The mystery of angiography and the "unawarded" Nobel Prize: Egas Moniz and Hans Christian Jacobaeus.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the circumstances surrounding why Egas Moniz was not awarded the Nobel Prize for his contribution of angiography, provide a synopsis of Moniz's political and medical careers, and present a biographical sketch of Hans Christian Jacobaeus, the neurologist who evaluated Moniz's Nobel Prize nominations, as well as to dispel long-standing misconceptions concerning Moniz's recognition and to acknowledge the contributions of other researchers. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: In 1936, António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz published the results of a radical treatment for mental illness, a surgical procedure he termed prefrontal leucotomy. Moniz achieved such remarkable results with mental patients who suffered from conditions previously deemed incurable that many physicians throughout the world immediately embraced the procedure. In 1949, the Nobel Prize Committee recognized Moniz's contribution with the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Why Moniz's earlier major contribution to medicine, the discovery and development of angiography, was not acknowledged in like fashion has remained a mystery. Nobel Prize documents reveal that Moniz was nominated for the award on two separate occasions; both times, Jacobaeus, Chairman of the Department of Neurology at Karolinska Institute and a member of the Nobel Prize Committee, evaluated the nominations and recommended against awarding Moniz the prize. CONCLUSION: The development of imaging techniques was not isolated to any one individual's contribution. Several persons, including Walter Dandy and Jacobaeus, were leading figures.

Neurologic injuries associated with all-terrain vehicles and recommendations for protective measures for the pediatric population.

OBJECTIVE: To present data and case studies illustrating the danger, especially in the pediatric population, of all-terrain vehicle (ATV) use, and to provide recommendations for pediatricians on how to educate parents concerning ATVs. DESIGN: Retrospective review of 33 patients with neurologic injuries sustained in ATV accidents presenting to one institution over a 40-month period. SETTING: Emergency department and neurosurgery service at Arkansas Children's Hospital and two other hospitals that make up the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. PATIENTS: All patients (n = 33) who presented between January 1993 and April 1996 at the emergency departments with neurologic injuries sustained in accidents involving either a three- or four-wheel ATV requiring hospitalization. INTERVENTIONS: Depending on the nature of the injury, various treatments, as described herein. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic measures, the mechanisms of injury, the types of injuries; the current data available regarding the number of injuries nationwide; and the precautionary measures parents should be advised to take. RESULTS: Ages ranged from four to 68 years (mean, 18; median, 14), 21 of the patients were < 16 years old. The predominant age range was 12 to 15 years; most common mechanisms of injury were being thrown to the ground, striking a tree, and flipping backward. Most injuries were cranial (21) or spinal (11). Nationwide, the proportionate number of injuries are decreasing, but the consequences remain severe. Using a helmet and restricting the use of these vehicles will reduce the number and magnitude of injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Although perceived as recreational toys, ATVs can be extremely unsafe, especially for children and adolescents; pediatricians should educate parents and patients on the dangers of riding these vehicles.

Epidemiology and etiology of intracranial meningiomas: a review.

The frequency of meningiomas has been the topic of relatively few reports. Hospital-based brain tumor series indicate that the incidence is approximately 20% of all intracranial tumors; population-based studies indicate an overall incidence of 2.3/100,000. Although intracranial tumors as a whole show a higher prevalence in males than in females, meningiomas have a 2:1 female-to-male ratio. Between Caucasians and Africans, African-Americans, and Asians, certain differences also have been noted. Meningiomas in children are rare and differ from those in adults and other childhood tumors; they are even more rare in infants. Several features indicating etiologic factors have been identified, among which are ionizing radiation, head injury, hormones, and other receptor binding sites, genetic factors, and viruses. The most common source of exposure of the head to ionizing radiation is dental radiographic examination. Since 1922, head trauma has been considered a possible risk factor, but recent large studies do not support this link. Several factors have prompted studies of estrogens and progestogens as risk factors for meningiomas. Other studies have sought to determine if certain individuals have an inherited predisposition for developing a meningioma and/or if viruses, which may act alone or with other mutagens, figure into the formation of a meningioma. The most promising studies are those of cytogenetics, and future elucidation of factors associated with the loss of one copy of chromosome 22, another phenomenon that has been identified in meningiomas, may lead to screening tests and gene therapy.

Use of intraoperative ultrasound for localizing tumors and determining the extent of resection: a comparative study with magnetic resonance imaging.

