe'. For categorical analyses of RV dysfunction, cumulative systolic BP was not related to systolic dysfunction. Per 1-SD increase in cumulative systolic BP was associated with a higher risk of diastolic dysfunction, while an increase in cumulative diastolic BP was associated with a higher risk of systolic dysfunction and diastolic dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Cumulative exposure to increased BP from early adulthood to middle age was associated with incipient RV systolic and diastolic dysfunction in middle age. Exposure to higher diastolic BP levels from early adulthood to middle age was associated with a smaller RV basal diameter in middle age.

The association between serum copper concentrations and elevated blood pressure in US children and adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2016.

BACKGROUND: Copper is an essential trace metal with potential interest for cardiovascular effects. Few studies have explored the association between copper and blood pressure in children and adolescents. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 1242 children and adolescents aged 8-17 years who participated in the 2011 to 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Using 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines, elevated blood pressure (EBP) was defined as a mean systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 90th percentile for sex, age, and height for children aged 1-12 years and systolic BP ≥ 120 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 80 mmHg for adolescent age 13-17 years. Mean serum copper was 114.17 µg/dL. RESULTS: After multiple adjustments, dose-response analyses revealed that EBP was associated with progressively higher serum copper concentrations in a nonlinear trend. In comparison with the lowest quartile of serum copper concentrations, the adjusted odds of EBP for the highest quartile was 5.26 (95% confidence interval, 2.76-10.03). CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that high serum copper concentrations were significantly associated with EBP in US children and adolescents.

Economic analysis on sewage sludge drying and its co-combustion in municipal solid waste power plant.

Co-treatment in municipal solid waste power plant has been deemed to one of the most suitable ways to handle sewage sludge. Economy of the co-treatment process is very concerned in the waste incineration plant. Thermal calculation of sewage sludge co-combustion was done. Four common sludge drying schemes was compared: flue gas drying, steam drying, electric heating drying in the waste incineration plant and in situ electric heating drying in the sewage treatment plant. Sensitivity analysis was also performed. When the water content was 30-40% and the absolute-dry sludge ratio was 2-3%, the boiler efficiency was reduced by 0.56-1.12% compared with the case without mixing sludge, and the power generation decreased by 0.2568-0.3767 MW in steam drying scheme and by 0.0037-0.0094 MW in other schemes. Net present value (NPV) of flue gas drying was the highest among the four sludge drying schemes, which was more than 20 ¥ million, while the scheme of electric heating drying in the waste incineration plant had the lowest NPV, which can't recoup the initial investment. Sensitivity coefficient of flue gas drying was smallest among different schemes, showing that the risk of this program was the smallest. Absolute-dry sludge ratio and unit subsidy for sludge treatment were sensitive factors for NPV in flue gas scheme, which had a sensitivity coefficient of 1.123-1.171 and 1.232, respectively. Operating parameters optimization of co-combustion of sludge was done and ways to improve economic efficiency was discussed.

Effect of co-combusted sludge in waste incinerator on heavy metals chemical speciation and environmental risk of horizontal flue ash.

Incineration of sludge in waste incinerators is a trend of sludge disposal, and the problem of heavy metal in horizontal flue ash is a concern. Horizontal flue ash in waste incinerator was collected before and after the sludge was co-combusted. XRF, SEM-DES, and ICP were used to characterize the effect of sludge on the distribution of heavy metals on different heated surfaces. Potential ecological risk index of all horizontal flue ash was higher than 600, indicating the high ecological risk. After adding sludge for co-combustion, heavy metals content in all ash sample increased. As for chemical speciation of heavy metals, the addition of sludge increased the content of mild acid-soluble fraction, reducible fraction and oxidizable fraction of heavy metals, while decreased that of the residual fraction. Environmental pollution and potential ecological risks of heavy metals were increased when sludge was co-combusted. The fitting relation between the heavy metals content of each speciation and the gas temperature and the sludge mixing amount was given, which could be used to predict the heavy metal content in horizontal flue ash.

