ZEB family is a prognostic biomarker and correlates with anoikis and immune infiltration in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Zinc finger E-box binding homEeobox 1 (ZEB1) and ZEB2 are two anoikis-related transcription factors. The mRNA expressions of these two genes are significantly increased in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), which are associated with poor survival. Meanwhile, the mechanisms and clinical significance of ZEB1 and ZEB2 upregulation in KIRC remain unknown. METHODS: Through the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, expression profiles, prognostic value and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs) of ZEB1 and ZEB2 were evaluated. The correlations of ZEB1 and ZEB2 with anoikis were further assessed in TCGA-KIRC database. Next, miRTarBase, miRDB, and TargetScan were used to predict microRNAs targeting ZEB1 and ZEB2, and TCGA-KIRC database was utilized to discern differences in microRNAs and establish the association between microRNAs and ZEBs. TCGA, TIMER, TISIDB, and TISCH were used to analyze tumor immune infiltration. RESULTS: It was found that ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression were related with histologic grade in KIRC patient. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses showed that KIRC patients with low ZEB1 or ZEB2 levels had a significantly lower survival rate. Meanwhile, ZEB1 and ZEB2 are closely related to anoikis and are regulated by microRNAs. We constructed a risk model using univariate Cox and LASSO regression analyses to identify two microRNAs (hsa-miR-130b-3p and hsa-miR-138-5p). Furthermore, ZEB1 and ZEB2 regulate immune cell invasion in KIRC tumor microenvironments. CONCLUSIONS: Anoikis, cytotoxic immune cell infiltration, and patient survival outcomes were correlated with ZEB1 and ZEB2 mRNA upregulation in KIRC. ZEB1 and ZEB2 are regulated by microRNAs.

Gastroprotective effects of Chinese Rana chensinensis skin collagen against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in mice.

Gastric ulcer is a common gastrointestinal disease caused by excessive gastric acid secretion, which has been recognized as one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. The skin of Rana chensinensis is rich in collagen and many previous studies have shown that it has certain bioactivity. Therefore, we extracted and purified collagen with a molecular weight less than 10000 Da from the skin of Rana chensinensis, and studied its gastric protective mechanism through the model of ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in Balb/c mice. The results showed that through macroscopic observation and significantly reduced ulcer index, it was proved that PCRCS could protect gastric mucosa and alleviate the damage of ethanol to gastric mucosa. PCRCS reduced ethanol-induced oxidative stress by boosting depleted SOD levels and dramatically lowering MDA levels, as well as significantly reducing lipid peroxidation. Additionally PCRCS (Protein Chinese Rana chesinensis Skin) additionally decreased the launch of inflammatory mediators TNF-α and IL-6 and more desirable the content material of protective elements NO and PGE2 in gastric mucosa. Based on these findings, we believe that PCRCS has potential stomach protective effects on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer, which may be achieved by inhibiting oxidative stress and stomach inflammation.

Research progress of miRNA in the diagnosis and treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Type 1 diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune disease, is one of the most common chronic diseases in adults and children, and the incidence of T1D has steadily increased worldwide in recent years. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous noncoding RNA molecules, usually 18 to 22 nucleotides in size. They strictly regulate cellular gene expression in developmental and immune responses by complementary pairing with mRNA bases to repress their translated proteins or disrupt target mRNA transcription. miRNAs are involved in biological processes such as cell division and proliferation, cell differentiation and development, and metabolism as important post-transcriptional regulators and play a wide range of roles in T1D. The stability of miRNAs makes them promising targets for the early diagnosis and treatment of T1D. In this review, the mode of miRNA production and mechanism of action, as well as the therapeutic role of miRNAs as T1D biomarkers and their application prospects were reviewed.

Nasointestinal Tube in Mechanical Ventilation Patients is More Advantageous.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of two different nutritional mode on the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients on mechanical ventilation. METHODS: 70 patients admitted to the ICU and under mechanical ventilation, were randomly divided into the nasointestinal tube group and nasogastric tube group. Patients from both groups received enteral nutrition, using the same nutritional agent, through intubation. The duration of stay in the ICU, duration of mechanical ventilation, incidence of VAP, nutritional state, and survival of the intestinal tract were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The duration of stay in the ICU, duration of mechanical ventilation and incidence of VAP in the nasointestinal tube group was lower than that in the nasogastric tube group (P<0.05). There was an increase in the levels of prealbumin and transferrin in the nasointestinal tube group (P<0.05). However, there were no obvious difference in the nasogastric tube group (P<0.05). The incidence of abdominal distension, diarrhea, regurgitation, aspiration, and hyperglycemia in the nasointestinal tube group was much lower than that in the nasogastric tube group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed that enteral nutrition delivery using a nasointestinal way can effectively reduce the incidence of VAP and improve the nutritional status of patients under mechanical ventilation.

