Developing human minor salivary glands: morphological parallel relation between the expression of TGF-beta isoforms and cytoskeletal markers of glandular maturation.

Morphogenesis of salivary glands involves complex coordinated events. Synchronisation between cell proliferation, polarisation and differentiation, which are dependent on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and on the microenvironment, is a requirement. Growth factors mediate many of these orchestrated biological processes and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) appear to be relevant. Using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, we have mapped the distribution of TGF-beta 1, 2 and 3 and compared it with the expression of maturation markers in human salivary glands obtained from foetuses ranging from weeks 4 to 24 of gestation. TGF-beta 1 first appeared during canalisation stage in the surrounding mesenchyme and, in the more differentiated stages, was expressed in the cytoplasm of acinar cells throughout the adult gland. TGF-beta 2 was detected since the bud stage of the salivary gland. Its expression was observed in ductal cells and increased along gland differentiation, TGF-beta 3 was detected from the canalisation stage of the salivary gland, being weakly expressed on ductal cells, and it was the only factor detected on myoepithelial cells. The data suggest that TGF-beta have a role to play in salivary gland development and differentiation.

Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 in human developing teeth: immunolocalization according to the odontogenesis phases.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a multifunctional growth factor that has several biological effects in vivo, including control of cell growth and differentiation, cell migration, lineage determination, motility, adhesion, apoptosis, and synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix, and TGF-beta plays an important role in regulating tissue repair and regeneration. Our study analyzed the participation of TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 in the different stages of morphogenesis and differentiation of human developing dental organ using immunohistochemistry. The maxillae and mandibles of 10 human embryos ranging from 8 to 23 weeks of gestation were employed, according to the approval of the ethical committee. Our study revealed that the TGF-beta subunits-beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3-were present in the various stages of tooth development, but the expression varied according to the differentiation stage, tissue, and TGF-beta subunit. Our results indicated that TGF-beta 1 is closely related to differentiation of enamel organ and initiation of matrix secretion, TGF-beta 2 to cellular differentiation, and TGF-beta 3 to mineral maturation matrix.

Efficacy of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a diagnostic tool for schistosomiasis mansoni in individuals with low worm burden.

IgM-ELISA is an immunoenzymatic method useful for detection of IgM antibodies against a fraction of Schistosoma mansoni adult worm antigen (AWA) that is soluble in trichloroacetic acid (AWA-TCA). This method was applied to three groups of individuals with different clinical and epidemiological characteristics, and the results compared with those obtained by other diagnostic methods: immunofluorescence test for detection of IgM antibodies (IgM-IFT) or IgG antibodies (IgG-IFT), ELISA for detection of IgG antibodies (IgG-ELISA), and two parasitological methods, Kato-Katz and miracidium hatching. The IgM-ELISA presented a sensitivity of 98%, when the parasitologic fecal examination was defined as reference diagnostic method, and a specificity of 98 and 97.3%, respectively for the group of clinically healthy individuals and other helminth carriers. A comparative analysis between the results of IgM-ELISA and those obtained by other serologic tests showed a good degree of agreement, with Kappa indices ranging from 0.95 to 0.98. The diagnostic efficacy of 97.8%, as determined with schistosomiasis patients with low parasitic burden, suggests the excellent performance of the IgM-ELISA and its usefulness for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis when applied in low endemic areas.

Efficacy of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a diagnostic tool for schistosomiasis mansoni in individuals with low worm burden

IgM-ELISA is an immunoenzymatic method useful for detection of IgM antibodies against a fraction of Schistosoma mansoni adult worm antigen (AWA) that is soluble in trichloroacetic acid (AWA-TCA). This method was applied to three groups of individuals with different clinical and epidemiological characteristics, and the results compared with those obtained by other diagnostic methods: immunofluorescence test for detection of IgM antibodies (IgM-IFT) or IgG antibodies (IgG-IFT), ELISA for detection of IgG antibodies (IgG-ELISA), and two parasitological methods, Kato-Katz and miracidium hatching. The IgM-ELISA presented a sensitivity of 98 percent, when the parasitologic fecal examination was defined as reference diagnostic method, and a specificity of 98 and 97.3 percent, respectively for the group of clinically healthy individuals and other helminth carriers. A comparative analysis between the results of IgM-ELISA and those obtained by other serologic tests showed a good degree of agreement, with Kappa indices ranging from 0.95 to 0.98. The diagnostic efficacy of 97.8 percent, as determined with schistosomiasis patients with low parasitic burden, suggests the excellent performance of the IgM-ELISA and its usefulness for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis when applied in low endemic areas.

[IgM-ELISA for diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni in low endemic areas]. / ELISA-IgM para diagnóstico da esquistossomose mansoni em área de baixa endemicidade.

An immunoenzymatic method for the detection of IgM antibodies (IgM-ELISA) against a fraction of Schistosoma mansoni adult worm antigen, soluble in trichloroacetic acid (TCA-soluble fraction), was evaluated for epidemiological purposes in low endemic areas for schistosomiasis. Blood samples on filter paper were collected from a population living in the municipality of Pedro de Toledo, São Paulo State, and submitted to IgM-ELISA. The results were compared to those obtained by the IgM-immunofluorescence test (IgM-IFT) and the Kato-Katz parasitological method. Positive rates of 36.8%, 33.5%, and 1.6% were obtained respectively by the IgM-ELISA, IgM-IFT, and Kato-Katz methods. The geometric mean obtained by the parasitological method was 40.9 eggs per gram of feces (epg). The nearly perfect agreement observed between the two serological tests (Kappa index of 0,89) indicates good diagnostic performance by the evaluated test. IgM-ELISA is a potentially useful method for diagnosis of schistosomiasis in individuals with low worm burden.

