Pyrolysis of antibiotic mycelial dreg and characterization of obtained gas, liquid and biochar.

The disposal and utilization of antibiotic mycelial dreg (AMD), which has been identified as a hazardous waste in China, are a serious concern because of the residual antibiotic and huge annual output. Pyrolysis is a promising technology to treat AMD. However, the pyrolysis of AMD is not studied in an adequate degree, particularly no attention has been paid to the release and distribution of the phosphorus in AMD during pyrolysis. Therefore, the present work studied the pyrolysis of AMD more comprehensively. The influence of pyrolysis temperature on product yields and characteristics, together with the release and distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus, and the antibiotic residue in products, were investigated. The results suggested that residual antibiotic was eliminated after pyrolysis. Nitrogen was mainly contained in the biochar and liquid products, while phosphorus was mainly retained in the biochar. Liquid products were characterized by abundant oxygen and nitrogen-containing compounds, while biochar was featured of both abundant nitrogen and inorganic phosphate groups. Pyrolysis temperature showed a significant effect on product yields and characteristics, and a low pyrolysis temperature is recommended considering the recycling of nitrogen and phosphorus. The disposal of AMD through pyrolysis conforms to the principles of AMD disposal.

The error analysis of Lobular and segmental division of right liver by volume measurement.

The aim of this study is to explore the inconsistencies between right liver volume as measured by imaging and the actual anatomical appearance of the right lobe. Five healthy donated livers were studied. The liver slices were obtained with hepatic segments multicolor-infused through the portal vein. In the slices, the lobes were divided by two methods: radiological landmarks and real anatomical boundaries. The areas of the right anterior lobe (RAL) and right posterior lobe (RPL) on each slice were measured using Photoshop CS5 and AutoCAD, and the volumes of the two lobes were calculated. There was no statistically significant difference between the volumes of the RAL or RPL as measured by the radiological landmarks (RL) and anatomical boundaries (AB) methods. However, the curves of the square error value of the RAL and RPL measured using CT showed that the three lowest points were at the cranial, intermediate, and caudal levels. The U- or V-shaped curves of the square error rate of the RAL and RPL revealed that the lowest value is at the intermediate level and the highest at the cranial and caudal levels. On CT images, less accurate landmarks were used to divide the RAL and RPL at the cranial and caudal layers. The measured volumes of hepatic segments VIII and VI would be less than their true values, and the measured volumes of hepatic segments VII and V would be greater than their true values, according to radiological landmarks. Clin. Anat. 30:585-590, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

[Spectral Analysis of Trace Fluorine Phase in Phosphogypsum].

Phosphogypsum, which contains more than 90% of the calcium sulfate dehydrate (CaSO4 · 2H2O), is a kind of important renewable gypsum resources. Unlike the natural gypsum, however, phosphorus, fluorine, organic matter and other harmful impurities in phosphogypsum limit its practical use. To ascertain the existence form, content and phase distribution of trace fluoride in phosphogypsum has important theoretical values in removing trace fluoride effectively. In this present paper, the main existence form and phase distribution of trace fluoride in phosphogypsum was investigated by the combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). The results show that trace fluoride phase mainly includes NaF, KF, CaF2, K2SiF6, Na2SiF6, Na3AlF6, K3AlF6, AlF3 · 3H2O, AlF2.3(OH)0.7 · H2O, Ca5(PO4)3F, Ca10(PO4)6F2. Among them, 4.83% of fluorine exists in the form of fluoride (NaF, KF, CaF2); Accordingly, 8.43% in the form of fluoride phosphate (Ca5(PO4)3F, Ca10(PO4)6F2); 12.21% in the form of fluorine aluminate (Na3AlF6, K3AlF6); 41.52% in the form of fluorosilicate (K2SiF6, Na2SiF6); 33.02% in the form of aluminum fluoride with crystal water (AlF3 · 3H2O, AlF2.3(OH)0.7 · H2O). In the analysis of phase constitution for trace elements in solid samples, the method of combining XPS and EMPA has more advantages. This study also provides theoretical basis for the removal of trace fluorine impurity and the effective recovery of fluorine resources.

Bio-oil based biorefinery strategy for the production of succinic acid.

