Assessment of ethanol tolerance of Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7735 selected by adaptive laboratory evolution.

Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7735 shows potential for producing ethanol from lactose; however, its low ethanol tolerance is a drawback for its industrial application. The first aim of this study was to obtain four ethanol-tolerant K. marxianus CCT 7735 strains (ETS1, ETS2, ETS3, and ETS4) by adaptive laboratory evolution. The second aim was to select among them the strain that stood out and to evaluate metabolic changes associated with the improved ethanol tolerance in this strain. The ETS4 was selected for displaying a specific growth rate higher than the parental strain under ethanol stress (122%) and specific ethanol production rate (0.26 g/g/h) higher than those presented by the ETS1 (0.22 g/g/h), ETS2 (0.17 g/g/h), and ETS3 (0.17 g/g/h) under non-stress condition. Further analyses were performed with the ETS4 in comparison with its parental strain in order to characterize metabolic changes. Accumulation of valine and metabolites of the citric acid cycle (isocitric acid, citric acid, and cis-aconitic acid) was observed only in the ETS4 subjected to ethanol stress. Their accumulation in this strain may have been important to increase ethanol tolerance. Furthermore, the contents of fatty acid methyl esters and ergosterol were higher in the ETS4 than in the parental strain. These differences likely contributed to enhance ethanol tolerance in the ETS4. KEY POINTS: • K. marxianus ethanol-tolerant strains were selected by adaptive laboratory evolution. • Valine and metabolites of the TCA cycle were accumulated in the ETS4. • High contents of fatty acids and ergosterol contributed to enhance ethanol tolerance.

Produção de protease colagenolítica por Bacillus stearothermophillus de solo amazônico / Production of collagenolytic protease by Bacillus stearothermophillus from an Amazonian soil

Collagenolytic proteases are enzymes able of hydrolyzing the peptide bonds of several types of collagen, and have great importance in the medicine and therapeutic applications. The aim of this research was to evaluate the production of collagenolytic proteases by Bacillus stearothermophilus. Treatments were performed used a 2³ full factorial design, in order to evaluate the significance of the effects and interactions of variables - initial pH, substrate concentration and temperature - on the production of collagenolytic protease. The central point was run in quadruplicate to provide an estimate of the experimental error. Enzyme assays with collagen and azocasein as substrates were performed to determine the collagenolytic and proteolytic activities respectively. The highest collagenolytic enzyme activity was 79.38 U mL-1, corresponding to a specific activity of 136.86 U mg-1, in the initial fermentation conditions, substrate concentration at 1% (w/v), pH 7.2 and 25 °C. Proteolytic activity of enzyme was most active at pH 9.0 and 50 °C, and was stable over wide pH (6.0 - 9.0) and temperature ranges (45 °C - 50 °C). Bacillus stearothermophilus shows viability for the production of collagenolytic proteases, and the obtaining these enzymes have high importance for biotechnological applications.(AU)

As proteases colagenolíticas são enzimas capazes de hidrolisar as ligações peptídicas de vários tipos de colágeno e têm grande importância na medicina e em aplicações terapêuticas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a produção de proteases colagenolíticas por Bacillus stearothermophilus. Os tratamentos foram realizados por meio de um planejamento fatorial completo 2³, a fim de avaliar a significância dos efeitos e interações das variáveis - pH inicial, concentração de substrato e temperatura - sobre a produção de protease colagenolítica. O ponto central foi executado em quadruplicata para fornecer uma estimativa dos erros experimentais. Ensaios enzimáticos com colágeno e azocaseína como substratos foram realizados para determinação das atividades colagenolítica e proteolítica respectivamente. A maior atividade enzimática colagenolítica foi 79,38 U mL-1, correspondendo a atividade específica de 136,86 U mg-1, em condições iniciais de fermentação, na concentração de substrato a 1% (p/v), pH 7,2 e 25 °C. A atividade proteolítica da enzima foi mais ativa em pH 9,0 e 50 °C e foi estável nas faixas de pH (6,0 - 9,0) e temperatura (45 °C - 50 °C). Bacillus stearothermophilus apresenta viabilidade para a produção de proteases colagenolíticas e a obtenção dessas enzimas tem grande importância para aplicações biotecnológicas.(AU)

Produção de protease colagenolítica por Bacillus stearothermophillus de solo amazônico / Production of collagenolytic protease by Bacillus stearothermophillus from an Amazonian soil

Collagenolytic proteases are enzymes able of hydrolyzing the peptide bonds of several types of collagen, and have great importance in the medicine and therapeutic applications. The aim of this research was to evaluate the production of collagenolytic proteases by Bacillus stearothermophilus. Treatments were performed used a 2³ full factorial design, in order to evaluate the significance of the effects and interactions of variables - initial pH, substrate concentration and temperature - on the production of collagenolytic protease. The central point was run in quadruplicate to provide an estimate of the experimental error. Enzyme assays with collagen and azocasein as substrates were performed to determine the collagenolytic and proteolytic activities respectively. The highest collagenolytic enzyme activity was 79.38 U mL-1, corresponding to a specific activity of 136.86 U mg-1, in the initial fermentation conditions, substrate concentration at 1% (w/v), pH 7.2 and 25 °C. Proteolytic activity of enzyme was most active at pH 9.0 and 50 °C, and was stable over wide pH (6.0 - 9.0) and temperature ranges (45 °C - 50 °C). Bacillus stearothermophilus shows viability for the production of collagenolytic proteases, and the obtaining these enzymes have high importance for biotechnological applications.

As proteases colagenolíticas são enzimas capazes de hidrolisar as ligações peptídicas de vários tipos de colágeno e têm grande importância na medicina e em aplicações terapêuticas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a produção de proteases colagenolíticas por Bacillus stearothermophilus. Os tratamentos foram realizados por meio de um planejamento fatorial completo 2³, a fim de avaliar a significância dos efeitos e interações das variáveis - pH inicial, concentração de substrato e temperatura - sobre a produção de protease colagenolítica. O ponto central foi executado em quadruplicata para fornecer uma estimativa dos erros experimentais. Ensaios enzimáticos com colágeno e azocaseína como substratos foram realizados para determinação das atividades colagenolítica e proteolítica respectivamente. A maior atividade enzimática colagenolítica foi 79,38 U mL-1, correspondendo a atividade específica de 136,86 U mg-1, em condições iniciais de fermentação, na concentração de substrato a 1% (p/v), pH 7,2 e 25 °C. A atividade proteolítica da enzima foi mais ativa em pH 9,0 e 50 °C e foi estável nas faixas de pH (6,0 - 9,0) e temperatura (45 °C - 50 °C). Bacillus stearothermophilus apresenta viabilidade para a produção de proteases colagenolíticas e a obtenção dessas enzimas tem grande importância para aplicações biotecnológicas.