Situación nutricional en los primeros 1000 días del ciclo vital: una puesta al día de los datos disponibles en Argentina / Nutritional situation in the first 1000 days of life: an UpDate of the available data in Argentina

Introducción: Los primeros 1000 días de vida representan un período crítico del ciclo vital que impacta en el estado de salud de la mujer y de la progenie. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sobre la información disponible con relación al estado nutricional materno-infantil, la lactancia materna y los hábitos alimentarios en esta etapa de la vida en el territorio de la Argentina. Métodos: Búsqueda de información de investigaciones realizadas en el país en niños y niñas de 0 a 2 años, embarazadas y mujeres en período de lactancia, publicadas en el período 2013-2020. Resultados: Los datos disponibles muestran que la alimentación tanto en las mujeres como en los niños y las niñas puede ser deficiente en nutrientes críticos, asociada a un perfil epidemiológico con prevalencia de sobrepeso. La baja talla, un indicador de malnutrición intergeneracional, se describe en una proporción de aproximadamente el 8% al 9% tanto en los menores de 2 años como en las gestantes, en tanto que la proporción de bajo peso se encuentra en el orden del 2 % al 10%, respectivamente. Los datos sobre lactancia materna revelan que aún no se alcanza a garantizar una cobertura satisfactoria; solo del 36,5% al 63,4% de los niños reciben lactancia materna exclusiva al sexto mes. La deficiencia de hierro y la anemia siguen siendo problemáticas frecuentes y en los pocos estudios regionales disponibles se encuentran resultados variables según la región y la población estudiada. Conclusión: Tanto los resultados de las encuestas nacionales como los procedentes de pequeños estudios poblacionales regionales muestran que las condiciones de vulnerabilidad social comprometen el estado nutricional durante estos primeros 1000 días de vida. Si bien se han implementado en el país en los últimos años una serie de programas e intervenciones de ayuda alimentaria, no existe información respecto del impacto que dichas políticas públicas han tenido en la población

Introduction: The first 1000 days of life represent a critical period of the life cycle that impacts the health status of women and their offspring. Objective: To carry out a review of the information available in relation to the maternal and infant nutritional status, breastfeeding and eating habits at this stage of life in the territory of Argentina. Methods: Search for information on research performed in Argentina on infants from 0 to 2 years of age, pregnant women and lactating women, published in the period 2013-2020. Results: The available data show that the diet of both women and children can be deficient in critical nutrients, associated with an epidemiological profile with prevalence of overweight. Short stature, an indicator of intergenerational malnutrition, is described in a proportion of approximately 8% to 9% in both those under 2 years of age and in pregnant women, while the proportion of underweight is in the order of 2% at 10% respectively. Data on breastfeeding reveal that satisfactory coverage has not yet been guaranteed; only 3,5% to 63,4% of children are exclusively breastfed at the sixth month. Iron deficiency and anemia continue to be frequent problems and the few available regional studies find variable results depending on the region and population studied. Conclusion: Both the results of national surveys and those from small regional population studies show that conditions of social vulnerability compromise nutritional status during these first 1,000 days of life. Although a series of food aid programs and interventions have been implemented in the country in recent years, there is no information regarding the impact that these public policies have had on the populatio

POM-1 inhibits P2 receptors and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages.

Extracellular nucleotides can modulate the immunological response by activating purinergic receptors (P2Rs) on the cell surface of macrophages, dendritic, and other immune cells. In particular, the activation of P2X7R can induce release of cytokines and cell death as well as the uptake of large molecules through the cell membrane by a mechanism still poorly understood. Polyoxotungstate-1 (POM-1) has been proposed as a potent inhibitor of ecto-nucleotidases, enzymes that hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides, regulating the activity of P2Rs. However, the potential impact of POM-1 on P2Rs has not been evaluated. Here, we used fluorescent dye uptake, cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration measurement, patch-clamp recordings, scanning electron microscopy, and quantification of inflammatory mediators to investigate the effects of POM-1 on P2Rs of murine macrophages. We observed that POM-1 blocks the P2YR-dependent cytoplasmic Ca2+ increase and has partial effects on the cytoplasmic Ca2+, increasing dependence on P2XRs. POM-1 can inhibit the events related with ATP-dependent inflammasome activation, anionic dye uptake, and also the opening of large conductance channels, which are associated with P2X7R-dependent pannexin-1 activation. On the other hand, this compound has no effects on cationic fluorescent dye uptake, apoptosis, and bleb formation, also dependent on P2X7R. Moreover, POM-1 can be considered an anti-inflammatory compound, because it prevents TNF-α and nitric oxide release from LPS-treated macrophages.

Predictors of psychiatric readmissions in the short- and long-term: a population-based study in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the risks and rates of readmission and their predictors 14 days, one year, and five years after discharge for the psychiatric population in Taiwan. METHODS: This was a prospective study based on claims from 44,237 first-time hospitalized psychiatric patients discharged in 2000, who were followed for up to five years after discharge. The cumulative incidence and incidence density of readmission were calculated for various follow-up periods after discharge, and Cox proportional hazard models were generated to identify the significant predictors for psychiatric readmission. RESULTS: The less than 14-day, one-year, and five-year cumulative incidences were estimated at 6.1%, 22.3%, and 37.8%, respectively. The corresponding figures for incidence density were 4.58, 1.04, and 0.69 per 1,000 person-days, respectively. Certain factors were significantly associated with increased risk of readmission irrespective of the length of follow-up, including male gender, length of hospital stay >15 days, economic poverty, a leading discharge diagnosis of schizophrenia/affective disorders, and residence in less-urbanized regions. Compared to children/adolescents, young adults (20-39 years) were significantly associated with increased risks of