IGF-1 inhibits inflammation and accelerates angiogenesis via Ras/PI3K/IKK/NF-κB signaling pathways to promote wound healing.

Exogenous insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been reported to promote wound healing through regulation of vascular endothelial cells (VECs). Despite the existing studies of IGF-1 on VEC and its role in angiogenesis, the mechanisms regarding anti-inflammatory and angiogenetic effects of IGF-1 remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the wound-healing process and the related signaling pathway of IGF-1 using an inflammation model induced by IFN-γ. The results demonstrated that IGF-1 can increase cell proliferation, suppress inflammation in VECs, and promote angiogenesis. In vivo studies further confirmed that IGF-1 can reduce inflammation, enhance vascular regeneration, and improve re-epithelialization and collagen deposition in acute wounds. Importantly, the Ras/PI3K/IKK/NF-κB signaling pathways was identified as the mechanisms through which IGF-1 exerts its anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects. These findings contribute to the understanding of IGF-1's role in wound healing and may have implications for the development of new wound treatment approaches.

Occurrence, accumulation, ecological risk, and source identification of potentially toxic elements in multimedia in a subtropical bay, Southeast China.

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in seawater and sediments may be amplified along the aquatic food chain, posing a health threat to humans. This study comprehensively analyzed the concentrations, distribution, potential sources, and health risk of 7 PTEs in multimedia (seawater, sediment and organism) in typical subtropical bays in southern China. The results indicated that Zn was the most abundant element in seawater, and the average concentration of Cd in sediment was 3.93 times higher than the background value. Except for As, the seasonal differences in surface seawater were not significant. The content of Zn in fishes, crustacea, and shellfish was the highest, while the contents of Hg and Cd were relatively low. Bioaccumulation factor indicated that Zn was a strongly bioaccumulated element in seawater, while Cd was more highly enriched by aquatic organisms in sediment. According to principal component analysis (PCA), and positive matrix factorization (PMF), the main sources of PTEs in Quanzhou Bay were of natural derivation, industrial sewage discharge, and agricultural inputs, each contributing 40.4 %, 24.2 %, and 35.4 %, respectively. This study provides fundamental and significant information for the prevention of PTEs contamination in subtropical bays, the promotion of ecological safety, and the assessment of human health risk from PTEs in seafood.

Necroptosis enhances 'don't eat me' signal and induces macrophage extracellular traps to promote pancreatic cancer liver metastasis.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating cancer with dismal prognosis due to distant metastasis, even in the early stage. Using RNA sequencing and multiplex immunofluorescence, here we find elevated expression of mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudo-kinase (MLKL) and enhanced necroptosis pathway in PDAC from early liver metastasis T-stage (T1M1) patients comparing with non-metastatic (T1M0) patients. Mechanistically, MLKL-driven necroptosis recruits macrophages, enhances the tumor CD47 'don't eat me' signal, and induces macrophage extracellular traps (MET) formation for CXCL8 activation. CXCL8 further initiates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and upregulates ICAM-1 expression to promote endothelial adhesion. METs also degrades extracellular matrix, that eventually supports PDAC liver metastasis. Meanwhile, targeting necroptosis and CD47 reduces liver metastasis in vivo. Our study thus reveals that necroptosis facilitates PDAC metastasis by evading immune surveillance, and also suggest that CD47 blockade, combined with MLKL inhibitor GW806742X, may be a promising neoadjuvant immunotherapy for overcoming the T1M1 dilemma and reviving the opportunity for radical surgery.

