Allium sativum extract against free-living larvae of Rhipicephalus microplus: a potential environmental biocontrol.

The infestation of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) (Canestrini, 1887) represents a significant health problem for cattle. Up until today, no consistent control has been recommended for the free-living larval stage of R. microplus. The objective of the present study was to determine the larvicidal effect of an Allium sativum (garlic) aqueous extract against R. microplus using the larval package test, LPT. Tick larvae were obtained from adult female ticks from naturally infected animals, and 200 larvae were exposed to each A. sativum extract concentration (5, 7, 10, 16, 25, and 50%). All garlic groups received the extract in three different volumes (2, 5, and 7 ml) to determine the levels of humidity that would affect the free-living stage. Larvae from the control group were treated with distilled water and the positive control used cypermethrin in a 5-ml volume. Live and dead larvae were determined after 24 h of exposure. There was a significant statistical difference (P = 0.041) at 5% between 2 and 5 ml and between 7 and 10% of the extract using 2 ml (P = 0.034). There was a significant larvicidal activity of 100% mortality for the 16, 25, and 50% concentrations for all volumes. We observed a clear concentration-dependent effect for the extracts with a correlation coefficient of R2 > 0.92. The lethal concentration of 50% (LC50) was 13.6, 9.8, and 7.6% for the 2, 5, and 7 ml. The present A. sativum solutions may be considered a viable biofriendly alternative to reduce the number of the free-living larval stage of R. microplus on pasture and the consequent reduction of cattle infestation due to its high larval mortality.

Conhecimento e atuação dos (as) enfermeiros(as) na abordagem e manejo da incontinênciaurinária em mulheres: revisão integrativa / Nurses' knowledge and performance in the management and management of incontinence in women: an integrative review

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar as produções científicas disponíveis na literatura sobre o conhecimentoe estratégias utilizadas pelos(as) enfermeiros(as) que atuam na atenção básica de saúde (ABS) na abordagem e manejo demulheres com incontinência urinária (IU). Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa cuja coleta de dados foi realizada nas bases dedados LILACS, MEDLINE e BDENF, de 14 de março a 05 de abril de 2016. A amostra inical incluiu 1.445 artigos. Após análise dosresumos e textos, apenas um artigo atendeu a todos os critérios de inclusão. Este foi publicado em 2009, na língua portuguesa,escrito por enfermeiros e metododologia descritiva. O artigo foi analisado utilizando instrumento para caracterização do estudoe classificado como nível 4 de evidência. Conclui-se que existe a necessidade de capacitar os enfermeiros (as) da ABS sobre atemática, bem como a realização de estudos que possam fundamentar a prática clínica.