Single-center outcome analysis of 46 fetuses with megacystis after intrauterine vesico-amniotic shunting with the Somatex®intrauterine shunt.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the spectrum of underlying pathologies, the intrauterine course and postnatal outcome of 46 fetuses with megacystis that underwent intrauterine vesico-amniotic shunting (VAS) with the Somatex® shunt in a single center. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 46 fetuses with megacystis that underwent VAS either up to 14 + 0 weeks (early VAS), between 14 + 1 and 17 + 0 weeks (intermediate VAS) or after 17 + 0 weeks of gestation (late VAS) in a single tertiary referral center. Intrauterine course, underlying pathology and postnatal outcome were assessed and correlated with the underlying pathology and gestational age at first VAS. RESULTS: 46 fetuses underwent VAS, 41 (89%) were male and 5 (11%) were female. 28 (61%) fetuses had isolated and 18 (39%) had complex megacystis with either aneuploidy (n = 1), anorectal malformations (n = 6), cloacal malformations (n = 3), congenital anomalies overlapping with VACTER association (n = 6) or Megacystis-Microcolon Intestinal-Hypoperistalsis Syndrome (MMIHS) (n = 2). The sonographic 'keyhole sign' significantly predicted isolated megacystis (p < 0.001). 7 pregnancies were terminated, 4 babies died in the neonatal period, 1 baby died at the age of 2.5 months and 34 (74%) infants survived until last follow-up. After exclusion of the terminated pregnancies, intention-to-treat survival rate was 87%. Mean follow-up period was 24 months (range 1-72). The underlying pathology was highly variable and included posterior urethral valve (46%), hypoplastic or atretic urethra (35%), MMIHS or prune belly syndrome (10%) and primary vesico-ureteral reflux (2%). In 7% no pathology could be detected postnatally. No sonographic marker was identified to predict the underlying pathology prenatally. 14 fetuses underwent early, 24 intermediate and 8 late VAS. In the early VAS subgroup, amnion infusion prior to VAS was significantly less often necessary (7%), shunt complications were significantly less common (29%) and immediate kidney replacement therapy postnatally became less often necessary (0%). In contrast, preterm delivery ≤ 32 + 0 weeks was more common (30%) and survival rate was lower (70%) after early VAS compared to intermediate or late VAS. Overall, 90% of liveborn babies had sufficient kidney function without need for kidney replacement therapy until last follow-up, and 95% had sufficient pulmonary function without need for mechanical respiratory support. 18% of babies with complex megacystis suffered from additional health restrictions due to their major concomitant malformations. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that VAS is feasible from the first trimester onward. Early intervention has the potential to preserve neonatal kidney function in the majority of cases and enables neonatal survival in up to 87% of cases. Despite successful fetal intervention, parents should be aware of the potential of mid- or long-term kidney failure and of additional health impairments due to concomitant extra-renal anomalies that cannot be excluded at time of intervention.

[Recent developments in genetic kidney diseases]. / Neue Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der genetischen Nierenerkrankungen.

The improved understanding of genetic kidney diseases has given rise to a more detailed understanding of kidney function within the last decade. Insights into the pathophysiological principles of frequent kidney diseases - partly inherited, partly acquired - have been obtained by the investigation of rare genetic disorders and can now serve as a starting point for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this way various clinical multicenter trials, which are based on the observations made in basic science have been established for the very common autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Furthermore, the influence of genetic aspects on frequent kidney diseases, e. g. diabetic nephropathy, is becoming more obvious. This article aims to give an overview over essential recent development in the field of genetic kidney diseases.

Atypical Alport syndrome associated with a novel COL4A5 mutation.

Alport syndrome is a progressive hereditary renal disease. Mutations in the genes encoding for three members of the type IV collagen protein family have been found to be the cause of the disease. Alport syndrome is often associated with sensorineural hearing loss and ocular abnormalities, and patients suffering from typical Alport syndrome usually develop end stage renal disease during adolescence or young adulthood. Here we report on a family with atypical Alport disease initially presenting as hereditary focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Genetic testing identified a previously undescribed COL4A5 mutation as cause of the disease.

Sub-20 nm short channel carbon nanotube transistors.

Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors with sub-20 nm long channels and on/off current ratios of >10(6) are demonstrated. Individual single-walled carbon nanotubes with diameters ranging from 0.7 to 1.1 nm grown from structured catalytic islands using chemical vapor deposition at 700 degrees C form the channels. Electron beam lithography and a combination of HSQ, calix[6]arene, and PMMA e-beam resists were used to structure the short channels and source and drain regions. The nanotube transistors display on-currents in excess of 15 microA for drain-source biases of only 0.4 V.