Peceleganan Spray for the Treatment of Skin Wound Infections: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Peceleganan spray is a novel topical antimicrobial agent targeted for the treatment of skin wound infections. However, its efficacy and safety remain unclear. Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of peceleganan spray for the treatment of wound infections. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter, open-label, phase 3 randomized clinical trial recruited and followed up 570 adult patients diagnosed with secondary open wound infections from 37 hospitals in China from August 23, 2021, to July 16, 2022. Interventions: Patients were randomized to 2 groups with a 2:1 allocation. One group received treatment with 2% peceleganan spray (n = 381) and the other with 1% silver sulfadiazine (SSD) cream (n = 189). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary efficacy outcome was the clinical efficacy rate (the number of patients fulfilling the criteria for efficacy of the number of patients receiving the treatment) on the first day following the end of treatment (day 8). The secondary outcomes included the clinical efficacy rate on day 5 and the bacterial clearance rate (cases achieving negative bacteria cultures after treatment of all cases with positive bacteria cultures before treatment) on days 5 and 8. The safety outcomes included patients' vital signs, physical examination results, electrocardiographic findings, blood test results, and adverse reactions. Results: Among the 570 patients randomized to 1 of the 2 groups, 375 (98.4%) in the 2% peceleganan treatment group and 183 (96.8%) in the 1% SSD control group completed the trial (n = 558). Of these, 361 (64.7%) were men, and the mean (SD) age was 48.6 (15.3) years. The demographic characteristics were similar between groups. On day 8, clinical efficacy was achieved by 339 patients (90.4%) in the treatment group and 144 (78.7%) in the control group (P < .001). On day 5, clinical efficacy was achieved by 222 patients (59.2%) in the treatment group and 90 (49.2%) in the control group (P = .03). On day 8, bacterial clearance was achieved by 80 of 334 patients (24.0%) in the treatment group and in 75 of 163 (46.0%) in the control group (P < .001). On day 5, bacterial clearance was achieved by 55 of 334 patients (16.5%) in the treatment group and 50 of 163 (30.7%) in the control group (P < .001). The adverse events related to the application of peceleganan spray and SSD cream were similar. Conclusions and Relevance: This randomized clinical trial found that peceleganan spray is a safe topical antimicrobial agent with a satisfactory clinical efficacy rate for the treatment of skin wound infections, while the effectiveness of bacterial clearance remains uncertain. Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Identifier: ChiCTR2100047202.

Genetic interactions reveal distinct biological and therapeutic implications in breast cancer.

Co-occurrence and mutual exclusivity of genomic alterations may reflect the existence of genetic interactions, potentially shaping distinct biological phenotypes and impacting therapeutic response in breast cancer. However, our understanding of them remains limited. Herein, we investigate a large-scale multi-omics cohort (n = 873) and a real-world clinical sequencing cohort (n = 4,405) including several clinical trials with detailed treatment outcomes and perform functional validation in patient-derived organoids, tumor fragments, and in vivo models. Through this comprehensive approach, we construct a network comprising co-alterations and mutually exclusive events and characterize their therapeutic potential and underlying biological basis. Notably, we identify associations between TP53mut-AURKAamp and endocrine therapy resistance, germline BRCA1mut-MYCamp and improved sensitivity to PARP inhibitors, and TP53mut-MYBamp and immunotherapy resistance. Furthermore, we reveal that precision treatment strategies informed by co-alterations hold promise to improve patient outcomes. Our study highlights the significance of genetic interactions in guiding genome-informed treatment decisions beyond single driver alterations.

Dissecting the association between gut microbiota and hypertrophic scarring: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.

Hypertrophic scars affect a significant number of individuals annually, giving rise to both cosmetic concerns and functional impairments. Prior research has established that an imbalance in the composition of gut microbes, termed microbial dysbiosis, can initiate the progression of various diseases through the intricate interplay between gut microbiota and the host. However, the precise nature of the causal link between gut microbiota and hypertrophic scarring remains uncertain. In this study, after compiling summary data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) involving 418 instances of gut microbiota and hypertrophic scarring, we conducted a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the potential existence of a causal relationship between gut microbiota and the development of hypertrophic scar and to discern the directionality of causation. By utilizing MR analysis, we identified seven causal associations between gut microbiome and hypertrophic scarring, involving one positive and six negative causal directions. Among them, Intestinimonas, Ruminococcus2, Barnesiella, Dorea, Desulfovibrio piger, and Ruminococcus torques act as protective factors against hypertrophic scarring, while Eubacterium rectale suggests a potential role as a risk factor for hypertrophic scars. Additionally, sensitivity analyses of these results revealed no indications of heterogeneity or pleiotropy. The findings of our MR study suggest a potential causative link between gut microbiota and hypertrophic scarring, opening up new ways for future mechanistic research and the exploration of nanobiotechnology therapies for skin disorders.

An evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin ligase drives infection and transmission of flaviviruses.