BACKGROUND: Succinic acid is one of the key platform chemicals which can be produced via biotechnology process instead of petrochemical process. Biomass derived bio-oil have been investigated intensively as an alternative of diesel and gasoline fuels. Bio-oil could be fractionized into organic phase and aqueous phase parts. The organic phase bio-oil can be easily upgraded to transport fuel. The aqueous phase bio-oil (AP-bio-oil) is of low value. There is no report for its usage or upgrading via biological methods. In this paper, the use of AP-bio-oil for the production of succinic acid was investigated. RESULTS: The transgenic E. coli strain could grow in modified M9 medium containing 20 v/v% AP-bio-oil with an increase in OD from 0.25 to 1.09. And 0.38 g/L succinic acid was produced. With the presence of 4 g/L glucose in the medium, succinic acid concentration increased from 1.4 to 2.4 g/L by addition of 20 v/v% AP-bio-oil. When enzymatic hydrolysate of corn stover was used as carbon source, 10.3 g/L succinic acid was produced. The obtained succinic acid concentration increased to 11.5 g/L when 12.5 v/v% AP-bio-oil was added. However, it decreased to 8 g/L when 50 v/v% AP-bio-oil was added. GC-MS analysis revealed that some low molecular carbon compounds in the AP-bio-oil were utilized by E. coli. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that AP-bio-oil can be used by E. coli for cell growth and succinic acid production.

[FTIR analysis of oil shales from Huadian Jilin and their pyrolysates].

Thermochemical conversion is the key technology for the comprehensive utilization of Chinese oil shale resources. Oil shales from three mining areas of Huadian Jilin were pyrolyzed at 500 degrees C in a quartz tube reactor and their pyrolyzed cokes and shale oil were derived. One oil shale was also pyrolyzed at 600 degrees C and 700 degrees C to assess the influence of temperature on pyrolysates. FTIR analysis was carried out to study the raw shales and their products. The results showed that shale oil had similar functional groups as the organic matter of oil shale, mainly aliphatic hydrocarbon, and the shale oil contained more of it than the raw material. The shale with more aliphatic oil yielded more oil. That with less aliphatic and more aromatic one yields less oil, and its coke is rich in condensed aromatics. Pyrolysis was almost completed at 500 degrees C. Oil yield did not increase further with temperature, but secondary pyrolysis strengthened. At 700 degrees C carbonates began to decompose.

Kinetics of biomass catalytic pyrolysis.

The Coats-Redfern method was used to analyze the kinetic characteristics of biomass catalytic pyrolysis, indicating that it can be described by multi-step reactions, rather than as a simple first-order reaction. Friedman model-free calculations were used to describe the starting reaction types and the corresponding initial kinetic parameters. Finally, nonlinear regression of biomass catalytic pyrolysis showed that the reaction mechanism of the whole process could be kinetically characterized by three successive reactions: a one-dimensional diffusion reaction, followed by an apparent first-order reaction, and then by a two-dimensional diffusion reaction. The kinetic parameters and equations were also calculated.

Emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a circulating fluidized bed combustor during co-firing coal and biomass.

This paper presents the experimental investigations of the emissions of SO2, NO and N20 in a bench scale circulating fluidized bed combustor for coal combustion and co-firing coal and biomass. The thermal capacity of the combustor is 30 kW. The setup is electrically heated during startup. The influence of the excess air, the degree of the air staging, the biomass share and the feeding position of the fuels on the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O were studied. The results showed that an increase in the biomass shares resulted in an increase of the CO concentration in the flue gas, probably due to the high volatile content of the biomass. In co-firing, the emission of SO2 increased with increasing biomass share slightly, however, non-linear increase relationship between SO2 emission and fuel sulfur content was observed. Air staging significantly decreased the NO emission without raising the SO2 level. Although the change of the fuel feeding position from riser to downer resulted in a decrease in the NO emission level, no obvious change was observed for the SO2 level. Taking the coal feeding position R as a reference, the relative NO emission could significantly decrease during co-firing coal and biomass when feeding fuel at position D and keeping the first stage stoichiometry greater than 0.95. The possible mechanisms of the sulfur and nitrogen chemistry at these conditions were discussed and the ways of simultaneous reduction of SO2, NO and N20 were proposed.