Plasma Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Concentration at Each Spectrum of Tuberculosis.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an inflammatory mediator in several diseases, including tuberculosis (TB). However, the role of MIF in each stage of TB remains to be further elucidated. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the differences in plasma MIF protein levels in patients with active pulmonary TB, positive and negative interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) household contacts (HHCs), and healthy controls (HCs). Plasma MIF concentration was significantly higher in patients with active-new pulmonary tuberculosis (ATB) and HHCs compared with HCs (mean ± standard deviation: 17.32 ± 16.85, 16.29 ± 14.21, and 7.29 ± 5.39 ng/mL, respectively; P = 0.002). The plasma MIF concentration was not statistically different when compared between patients with ATB, IGRA-positive HHCs (17.44 ± 16.6 ng/mL), and IGRA-negative HHCs (14.34 ± 8.7 ng/mL) (P = 0.897). In conclusion, ATB patients, IGRA-positive HHCs, and IGRA-negative HHCs have a higher MIF concentration than HCs. This shows the involvement of MIF in each stage of TB, starting from TB exposure and infection, but not symptomatic, to the active stage.

Comorbidities and mortality in COVID-19 patients.

BACKGROUND: The high mortality rate in Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) patients is associated with their comorbid conditions. Therefore, it is important to identify risk factors associated with poor outcomes among COVID-19 patients. The aims of this study were to find out the comorbidities in case of death due to COVID-19. METHODS: The design of this study was a retrospective descriptive method with a confirmed COVID-19 patient on hospitalized at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital from March to September 2020. Ethics Council recommendation number: 357/UN4.6.4.5.31/PP36/2020. RESULTS: A total of 454 patients were included of this study. 78 (17.18%) patients death due to COVID-19, consisting of 52 (66.67%) male and 26 (33.33%) female. Range of ages between 18 and 85 years. The highest mortality rate occurred in the age group ≥60 years (35; 51.47%), followed by the age group of 45-59 years (33; 48.53%), and the age group of <45 years (10; 12%). The prevalent comorbidity was hypertension (42.31%), cardiovascular disease (30.77%), diabetes (28.21%), chronic kidney disease (23.08%), malignancy (15.38%), obesity (15.38%), chronic liver disease (7.69%), chronic respiratory disease (6.41%), immune related disease (3.85%), and non-traumatic cerebral infarction (3.85%). 41 (52.56%) patients reported having two or more comorbidities, and 37 (47.44%) only has one comorbidity. Elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) ≥3.13 was seen in the majority of patients (68; 87.18%). The mean value of NLR was 20.94. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes were the most common comorbidity in patients death due to COVID-19. More than half of the patients had two or more comorbidities.

Comorbidities and mortality in COVID-19 patients

Background: The high mortality rate in Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) patients is associated with their comorbid conditions. Therefore, it is important to identify risk factors associated with poor outcomes among COVID-19 patients. The aims of this study were to find out the comorbidities in case of death due to COVID-19. Methods: The design of this study was a retrospective descriptive method with a confirmed COVID-19 patient on hospitalized at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital from March to September 2020. Ethics Council recommendation number: 357/UN4.6.4.5.31/PP36/2020. Results: A total of 454 patients were included of this study. 78 (17.18%) patients death due to COVID-19, consisting of 52 (66.67%) male and 26 (33.33%) female. Range of ages between 18 and 85 years. The highest mortality rate occurred in the age group ≥60 years (35; 51.47%), followed by the age group of 45–59 years (33; 48.53%), and the age group of <45 years (10; 12%). The prevalent comorbidity was hypertension (42.31%), cardiovascular disease (30.77%), diabetes (28.21%), chronic kidney disease (23.08%), malignancy (15.38%), obesity (15.38%), chronic liver disease (7.69%), chronic respiratory disease (6.41%), immune related disease (3.85%), and non-traumatic cerebral infarction (3.85%). 41 (52.56%) patients reported having two or more comorbidities, and 37 (47.44%) only has one comorbidity. Elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) ≥3.13 was seen in the majority of patients (68; 87.18%). The mean value of NLR was 20.94. Conclusions: Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes were the most common comorbidity in patients death due to COVID-19. More than half of the patients had two or more comorbidities. (AU)