Mosquito-borne flaviviruses such as dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) cause hundreds of millions of infections annually. The single-stranded RNA genome of flaviviruses is translated into a polyprotein, which is cleaved equally into individual functional proteins. While structural proteins are packaged into progeny virions and released, most of the nonstructural proteins remain intracellular and could become cytotoxic if accumulated over time. However, the mechanism by which nonstructural proteins are maintained at the levels optimal for cellular fitness and viral replication remains unknown. Here, we identified that the ubiquitin E3 ligase HRD1 is essential for flaviviruses infections in both mammalian hosts and mosquitoes. HRD1 directly interacts with flavivirus NS4A and ubiquitylates a conserved lysine residue for ER-associated degradation. This mechanism avoids excessive accumulation of NS4A, which otherwise interrupts the expression of processed flavivirus proteins in the ER. Furthermore, a small-molecule inhibitor of HRD1 named LS-102 effectively interrupts DENV2 infection in both mice and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, and significantly disturbs DENV transmission from the infected hosts to mosquitoes owing to reduced viremia. Taken together, this study demonstrates that flaviviruses have evolved a sophisticated mechanism to exploit the ubiquitination system to balance the homeostasis of viral proteins for their own advantage and provides a potential therapeutic target to interrupt flavivirus infection and transmission.

SinCWIm: An imputation method for single-cell RNA sequence dropouts using weighted alternating least squares.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides a powerful tool for exploring cellular heterogeneity, discovering novel or rare cell types, distinguishing between tissue-specific cellular composition, and understanding cell differentiation during development. However, due to technological limitations, dropout events in scRNA-seq can mistakenly convert some entries in the real data to zero. This is equivalent to introducing noise into the data of cell gene expression entries. The data is contaminated, which affects the performance of downstream analyses, including clustering, cell annotation, differential gene expression analysis, and so on. Therefore, it is a crucial work to accurately determine which zeros are due to dropout events and perform imputation operations on them. METHODS: Considering the different confidence levels of different zeros in the gene expression matrix, this paper proposes a SinCWIm method for dropout events in scRNA-seq based on weighted alternating least squares (WALS). The method utilizes Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical clustering to quantify the confidence of zero entries. It is then combined with WALS for matrix decomposition. And the imputation result is made close to the actual number by outlier removal and data correction operations. RESULTS: A total of eight single-cell sequencing datasets were used for comparative experiments to demonstrate the overall superiority of SinCWIm over state-of-the-art models. SinCWIm was applied to cluster the data to obtain an adjusted RAND index evaluation, and the Usoskin, Pollen and Bladder datasets scored 94.46%, 96.48% and 76.74%, respectively. In addition, significant improvements were made in the retention of differential expression genes and visualization. CONCLUSIONS: SinCWIm provides a valuable imputation method for handling dropout events in single-cell sequencing data. In comparison to advanced methods, SinCWIm demonstrates excellent performance in clustering, visualization and other aspects. It is applicable to various single-cell sequencing datasets.

Corrigendum: Identification of ACKR4 as an immune checkpoint in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1153573.].

N6-methyltubercidin gives sterile cure in a cutaneous Leishmania amazonensis mouse model.

Leishmania is a trypanosomatid parasite that causes skin lesions in its cutaneous form. Current therapies rely on old and expensive drugs, against which the parasites have acquired considerable resistance. Trypanosomatids are unable to synthesize purines relying on salvaging from the host, and nucleoside analogues have emerged as attractive antiparasitic drug candidates. 4-Methyl-7-ß-D-ribofuranosyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (CL5564), an analogue of tubercidin in which the amine has been replaced by a methyl group, demonstrates activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum. Herein, we investigated its in vitro and in vivo activity against L. amazonensis. CL5564 was 6.5-fold (P = 0.0002) more potent than milteforan™ (ML) against intracellular forms in peritoneal mouse macrophages, and highly selective, while combination with ML gave an additive effect. These results stimulated us to study the activity of CL5564 in mouse model of cutaneous Leishmania infection. BALB/c female and male mice infected by L. amazonensis treated with CL5564 (10 mg kg−1, intralesional route for five days) presented a >93% reduction of paw lesion size likely ML given orally at 40 mg kg−1, while the combination (10 + 40 mg kg−1 of CL5564 and ML, respectively) caused >96% reduction. The qPCR confirmed the suppression of parasite load, but only the combination approach reached 66% of parasitological cure. These results support additional studies with nucleoside derivatives.

Brigatinib, a newly discovered AXL inhibitor, suppresses AXL-mediated acquired resistance to osimertinib in EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer.

