Assessment of River-Aquifer Interaction and Nitrogen Contamination in an Agricultural Zone Located in the Guarani Aquifer System Outcrop Area.

The excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers is responsible for an increase in nitrate concentrations in water bodies, which in the future could led to an irreversible contamination compromising the water resource quality. In this way, understand the water movement within a watershed and evaluate the impacts related to agricultural practices is relevant for water management, especially in an environmental fragile region, such as the outcrop area of the Guarani Aquifer. Water samples from a small watershed located at the Guarani Aquifer region in São Paulo state, representing surface water and groundwater discharge in riverbeds from two creeks, as well as groundwater (springs and wells) were collected for isotopic ratios (δ18O e δ2H) and nitrate determination. The results indicated that the river flow is mostly supplied by groundwater discharge, and despite the observed concentrations of nitrate in groundwater reaching the creeks, the current scenario indicate contamination in the surface water, above the regulatory levels. Therefore, the expansion in sugarcane production increases the possibility that the released nitrate reaches high levels in the future in this watershed.

Molecular genotyping reveals inter-regional relatedness among antimicrobial resistant Salmonella Minnesota strains isolated from poultry farm and humans, Brazil.

Genetic profiles of Salmonella Minnesota isolates were analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In total, 13 isolates obtained from the broiler industry collected in the states of Minas Gerais (11) and São Paulo (2), as well as five recovered from cases of foodborne infections in humans in the states of Minas Gerais (2), Santa Catarina (1), and Rio Grande do Sul (2), were submitted to PFGE. These 18 S. Minnesota isolates together with other 12 of poultry origin were also subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The PFGE analysis of 18 strains of S. Minnesota generated a dendrogram that grouped the isolates with 83-90% similarity into four main clusters. Among them, cluster "A" grouped the majority of isolates (13), including two of human origin that showed 90% similarity with a broiler isolate, both recovered in Minas Gerais. The S. Minnesota isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (80%), cefoxitin (80%), ceftazidime (46.7%), nalidixic acid (23.3%), ciprofloxacin (13.3%), and streptomycin (10%). No resistance to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, meropenem, nitrofurantoin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was found. Moreover, 23.3% of the evaluated isolates presented multi-resistance profile, all from Minas Gerais. The results highlight the importance of further studies involving S. Minnesota, which is prevalent in the Brazilian broiler flocks and could provoke foodborne infection in humans.

A qualidade de sono de fisioterapeutas de um hospital público durante a pandemia de Covid-19 / The quality of sleep of physiotherapists in a public hospital during the Covid-19 pandemic

INTRODUÇÃO: A pandemia de covid-19 tornou necessário estudos sobre o impacto da pandemia e das novas rotinas de trabalho impostas ao trabalhador no estado de saúde de profissionais de saúde, em especial os fisioterapeutas hospitalares. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de sono e sonolência diurna de profissionais de fisioterapia hospitalar durante o período de pandemia do covid-19. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Pesquisa observacional, transversal, prospectiva em um hospital público do nordeste brasileiro. A pesquisa teve como público-alvo fisioterapeutas hospitalares atuantes ou não em setores covid durante a pandemia de covid-19. Foram aplicados os instrumentos Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (IQSP), Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (ESE) e questionários com características demográficas, trabalho, saúde e percepção de estresse. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 45 fisioterapeutas e foi observado que 62,2% eram do sexo feminino, 66,7% relataram trabalhar 60h por semana e 55,6% trabalharam em setor covid e não covid. Observou-se elevada frequência de má qualidade do sono (68,9%) independente de carga horária ou setor de trabalho. Houve maior prevalência de sonolência diurna excessiva (43,3%) entre os fisioterapeutas que trabalhavam 60h por semana. CONCLUSÃO: Os fisioterapeutas hospitalares de uma instituição pública têm má qualidade do sono e aqueles que trabalham com maior carga horária apresentam maior prevalência de sonolência diurna excessiva.