[Are the acute effects of transdermal estradiol in postmenopausal women with coronary disease related to changes of the autonomic tone?]. / Lassen sich die Akuteffekte transdermaler Ostradiolgabe bei Patientinnen mit koronarer Herzerkrankung durch Anderungen des autonomen Tonus miterklären?

The single application of estradiol in postmenopausal women with symptomatic coronary heart disease has an antiischemic effect, which seems to be mainly related to the relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle. Longterm replacement with estrogen in postmenopausal women reduces their increased sympathetic activity. The aim of the double-blinded study was to assess whether a single transdermal estradiol administration also has an effect on the sympathovagal balance and may additionally explain the acute effects of estradiol. Methods Fifteen women with symptomatic and angiographically proven coronary artery disease were cross-over randomized to two 100-microgram patches of estradiol or identical placebo. After one week the women received the opposite treatment. One day after patch application a 24-hour Holter-ECG recording was performed to assess the mean heart rate over 24 hours as well as time domain and frequency domain indices of the heart rate variability. Results The estradiol plasma concentration rose significantly from 354 +/- 176 pmol/l after placebo to 800 +/- 260 pmol/l after estradiol application. Heart rate during placebo was 74 +/- 15 bpm and during therapy 74 +/- 15 bpm. Heart rate variability was not different for time domain indices such as SDNN (estradiol: 64 +/- 31 ms; placebo: 65 +/- 33 ms) or for frequency domain indices such as LF (estradiol: 15.8 +/- 8.0 ms; placebo: 15.3 +/- 9.4 ms) and HF (estradiol: 12.1 +/- 8.5 ms; placebo: 12.9 +/- 9.9 ms). Conclusion A single transdermal application of estradiol did not modify heart rate or heart rate variability of women with coronary artery disease. The modulation of the autonomic tone does not seem to be a relevant mechanism of short-term estradiol effects.

Bioadhesion of supramolecular structures at supported planar bilayers as studied by the quartz crystal microbalance.

A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was used to study the adhesion behavior of supramolecular aggregates at supported planar bilayers (SPBs). The QCM technique is a suitable method to detect the adsorption of biomolecules at the quartz surface owing to its sensitivity for changes in mass and viscoelastic properties. To simulate biomembranes, the quartz plates were coated with highly ordered lipid films. Therefore, a combination of self-assembled monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett films was used. Firstly, the adsorption of liposomes coupled with the lectin concanavalin A was investigated at glycolipid-containing model membranes. Using different carbohydrates, it was possible to determine specific and nonspecific parts of the interactions. The adhesion occurred owing to specific lectin-carbohydrate interactions (about 20%) and to nonspecific interactions (about 80%). The composition of the liposomes was changed to simulate the structure of a native biomembrane consisting of the glycocalix, the lipid-protein bilayer, and the cytoskeleton. An artificial glycocalix was created by incorporating poly(ethylene glycol) into the liposomes. Liposomes which were intravesicular polymerized with polyacrylamide or polyacrylcholate simulated the cytoskeleton. It was determined that the modified liposomes had significant lower interactions with SPBs. The adsorption was reduced by approximately 80% compared to unmodified liposomes. Secondly, a model was developed for the detection of interactions between simple or mixed bile salt micelles and model membranes. It was found that simple bile salts did not adsorb at model membranes. Binary systems consisting of bile salt and phospholipid induced only small interactions. On the other hand, ternary systems consisting of bile salt, phospholipid, and fatty acid showed strong interactions. A dependence on the chain length of the fatty acid was observed. Thirdly, the interaction between ganglioside-containing model membranes and cholera toxin (beta-subunit) was investigated. Different ganglioside fractions showed varying adsorption in the following sequence: GM1 > GD1a > GD1b > GT1b.

Investigation of the orientation of purple membrane sheets in Langmuir-Blodgett films by a quartz crystal microbalance.

By means of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), a convenient method was developed to determine the degree of orientation of purple membrane (PM) sheets on the air/water interface. Langmuir-Blodgett films from both wild-type and SH-mutant PM (bR D36C) were vertically deposited on the surface of gold-sputtered AT-cut quartz crystals. The shift of resonance frequency of the QCM during a special washing protocol allowed us to differentiate between physically adsorbed PM fragments and any PM attached to the gold surface via chemical bonds. By washing with organic solvents, complete desorption of the wild-type PM was achieved, whereas for the SH-mutant, approximately 60% of the PM fragments could not be detached from the surface. These PM sheets should be oriented with the cytoplasmic side facing the water subphase to that their SH-groups can chemically bind to the gold surface of the quartz plate.