In addition to the classical resistance mechanisms, receptor tyrosine-protein kinase AXL is a main mechanism of resistance to third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) osimertinib in EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Developing an effective AXL inhibitor is important to sensitize osimertinib in clinical application. In this study we assessed the efficacy of brigatinib, a second-generation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-TKI, as a novel AXL inhibitor, in overcoming acquired resistance to osimertinib induced by AXL activation. We established an AXL-overexpression NSCLC cell line and conducted high-throughput screening of a small molecule chemical library containing 510 anti-tumor drugs. We found that brigatinib potently inhibited AXL expression, and that brigatinib (0.5 µM) significantly enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy of osimertinib (1 µM) in AXL-mediated osimertinib-resistant NSCLC cell lines in vitro. We demonstrated that brigatinib had a potential ability to bind AXL kinase protein and further inhibit its downstream pathways in NSCLC cell lines. Furthermore, we revealed that brigatinib might decrease AXL expression through increasing K48-linked ubiquitination of AXL and promoting AXL degradation in HCC827OR cells and PC-9OR cells. In AXL-high expression osimertinib-resistant PC-9OR and HCC827OR cells derived xenograft mouse models, administration of osimertinib (10 mg·kg-1·d-1) alone for 3 weeks had no effect, and administration of brigatinib (25 mg·kg-1·d-1) alone caused a minor inhibition on the tumor growth; whereas combination of osimertinib and brigatinib caused marked tumor shrinkages. We concluded that brigatinib may be a promising clinical strategy for enhancing osimertinib efficacy in AXL-mediated osimertinib-resistant NSCLC patients.

Clinical sequencing defines the somatic and germline mutation landscapes of Chinese HER2-Low Breast Cancer.

More than half of the breast cancer initially labeled as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative actually exhibited low HER2 levels (IHC 1+ or IHC 2+/FISH-) and were classified as HER2-low breast cancer. Previous research emphasized the significant biological heterogeneity in HER2-low breast cancer, highlighting the importance of accurately characterizing HER2-low tumors to promote the precise management of antibody‒drug conjugates. In this study, we established a large-scale targeted sequencing cohort (N = 1907) representing Chinese HER2-low breast cancer patients with detailed clinical annotation. Our research findings revealed that HER2-low breast cancer demonstrated distinct clinical pathological characteristics and mutation landscapes compared to HER2-zero group. When compared to HER2-zero tumors, HER2-low tumors exhibited a higher proportion of Luminal B subtypes and better disease-free survival. In hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer, HER2-low group showed a higher frequency of GATA3 somatic mutations, BRCA2 germline mutations, and mutations in the DNA damage repair pathway. In contrast, in HR-negative breast cancer, the HER2-low group displayed a higher frequency of PIK3CA mutations and PI3K pathway alterations. These findings offered valuable insights for the precise targeted treatment of HER2-low breast cancer in different HR statuses.

Integrated multiomic profiling of breast cancer in the Chinese population reveals patient stratification and therapeutic vulnerabilities.

Molecular profiling guides precision treatment of breast cancer; however, Asian patients are underrepresented in publicly available large-scale studies. We established a comprehensive multiomics cohort of 773 Chinese patients with breast cancer and systematically analyzed their genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, radiomic and digital pathology characteristics. Here we show that compared to breast cancers in white individuals, Asian individuals had more targetable AKT1 mutations. Integrated analysis revealed a higher proportion of HER2-enriched subtype and correspondingly more frequent ERBB2 amplification and higher HER2 protein abundance in the Chinese HR+HER2+ cohort, stressing anti-HER2 therapy for these individuals. Furthermore, comprehensive metabolomic and proteomic analyses revealed ferroptosis as a potential therapeutic target for basal-like tumors. The integration of clinical, transcriptomic, metabolomic, radiomic and pathological features allowed for efficient stratification of patients into groups with varying recurrence risks. Our study provides a public resource and new insights into the biology and ancestry specificity of breast cancer in the Asian population, offering potential for further precision treatment approaches.

Impact of independent early stage extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the emergency department following the establishment of an extracorporeal life support team.