INTRODUCTION: The covid-19 pandemic has made it necessary to study the impact of the pandemic and the new work routines imposed on workers on the health status of health professionals, especially hospital-based physical therapists. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of sleep and daytime sleepiness of hospital-based physical therapists during the covid-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an observational, cross-sectional, prospective study conducted in a public hospital in northeastern Brazil. The research had as target audience, hospital-based physical therapists working or not in covid sectors during the covid-19 pandemic. We applied the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and questionnaires with demographic, work, health, and stress perception characteristics. RESULTS: Forty-five physical therapists participated in the study, and it was observed that 62.2% were female, 66.7% reported working 60h per week, and 55.6% worked in the covid and non-covid sectors. A high frequency of poor sleep quality (68.9%) was observed regardless of workload or work sector. In addition, there was a higher prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness (43.3%) among physical therapists who worked 60h per week. CONCLUSION: Hospital-based physical therapists in a public institution have poor sleep quality, and those who work more hours have a higher prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness.

Comparison of Four Parasitological Techniques for Laboratory Diagnosis of Eggs from Spirometra spp. in Wild Mammal Fecal Samples.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the performance of four different microscopic coproparasitological techniques in relation to egg recovering and the frequency of alterations in the eggs observed through each technique. METHODS: A total of 213 fecal samples from free-living carnivorous mammals were collected between 2017 and 2018 in Itatiaia National Park, RJ, Brazil. Faust and modified Sheather floatation techniques as well as Lutz and modified Ritchie sedimentation techniques were applied. RESULTS: The total positivity rate for Spirometra spp. eggs was 24.4%, and these were detected mainly through Lutz and modified Ritchie sedimentation techniques, with substantial agreement (kappa = 0.73; p = 0.00 < 0.05; McNemar p value = 1.0; Fisher's exact test p = 0.616). Faust and modified Sheather flotation techniques did not present good egg recovery, with frequencies of 6.6% and 7.5%, respectively. Eggs with morphological alterations were mostly observed through Faust (17.3%) and modified Sheather (13.5%). Both flotation techniques presented statistically significant frequencies of deformed eggs, in comparison with the sedimentation techniques (p = 0.00). Low frequencies of deformed eggs were observed when the samples were analyzed through modified Ritchie and Lutz sedimentation techniques. CONCLUSIONS: From these results, sedimentation techniques such as modified Ritchie and Lutz methods were more efficient for diagnosing the eggs of this helminth in fecal material from free-living carnivores and should always be used when analyzing fecal samples from hosts of different species.

Biomechanical evaluation of subcrestal dental implants with different bone anchorages.

This study evaluated the biomechanical influence of apical bone anchorage on a single subcrestal dental implant using three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). Four different bone anchorage designs were simulated on a posterior maxillary segment using one implant with platform switching and internal Morse taper connection as follows: 2 mm subcrestal placement with (SW) or without (SO) the implant apex engaged into the cortical bone or position at bone level with anchorage only in the crestal cortical (BO) bone or with bicortical fixation (BW). Each implant received a premolar crown, and all models were loaded with 200 N to simulate centric and eccentric occlusion. The peak tensile and compressive stress and strain were calculated at the crestal cortical, trabecular, and apical cortical bone. The vertical and horizontal implant displacements were measured at the platform level. FEA indicated that subcrestal placement (SW and SO) created lower stress and strain in the crestal cortical bone compared with crestal placement (BO and BW models). The SW model exhibited lesser vertical and horizontal implant micromovement compared with the SO and BO models under eccentric loading; however, stress and strain were higher in the apical cortical bone. The BW model exhibited the lowest implant displacement. These results indicate that subcrestal placement decreases the stress in the crestal cortical bone of dental implants, regardless of apical anchorage; however, apical cortical anchorage can be effective in limiting implant displacement. Further studies are required to evaluate the effects of possible remodeling around the apex on the success of subcrestal implants.