ELISA-IgM para diagnóstico da esquistossomose mansoni em área de baixa endemicidade / IgM-ELISA for diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni in low endemic areas

Um método imunoenzimático para detecçäo de anticorpos IgM (ELISA-IgM) contra uma fraçäo do extrato total de vermes de Schistosoma mansoni, solúvel em ácido tricloro acético (fraçäo TCA-solúvel) foi avaliado para fins epidemiológicos, em área de baixa endemicidade para esquistossomose. Amostras de sangue em papel de filtro, coletadas de uma populaçäo residente no município de Pedro de Toledo, Estado de São Paulo, foram submetidas ao ELISA-IgM e os resultados, analisados comparativamente aos obtidos pela RIFI-IgM e pelo exame parasitológico de fezes Kato-Katz. Obteve-se 36,8 por cento de positividade pelo ELISA-IgM, 33,5 por cento pela RIFI-IgM e 1,6 por cento pelo Kato-Katz, que indicou uma média geométrica de 40,9 ovos por grama de fezes (opg). A concordância de resultados, quase perfeita (índice Kappa de 0,89), observada entre os dois métodos sorológicos, indica um bom desempenho diagnóstico do teste em avaliaçäo. O ELISA-IgM constitui-se em um método potencialmente útil para fins diagnósticos da esquistossomose, em indivíduos com baixa carga parasitária

Estudo sobre eventual soroconversäo motivada por reaçäo intradérmica, em esquistossomose mansônica / Eventual serologic conversion after skin testing in schistosomiasis mansoni

Em virtude de hipotética soroconversäo motivada por reaçäo intradérmica, no que concerne à esquistossomose mansônica, realizaram os autores avaliaçäo envolvendo pessoas näo infectadas. Verificaram que teste cutâneo näo promoveu positivaçäo de reaçäo sorológica de imunofluorescência indireta e, dessa, forma, consubstanciaram informe dotado de interesse prático em tarefas diagnósticas e inquéritos epidemiológicos

Pesquisa do antígeno polissacarídico do Schistosoma mansoni em soros de hamsters pela técnica de imunoeletroforese cruzada / Detection of circulating polysaccharide antigen of Schistosoma mansoni in sera of hamsters by crossed immunoelectrophoresis

A imunoeletroforese cruzada (IEC) foi utilizada para a detecçäo do antígeno polissacarídico circulante anódico (AgCA) do Schistosoma mansoni, livre e complexado, em soro de hamsters infectados. O AgCA foi também pesquisado em soros humanos de 7 pacientes na fase aguda e de 23 na fase crónica da infecçäo. Foram estabelecidas as condiçöes para isolamento e determinaçäo do AgCA complexado. A sensibilidade da técnica foi aumentada pela incorporaçäo de polietilenoglicol a 2% à agarose e realizaçäo da corrida eletroforética a 4-C. O AgCA livre foi detectado em 12 e o complexado em 30 dos 37 soros de hamsters analisados. Foi observada correlaçäo entre AgCA (livre e complexado) e carga parasitária. O AgCA näo foi detectado, nas condiçöes experimentais utilizadas, nas amostras de soro humano de 7 pacientes na fase aguda e de 23 na fase crônica da infecçäo

Treatment of patients with Schistosomiasis mansoni: a double blind clinical trial comparing praziquantel with oxamniquine

Com objetivo de se compararem a tolerabilidade e eficácia do praziquantel e oxamniquine, procedeu-se a um estudo prospectivo duplo-cego envolvendo 120 pacientes com esquistossomose intestinal ou hepatintestinal. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos. Um foi tratado com praziquantel, na dose de 55 mg/kg de peso, o outro com oxamniquine, 15 mg/kg de peso, sempre administrados em dose única por via oral. O diagnóstico e seguimento parasitológicos basearam-se no exame de fezes pelo método de Kato-Katz. Em 73 de 77 casos negativos após tratamento, executaram-se biopsias retais. Efeitos colaterais, principalmente tontura, sonolência, dores abdominais, cefaléia, náuseas e diarréia foram observados em 87% dos casos. Sua incidência, intensidade e duraçäo foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos, mas a dor abdominal foi significativamente mais freqüente após praziquantel, havendo maior tendência para tontura intensa após oxamniquine. Observou-se aumento significante de alamina-aminotransferase e gama-glutamiltransferase após oxamniquine e de bilirrubina total após praziquantel. Um total de 48 pacientes tratados com praziquantel e 46 com oxamniquine completaram os exames de controle até o sexto mês. As percentages de cura foram de 79,2% e de 84,8% respectivamente, diferença näo significativa. Os pacientes näo curados mostraram reduçäo média do número de ovos de 93,5% e de 84,1%, diferença näo significativa. Cinco pacientes retratados com praziquantel curaram-se, mas somente um de três retratados com oxamniquine. Estes resultados mostram que ambas as drogas-apesar de diferentes propriedades farmacológicas - provocam reaçöes colaterais semelhantes e apresentam eficácia terapêutica comparável