Objective: In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of our experience in establishing and leading distinct extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR)-related teams to independently handle ECPR in the early stages in the emergency department. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 29 patients who underwent ECPR treatment in the emergency room between May 2018 and April 2022. A control group, consisting of 10 patients treated between May 2018 and September 2019 was managed using a standard rescue coordination mode. The 19 patients who received ECPR between October 2019 and April 2022 were treated by members of the department's 24-h extracorporeal life support team. We compared the implementation and operational challenges faced by the two groups, including item preparation, circuit setup, and ECPR initiation times, among other factors. Results: Gender, age, cardiac arrest risk factors, and other baseline data did not significantly differ between the two groups. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) pipeline prefilling time (from 35.27±10.34 to 13.46±5.32), ECPR establishment time (from 62.35±29.61 to 30.98±13.41), and item preparation time (from 16.42±9.78 to 3.19±1.49) all considerably decreased when compared to the control group. The rate of return of spontaneous circulation recovery rose from 37.50 % to 77.78 % (P < 0.05). The consequences of gastrointestinal and pulmonary bleeding were greatly reduced while ECPR was being used, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Significant improvements were made in the ECPR weaning rate (from 25.00 % to 38.89 %) and survival rate (from 20.0 % to 36.8 %). Conclusion: The establishment of a 24-h extracorporeal life support team significantly reduced the time needed for rescue during the early stage of independent setup of ECPR in the emergency department and serves as a guide for effective care of critically ill patients.

Association between MTHFR C677T Gene Polymorphisms and the Efficacy of Vitamin Therapy in lowering Homocysteine Levels among Stroke Patients with Hyperhomocysteinemia.

BACKGROUND: The impact of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T mutation on the relationship between plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels and stroke has been extensively studied and documented in previous study. However, it remains unclear whether the MTHFR C677T mutation can affect the response to Hcy lowering treatment in stroke patients with hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). Understanding the impact of genetic factors on treatment response can help optimize personalized treatment strategies for stroke patients with HHcy. We aimed to investigate the potential association between the MTHFR C677T gene polymorphisms and the effectiveness of Hcy lowering treatment using vitamin therapy in stroke patients with HHcy. METHODS: The MTHFR C677T genotype polymorphisms were identified using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and the distribution of three genotypes in the MTHFR C677T gene locus was compared. The treatment effects of Hcy lowering agents were compared among patients with different genotypes. RESULTS: Among the 320 stroke patients enrolled in the study, 258 (80.6%) were diagnosed with HHcy. Of these, 162 patients (Effective Group) responded well to the clinical Hcy lowering treatment, while 96 patients (Invalid Group) failed to achieve sufficient response even after taking combination supplements of folic acid, Vitamin B6, and methylcobalamin for one month. Significant differences were observed in terms of age (p < 0.001), hypertension (p = 0.034), dyslipidemia (p = 0.022), hyperuricemia (p = 0.013) and genotype distribution of MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism (p < 0.001) between the Invalid group and the Effective group. The multivariate regression analysis revealed that the T allele (odd rations [OR], 1.327; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.114-1.580; p = 0.0015) was independently associated with an insufficient Hcy lowering treatment effect. Additionally, the TT genotype was independently associated with insufficient response in both the codominant model (OR, 1.645; 95% CI, 1.093-2.476; p = 0.017) and the recessive model (TT versus CC + CT; OR, 1.529; 95% CI, 1.145-2.042; p = 0.004). However, no relationship was observed between CT + TT genotypes and poor treatment effect in the dominate model. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that the TT genotype and T allele of MTHFR C677T polymorphism were independently associated with an insufficient Hcy lowering treatment effect in stroke patients with HHcy.

Analysis of Clinical Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Early Neurological Deterioration in Patients With Mild Stroke by Intravenous Alteplase Therapy.

OBJECTIVES: Thrombolysis treatment for patients with mild stroke is controversial. The aim of our study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and influencing factors of early neurological deterioration (END) in this group of patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on ischemic stroke patients with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in Wenzhou Central Hospital. Subgroup analyses were performed for the mild stroke group and nonmild stroke group, END group, and non-early neurological deterioration group in mild stroke patients, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 498 patients were included in this study. Compared with the control group, the mild stroke group was younger age, less atrial fibrillation, previous history of stroke and less use of antithrombotic drugs, more dyslipidemia, smoking, and drinking. Small artery occlusion type was more common in mild stroke, cardioembolism and stroke of undetermined etiology type were less. In the mild stroke group, the symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) rate was 2.54%, and the END rate was 16.1%. Predictors of END included systolic blood pressure, blood glucose, cardioembolism subtype, sICH, and large vessel occlusion. In END patients, the sICH rate was 10.53%, and 84.21% of cases started to worsen within 12 hours after IVT. There was no statistically significant difference in the time to exacerbation among different subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of mild stroke in young patients was largely related to unhealthy lifestyles. The incidence of END in mild stroke IVT patients was low, with most occurring within 12 hours of IVT. There were many risk factors for END: large vessel occlusion and hyperglycemia were independent risk factors for END after IVT. sICH was an important but rare risk factor for END.