Biocompatibility of bone marrow mesenchymal cells on polyetheretherketone and titanium surfaces in vitro / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To compare the in vitro biocompatibility of bone marrow mesenchymal cells on polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and titanium (Ti) surfaces.@*Methods @#PEEK and Ti foils with thicknesses of 1 mm and diameters of 10 mm were prepared. First, bone marrow mesenchymal cells were separated and purified by the whole bone marrow adherent culture method in vitro. Then, osteogenesis-induced bone marrow mesenchymal cells were cultivated on the surfaces of the PEEK and Ti foils. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the Alamar Blue test, an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) kit and Alizarin Red staining were used to analyze calcium nodules and compare the adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation ability of bone marrow mesenchymal cells on the surfaces of the PEEK and Ti foils.@*Results @# ① The morphology of the bone marrow mesenchymal cells cultured on the PEEK and Ti foils at 1 h, 4 h and 24 h showed no significant differences. ② In the 1 h, 3 h, 1 d and 3 d cultures of the bone marrow mesenchymal cells inoculated on the surfaces of the foils, the number of living cells in the PEEK group was greater than that in the Ti group (P < 0.05). ③ In the 7 d and 14 d osteogenesis-induced cultures of the inoculated bone marrow mesenchymal cells, the ALP activity of the PEEK group cells was significantly greater than that of the Ti group cells (P < 0.05). ④ Semiquantitative analysis after Alizarin Red staining showed that the mineralization degree of the bone marrow mesenchymal cells induced by osteoblasts was greater in the PEEK group than in the Ti group (P < 0.05). @*Conclusion@#PEEK has better in vitro biocompatibility than Ti and can better promote cell adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation compared with Ti, and so it is expected to become a new dental implant material.

Effects of microwave pretreatment on catalytic fast pyrolysis of pine sawdust.

In this work, thermal behavior and pyrolysis products of pine sawdust after treated by different microwave pretreatment condition had been studied. Surface structure of samples getting collapsed after microwave pretreatment and the characteristics of thermal decomposition with CaO addition under four kinds heating rates was investigated by thermogravimetric analyzer. Pyrolysis process was carried and the products composition were detected both on Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Under the condition of 567 W power treatments for 3 min, the yield of phenols rose from 3.64% to 18.21% and the ketones decreased from 55.80% to 40.27%. The activation energy was calculated by Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. After microwave pretreatment, the activation energy of pine sawdust reach the maximum increase 7.26% at 329 W for 3 min, which meant that microwave pretreatment had little positive effect on promoting the pyrolysis reaction.

Heavy metals volatilization characteristics and risk evaluation of co-combusted municipal solid wastes and sewage sludge without and with calcium-based sorbents.

Heavy metals, especially gaseous heavy metals, have high toxicity and do harm to human. Heavy metal volatilization characteristics of co-combusted municipal solid wastes (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS) from different mass fraction of MSW and SS, different temperature and different O2 concentration atmosphere was investigated. Performance of calcium-based sorbents was also studied. Volatilization efficiency of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in MSW was 100%, 45.89%-66.58%, 75.62%-92.45%, 42.33%-65.70%, 39.25%-68.76% and 53.57%-84.62%, and that in SS was 28.37%-40.75%, 33.78%-43.42%, 46.08%-56.69%, 35.04%-51.52%, 18.54%-44.99% and 14.72%-48.88%. Volatilization efficiency of heavy metals increased as mass fraction of SS in a blend decreased and as temperature increased. Volatilization efficiency of all heavy metals examined decreased as O2 concentration increased at high temperature and that of Cu, Pb and Zn increased as O2 concentration increased at low temperature. CaO, Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3 declined the volatilization of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn, while enhanced that of Pb. With calcium-based sorbents, volatilization efficiency of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn decreased from 70.06%, 39.91%, 75.52%, 44.08% and 40.10% to 54.24%, 33.73%, 39.98%, 20.56% and 32.06%, while that of Pb increased from 47.23% to 100%. Fitting formula was set to predict the heavy metals volatilization, and risk evaluation of gaseous heavy metals was exhibited.

Microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis of Chlorella vulgaris and wood sawdust using different additives.

The microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis of Chlorella vulgaris (CV), wood sawdust (WS) and their blends with additives were investigated. There was a higher liquid and solid yield with silicon carbide (SiC) than activated carbon (AC) in most of samples. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis with additives behaved a positive effect on deoxygenation and aromatization, but not apparent denitrification. With the increase of CV proportion, aromatic hydrocarbons decreased, but aliphatic hydrocarbons increased using AC. High selectivity of phenols was reached at the sample of WS (relative content as 43.6%) using SiC; High selectivity of alkenes was reached at the sample of CV (relative content as 31.2%) and alkanes at the blend sample of 70% CV and 30% WS (relative content as 9.45%). Bio-oil and biochar from microwave-assisted pyrolysis of WS had higher calorific value than that of CV both with AC and SiC. Calorific value of bio-oil decreased by 33.3% after mixing CV with WS.

General distributed activation energy model (G-DAEM) on co-pyrolysis kinetics of bagasse and sewage sludge.