Survival of larvivorous fish used for biological control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) combined with different larvicides.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate combinations of larvicides and fish which are predators of larvae of Aedes aegypti, namely Betta splendens, Trichogaster trichopterus and Poecilia reticulata. METHODS: We used 15 water tanks with a capacity of 250 litres of water. In 10 tanks, larvicide - Temephos, Bti and Novaluron - was added, the other five contained only one specimen of fish and unchlorinated water. The fish were monitored for a week without changing the water, and their survival recorded on a form. An estimate of the Kaplan-Meier survival was performed to determine the significance of the tests. RESULTS: Betta splendens showed the lowest mortality range of larvicides tested. CONCLUSION: Combined use of larvivorous fish and larvicides in large water tanks is feasible.

Uma introdução aos delineamentos experimentais de sujeito único / An introduction to single-subject experimental designs

Os delineamentos de sujeito único constituem a abordagem experimental preferida por muitos pesquisadores do comportamento. Com o objetivo de introduzir o tema, discute-se o que é experimentação, definem-se variáveis independentes, dependentes e estranhas e apresentam-se as etapas de um experimento. A definição de delineamento experimental é detalhada, destacando-se suas duas estratégias mais difundidas: delineamento entre-grupos (ou entre-sujeitos) e delineamento de sujeito único (ou intra-sujeitos). A partir das diferenças básicas entre essas duas estratégias, apontam-se as principais características dos delineamentos experimentais de sujeito único enfatizando a estratégias dos estados estáveis. Os delineamentos experimentais de sujeito único mais comumente utilizados são apresentados e exemplificados (delineamento de reversão, linha de base múltipla, mudança de critério, de sonda e de retirada), ressaltando suas possíveis vantagens e desvantagens. Por fim, são destacadas as diversas possibilidades de combinação de delineamentos (AU)

Uma introdução aos delineamentos experimentais de sujeito único / An introduction to single-subject experimental designs

Os delineamentos de sujeito único constituem a abordagem experimental preferida por muitos pesquisadores do comportamento. Com o objetivo de introduzir o tema, discute-se o que é experimentação, definem-se variáveis independentes, dependentes e estranhas e apresentam-se as etapas de um experimento. A definição de delineamento experimental é detalhada, destacando-se suas duas estratégias mais difundidas: delineamento entre-grupos (ou entre-sujeitos) e delineamento de sujeito único (ou intra-sujeitos). A partir das diferenças básicas entre essas duas estratégias, apontam-se as principais características dos delineamentos experimentais de sujeito único enfatizando a estratégias dos estados estáveis. Os delineamentos experimentais de sujeito único mais comumente utilizados são apresentados e exemplificados (delineamento de reversão, linha de base múltipla, mudança de critério, de sonda e de retirada), ressaltando suas possíveis vantagens e desvantagens. Por fim, são destacadas as diversas possibilidades de combinação de delineamentos.

Single-subject designs are the experimental designs of choice for many behavior researchers. The purpose of the present article is to present the basic features of single-subject designs. In order to do so, the related concepts of experimentation, independent, dependent, and extraneous variables and the stages that comprise an experiment are introduced. A definition of experimental design is presented and the two most common research strategies are described: group (or between-subjects) designs and single-subject designs. The basic differences between the two strategies are presented. The main characteristics of single-subject designs and the most common single-subject designs are presented with emphasis on the strategy of steady states. Reverse designs, multiple baseline designs, changing criterion designs, and probe designs are described, as well as their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, the possibility of mixed experimental designs is also discussed.

Limitações e detalhes técnicos do ultra-som endo-anal no diagnóstico de afecções benignas e malignas no canal anal / Limitations and technical details of the endo anal ultrasound in the diagnosis of the benign and malignant anal canal diseases

O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar, de forma prática e objetiva, as limitações e enfatizar os detalhes técnicos do ultra-som endo-anal visando indicar adequadamente o exame e reduzir os erros no diagnóstico das afecções benignas e malignas no canal anal. O ultra-som é portanto um exame com limitações e dificuldades técnicas e sua eficácia relaciona-se com a correta indicação e experiência do examinador.