Zonally asymmetric phytoplankton response to the Southern annular mode in the marginal sea of the Southern ocean.

Antarctic marine biological variability modulates climate systems via the biological pump. However, the knowledge of biological response in the Southern Ocean to climate variability still has been lack of understanding owing to limited ocean color data in the high latitude region. We investigated the surface chlorophyll concentration responses to the Southern annular mode (SAM) in the marginal sea of the Southern ocean using satellite observation and reanalysis data focusing on the austral summer. The positive phase of SAM is associated with enhanced and poleward-shifted westerly winds, leading to physical and biogeochemical responses over the Southern ocean. Our result indicates that chlorophyll has strong zonally asymmetric responses to SAM owing to different limiting factors of phytoplankton growth per region. For the positive SAM phase, chlorophyll tends to increase in the western Amundsen-Ross Sea but decreases in the D'Urville Sea. It is suggested that the distinct limiting factors are associated with the seasonal variability of sea ice and upwelling per region.

A New Trans-Tympanic Microphone Approach for Fully Implantable Hearing Devices.

Fully implantable hearing devices (FIHDs) have been developed as a new technology to overcome the disadvantages of conventional acoustic hearing aids. The implantable microphones currently used in FIHDs, however, have difficulty achieving high sensitivity to environmental sounds, low sensitivity to body noise, and ease of implantation. In general, implantable microphones may be placed under the skin in the temporal bone region of the skull. In this situation, body noise picked up during mastication and touching can be significant, and the layer of skin and hair can both attenuate and distort sounds. The new approach presently proposed is a microphone implanted at the tympanic membrane. This method increases the microphone's sensitivity by utilizing the pinna's directionally dependent sound collection capabilities and the natural resonances of the ear canal. The sensitivity and insertion loss of this microphone were measured in human cadaveric specimens in the 0.1 to 16 kHz frequency range. In addition, the maximum stable gain due to feedback between the trans-tympanic microphone and a round-window-drive transducer, was measured. The results confirmed in situ high-performance capabilities of the proposed trans-tympanic microphone.

Wireless charing pillow for a fully implantable hearing aid: Design of a circular array coil based on finite element analysis for reducing magnetic weak zones.

Many types of fully implantable hearing aids have been developed. Most of these devices are implanted behind the ear. To maintain the implanted device for a long period of time, a rechargeable battery and wireless power transmission are used. Because inductive coupling is the most renowned method for wireless power transmission, many types of fully implantable hearing aids are transcutaneously powered using inductively coupled coils. Some patients with an implantable hearing aid require a method for conveniently charging their hearing aid while they are resting or sleeping. To address this need, a wireless charging pillow has been developed that employs a circular array coil as one of its primary parts. In this device, all primary coils are simultaneously driven to maintain an effective charging area regardless of head motion. In this case, however, there may be a magnetic weak zone that cannot be charged at the specific secondary coil's location on the array coil. In this study, assuming that a maximum charging distance is 4 cm, a circular array coil-serving as a primary part of the charging pillow-was designed using finite element analysis. Based on experimental results, the proposed device can charge an implantable hearing aid without a magnetic weak zone within 4 cm of the perpendicular distance between the primary and secondary coils.

Implementation of a direct install 3-pole type EM transducer in round window niche for implantable middle ear hearing aids.

Since the 1980's, various types of implantable hearing aids using unique means for delivering acoustic power to the inner ear have been developed. Recently, implantable hearing aids that stimulate the round window by the middle ear transducer have received great attention because it reduces loading effect at the ossicular chain. In this study, we have implemented a direct install 3-pole type EM transducer in round window niche for implantable middle ear hearing aid. The 3-pole type EM transducer consists of two permanent magnets and three coils and exhibit structural features that minimize leakage flux, thereby permitting high efficiency and low magnetic field interference. The stapes velocity was measured using a laser Doppler vibrometer in response to the round window stimulation from the transducer. To verify the usefulness of the 3-pole type EM transducer, we compared the stapes vibration characteristics produced by the transducer and those from a sound source. The magnitude of stapes velocity due to the round window stimulation at 1 mArms was equivalent to that of stapes velocity at 94 dB SPL sound stimulation. Thus, the evaluation study shows that the 3-pole type EM transducer is suitable for implantable hearing devices.

Speech quality evaluation of subcutaneously implanted microphone using in vivo experiment.

The microphone in a fully implantable hearing device (FIHD) is generally implanted under the skin covering the temporal bone. However, the implanted microphone can be affected by the skin, which causes both sound attenuation and distortion, particularly at high frequencies. As the degree of attenuation and distortion through the skin is severe, speech quality evaluation parameters are needed for the received signal when designing an implantable microphone. However, the performance of most implantable microphones is only assessed based on the sensitivity and frequency response. Thus, practical indicators based on human auditory characteristics are needed for an objective evaluation of the performance of implantable microphones. In this study, a subcutaneously implantable microphone was designed, and its frequency response investigated using an in vivo experiment. Plus, to evaluate the objective indicators, the speech quality of the signals measured by the implanted microphone was calculated using a MATLAB program, and the indicators compared before and after implantation.

In vivo evaluation of mastication noise reduction for dual channel implantable microphone.

Input for fully implantable hearing devices (FIHDs) is provided by an implantable microphone under the skin of the temporal bone. However, the implanted microphone can be affected when the FIHDs user chews. In this paper, a dual implantable microphone was designed that can filter out the noise from mastication. For the in vivo experiment, a fabricated microphone was implanted in a rabbit. Pure-tone sounds of 1 kHz through a standard speaker were applied to the rabbit, which was given food simultaneously. To evaluate noise reduction, the measured signals were processed using a MATLAB program based adaptive filter. To verify the proposed method, the correlation coefficients and signal to-noise ratio before and after signal processing were calculated. By comparing the results, signal-to-noise ratio and correlation coefficients are enhanced by 6.07dB and 0.529 respectively.