In this work, pyrolysis kinetic evolution of mixture of bagasse and sewage sludge with 10%, 30% and 50% (respect to dry initial weight). In terms of kinetic mechanism, the uncertainty of the activation energy obtained by mode-free method was barely known. We found that increasing number of heating rates made result more reliable, but the modeling process more dependent on redundant experiments with extra data. We adapted a novel general distributed activation energy model (G-DAEM) with 5 pseudocomponents for the analysis of kinetic evolution with proposing a more applicable approximation to the general temperature integral. The G-DAEM was trained by data for 20 K/min, and the predictions were performed on data for 15 K/min and 25 K/min. The predictions were well matched to the experimental data. The G-DAEM enhances modeling efficiency of kinetics and provides a effective pathway for high precise model of complicated co-pyrolysis process.

Co-pyrolysis kinetics of sewage sludge and bagasse using multiple normal distributed activation energy model (M-DAEM).

In this study, the kinetic models of bagasse, sewage sludge and their mixture were established by the multiple normal distributed activation energy model. Blending with sewage sludge, the initial temperature declined from 437 K to 418 K. The pyrolytic species could be divided into five categories, including analogous hemicelluloses I, hemicelluloses II, cellulose, lignin and bio-char. In these species, the average activation energies and the deviations situated at reasonable ranges of 166.4673-323.7261 kJ/mol and 0.1063-35.2973 kJ/mol, respectively, which were conformed to the references. The kinetic models were well matched to experimental data, and the R2 were greater than 99.999%y. In the local sensitivity analysis, the distributed average activation energy had stronger effect on the robustness than other kinetic parameters. And the content of pyrolytic species determined which series of kinetic parameters were more important.

Ultrasonic pretreatment effects on the co-pyrolysis of municipal solid waste and paper sludge through orthogonal test.

In this study, the influences of ultrasonic pretreatment factors (frequency, power, treatment time) on blends of municipal solid waste (MSW) and paper sludge (PS) with additive (MgO) was explored, through orthogonal experiments design. The optimum operating condition wanted to be acquired. However, for the ultimate (H/C) and ash analysis after pretreatment, solid residue mass and oxygenates compounds contents in products, the influences of factors were in different results. With adding PS unceasingly, the contents of hydrocarbon compounds decreased. And the ultrasonic pretreatment had the obvious influence with high PS percentage. Longer treatment time resulted to the lower content of oxygenates compounds. After adding MgO, the residue mass reduced, which meant MgO had the catalytic action, and the oxygenates compounds content reduced only with 100 kHz, which had the sonochemical effect.

Thermal behavior of vehicle plastic blends contained acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) in pyrolysis using TG-FTIR.

As important plastic blends in End-of-Life vehicles (ELV), pyrolysis profiles of ABS/PVC, ABS/PA6 and ABS/PC were investigated using thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TG-FTIR). Also, CaCO3 was added as plastic filler to discuss its effects on the pyrolysis of these plastics. The results showed that the interaction between ABS and PVC made PVC pyrolysis earlier and HCl emission slightly accelerated. The mixing of ABS and PA6 made their decomposition temperature closer, and ketones in PA6 pyrolysis products were reduced. The presence of ABS made PC pyrolysis earlier, and phenyl compounds in PC pyrolysis products could be transferred into alcohol or H2O. The interaction between ABS and other polymers in pyrolysis could be attributed to the intermolecular radical transfer, and free radicals from the polymer firstly decomposed led to a fast initiation the decomposition of the other polymer. As plastic filler, CaCO3 promoted the thermal decomposition of PA6 and PC, and had no obvious effects on ABS and PVC pyrolysis process. Also, CaCO3 made the pyrolysis products from PA6 and PC further decomposed into small-molecule compounds like CO2. The kinetics analysis showed that isoconversional method like Starink method was more suitable for these polymer blends. Starink method showed the average activation energy of ABS50/PVC50, ABS50/PA50 and ABS50/PC50 was 186.63kJ/mol, 239.61kJ/mol and 248.95kJ/mol, respectively, and the interaction among them could be reflected by the activation energy variation.

[Accurate detection of a case with Angelman syndrome (type 1) using SNP array].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze a case with Angelman syndrome (AS) using single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP array) and explore its genotype-phenotype correlation. METHODS: G-banded karyotyping and SNP array were performed on a child featuring congenital malformations, intellectual disability and developmental delay. Mendelian error checking based on the SNP information was used to delineate the parental origin of detected abnormality. Result of the SNP array was validated with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). RESULTS: The SNP array has detected a 6.053 Mb deletion at 15q11.2q13.1 (22,770,421- 28,823,722) which overlapped with the critical region of AS (type 1). The parents of the child showed no abnormal results for G-banded karyotyping, SNP array and FISH analysis, indicating a de novo origin of the deletion. Mendelian error checking based on the SNP information suggested that the 15q11.2q13.1 deletion was of maternal origin. CONCLUSION: SNP array can accurately define the size, location and parental origin of chromosomal microdeletions, which may facilitate the diagnosis of AS due to 15q11q13 deletion and better understanding of its genotype-phenotype correlation.