A prospective study of 70 patients with intraparenchymal brain lesions (36 gliomas and 34 metastases) was performed to evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) in localizing and defining the borders of tumors and in assessing the extent of their resection. Eighteen of the 36 glioma patients had no previous therapy. All of these 18 tumors were well localized by IOUS; margins were well defined in 15 and moderately defined in three. The extent of resection was well defined on IOUS in all 18 patients, as confirmed by measurements taken on postoperative magnetic resonance (MR) images (p = 0.90). The remaining 18 patients with gliomas had undergone previous surgery and/or radiation therapy; five had recurrent tumors and 13 had radiation-induced changes. The extent of resection of the recurrent tumors was well defined in all but one patient, as confirmed by postoperative MR imaging. The extent of resection was poorly defined in all 13 patients whose pathology showed radiation effects. All 34 metastatic lesions were well localized and had well-defined margins. In addition, IOUS accurately determined the extent of resection in all cases, the results were confirmed with postoperative MR imaging. In conclusion, IOUS is not only helpful in localizing and defining the margins of gliomas and metastatic brain lesions, it also accurately determines the extent of resection, as confirmed by postoperative MR imaging. This assessment does not apply, however when the lesion is due primarily to radiation effect.

Surgical treatment of metastatic brain tumors.

The most common structural neurologic complication of systemic cancer is brain metastasis. For the most part, treatment is palliative because the majority of patients (> or = 50%) have uncontrollable systemic cancer. However, for patients in whom the only metastasis is to the brain, death is more likely to result from the metastasis than from the systemic disease; hence, treatment of the metastasis is vitally important. Although radiotherapy is generally considered the preferred treatment, surgical removal of the mass, whether single or multiple, may be the most effective palliation, especially for tumors from radio-resistant diseases such as melanoma, kidney and colon cancer. We review the information regarding therapeutic decision-making; advances in surgical procedures, namely computer-assisted stereotactic and/or intraoperative ultrasound and mapping techniques; the efficacy of postoperative WBRT; complications and benefits of surgery; our experience with reoperation for recurrent metastatic brain tumors, the results of which indicate that reoperation for recurrent brain metastasis can prolong survival and improve quality of life for most individuals; our results comparing surgery versus radiosurgery, which show that patients who undergo surgical treatment live longer and have better tumor control than those treated with radiosurgery; and the patient's prognosis. The conclusion is that surgery should remain the treatment of choice whenever possible.

Advances in surgery for brain tumors.

Significant advances in the management of neurosurgical disorders during the past decade have enhanced the safety of intracranial surgery, resulting in the ability of most patients with brain tumors to undergo successful resection now. Among these advances are stereotactic surgical procedures and intraoperative monitoring devices; future directions in neurosurgery include the application of advances in robotics and virtual reality. The surgical considerations and complications that accompany these advances are factors that the neurosurgeon must evaluate along with the choice of management.

Management of metastatic brain tumors.

BACKGROUND: Brain metastases are the most common neurological complication of systemic cancer. They represent a serious cause of morbidity and mortality and a significant challenge for neurosurgeons. They outnumber all other intracranial tumors combined and, with advances in technology and treatment of systemic cancer, are on the increase as cancer patients live longer. METHODS: We have reviewed the major factors that influence the occurrences of metastases in the central nervous system: primary cancer, patient age and sex, clinical aspects of presentation, basic diagnostic modalities, diagnostic imaging (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging), and treatment considerations. In discussing these different aspects, we emphasize the efficacy of different treatment options, including recent information regarding multiple metastases that broadens the scope of surgical implications. The criteria we present are directed toward considerations made by general surgeons, as well as those made by neurosurgeons. CONCLUSIONS: Although radiotherapy remains the main therapeutic modality, surgical excision has increasingly shown advantages in certain settings, as has stereotactic radiosurgery. Chemotherapy is less effective, but its advantages are reviewed, as are the implications of recurrent metastases.

Thromboembolic complications associated with brain tumors.

Thromboembolic complications are the second most common cause of death in hospitalized cancer patients; they are caused by alterations of hemostasis and include hypercoagulable states, acute and chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation, and primary fibrinolysis. The fibrinolytic system is comprised of several serine protease enzymes and their inhibitors and is associated in various biological systems with physiological and pathological events such as tissue development, remodeling, invasiveness, and migratory potentials of both normal and malignant cells. It also plays a key role in the dissolution of fibrin strands. Defective fibrinolysis, which is often associated with the pathogenesis of venous thrombosis and other thromboembolic complications, occurs when the balance is disrupted, resulting in either inhibition or enhancement of fibrinolysis. The association between thromboembolic complications and neoplastic disease has been well-established since Trousseau in 1865 first reported a high incidence of venous thrombosis in a series of patients with gastric carcinoma. In this article, we discuss the factors that have been shown to be associated with thromboembolic complications in patients who harbor brain tumors, namely, hemostatic alterations caused by the tumors themselves or through interactions with neural tissue around the tumors, pre-operative hemostatic alterations in certain patients, and defective fibrinolysis associated with specific tumor types and/or tumor locations.