Highly Bioactive MXene-M2-Exosome Nanocomposites Promote Angiogenic Diabetic Wound Repair through Reconstructing High Glucose-Derived Immune Inhibition.

The repair of diabetic wounds remains challenging, primarily due to the high-glucose-derived immune inhibition which often leads to the excessive inflammatory response, impaired angiogenesis, and heightened susceptibility to infection. However, the means to reduce the immunosuppression and regulate the conversion of M2 phenotype macrophages under a high-glucose microenvironment using advanced biomaterials for diabetic wounds are not yet fully understood. Herein, we report two-dimensional carbide (MXene)-M2 macrophage exosome (Exo) nanohybrids (FM-Exo) for promoting diabetic wound repair by overcoming the high-glucose-derived immune inhibition. FM-Exo showed the sustained release of M2 macrophage-derived exosomes (M2-Exo) up to 7 days and exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. In the high-glucose microenvironment, relative to the single Exo, FM-Exo could significantly induce the optimized M2a/M2c polarization ratio of macrophages by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, promoting the proliferation, migration of fibroblasts, and angiogenic ability of endothelial cells. In the diabetic full-thickness wound model, FM-Exo effectively regulated the polarization status of macrophages and promoted their transition to the M2 phenotype, thereby inhibiting inflammation, promoting angiogenesis through VEGF secretion, and improving proper collagen deposition. As a result, the healing process was accelerated, leading to a better healing outcome with reduced scarring. Therefore, this study introduced a promising approach to address diabetic wounds by developing bioactive nanomaterials to regulate immune inhibition in a high-glucose environment.

Comprehensive genomic profiling of breast cancers characterizes germline-somatic mutation interactions mediating therapeutic vulnerabilities.

Germline-somatic mutation interactions are universal and associated with tumorigenesis, but their role in breast cancer, especially in non-Caucasians, remains poorly characterized. We performed large-scale prospective targeted sequencing of matched tumor-blood samples from 4079 Chinese females, coupled with detailed clinical annotation, to map interactions between germline and somatic alterations. We discovered 368 pathogenic germline variants and identified 5 breast cancer DNA repair-associated genes (BCDGs; BRCA1/BRCA2/CHEK2/PALB2/TP53). BCDG mutation carriers, especially those with two-hit inactivation, demonstrated younger onset, higher tumor mutation burden, and greater clinical benefits from platinum drugs, PARP inhibitors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Furthermore, we leveraged a multiomics cohort to reveal that clinical benefits derived from two-hit events are associated with increased genome instability and an immune-activated tumor microenvironment. We also established an ethnicity-specific tool to predict BCDG mutation and two-hit status for genetic evaluation and therapeutic decisions. Overall, this study leveraged the large sequencing cohort of Chinese breast cancers, optimizing genomics-guided selection of DNA damaging-targeted therapy and immunotherapy within a broader population.

Association between triglyceride glucose index and severity of diabetic foot ulcers in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Triglyceride glucose (TyG) index is a good surrogate biomarker to evaluate insulin resistance (IR). The study aimed to investigate whether the TyG index is related to the severity of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: A total of 1059 T2DM patients were enrolled in this observational, retrospective, single-center study. TyG index was calculated as ln[fasting triglycerides (mg/dl) × fasting glucose (mg/ dl)/2]. The severity of DFUs was classified into mild-to-moderate DFUs (Wagner grade score < 3) and severe DFUs (Wagner grade score ≥ 3) based on Wagner classification. Patients were stratified according to the tertiles of TyG index. Logistic regression models were implemented to explore the association between TyG index and the severity of DFUs. Subgroup analyses were used to verify the reliability of results. RESULTS: Compared with the reference lowest TyG tertile (T1), the highest tertile (T3) was associated with 0.377-fold increased risk of prevalence of severe DFUs (odds ratio [OR] 1.377, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.017-1.865) (P = 0.039). After adjusting for potential confounders, the multivariable-adjusted OR and 95% CI were 1.506 (1.079-2.103) (P = 0.016) in patients with highest tertile. Moreover, subgroup analyses indicated that the association was stronger among men, patients with age ≥ 65 years, duration of diabetes more than 10 years, or without PAD. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated TyG index is independently associated with severity of DFUs even after adjusting conventional confounders.