MicroRNA-365 Knockdown Prevents Ischemic Neuronal Injury by Activating Oxidation Resistance 1-Mediated Antioxidant Signals / 神经科学通报·英文版

MicroRNA-365 (miR-365) is upregulated in the ischemic brain and is involved in oxidative damage in the diabetic rat. However, it is unclear whether miR-365 regulates oxidative stress (OS)-mediated neuronal damage after ischemia. Here, we used a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rats and the hydrogen peroxide-induced OS model in primary cultured neurons to assess the roles of miR-365 in neuronal damage. We found that miR-365 exacerbated ischemic brain injury and OS-induced neuronal damage and was associated with a reduced expression of OXR1 (Oxidation Resistance 1). In contrast, miR-365 antagomir alleviated both the brain injury and OXR1 reduction. Luciferase assays indicated that miR-365 inhibited OXR1 expression by directly targeting the 3'-untranslated region of Oxr1. Furthermore, knockdown of OXR1 abolished the neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of the miR-365 antagomir. Our results suggest that miR-365 upregulation increases oxidative injury by inhibiting OXR1 expression, while its downregulation protects neurons from oxidative death by enhancing OXR1-mediated antioxidant signals.

Combined oral contraceptives facilitate periodontium remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement in rats / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Preliminary studies have found that the oral intake of contraceptives reduces the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. This study mainy explores the effects of oral contraceptives on periodontium remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement in a female rat model. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) on the expression levels of progesterone receptor and osteoprotegerin, as well as the number of osteoclasts in the periodontium during orthodontic tooth movement. METHODS: Eighty 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups (n=40 per group), and COCs (marvelon, experimental group) or normal saline (control group) was then given by gavage. At 7 days after administration, the right maxillary first molars were moved mesially under a force of 50 g delivered by nickel-titanium coil springs, and 10 rats were killed on day 7, 14, 21 and 28 after loading, respectively. The expression levels of progesterone receptor and osteoprotegerin in the periodontium were detected by immunohistochemistry, and the number of activated osteoclasts was measured by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 28 days after force loading, the expression level of progesterone receptor in the periodontium in the experimental group (0.307±0.03) was significantly higher than that in the control group (0.194±0.11), (P < 0.01). The number of osteoclasts in the maxillary first molars in the experimental group was significantly less than that in the control group at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after force loading (P < 0.05). The average absorbance value of osteoprotegerin in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01). These results show that COCs are able to promote osteogenesis and slow bone absorption during periodontal reconstruction, indicating that the course of orthodontic treatment for female patients with a history of COCs intake may be extended.

Effect of Panax notoginseng preparations on platelet function / 中国中药杂志

To systematically evaluate the effect of Panax notoginseng preparations (PNPs) on platelet function six literature databases including PubMed, EMbase, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang, and SinoMed were searched to collect RCTs of PNPs. RCTs reporting the outcomes of platelet function could be included. Biases were evaluated by Cochrane handbook. Two reviewers screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies independently. Inconsistency were solved by discussion.Meta-analysis was conducted by RevMan 5.3 software.A total of 36 RCTs were involved with the outcome including MPAR, PLT, TXB2 and safety. The results of systematic review showed that compared with placebo [SMD=1.84,95%CI(1.33,2.35),P<0.000 01] and non-antiplatelet agents [SMD=0.74,95%CI(0.19,1.28),P=0.008] PNPs can reduce the MPAR level; PNPs combined with non-antiplatelet agents can reduce MPAR [SMD=2.34,95%CI(1.14,3.54),P=0.000 1] and TXB2(SMD=1.25,95%CI(0.75,1.76),P<0.000 01]; PNPs combined with anti-platelet agents have better effect on MPAR [SMD=0.93,95%CI(0.58,1.29),P<0.000 01] and TXB2 [SMD=1.16,95%CI(0.74,1.58),P<0.000 01]. In terms of hemorrhagic adverse reactions, PNPs combined with anti-platelet agents haven't increase adverse events. Current evidences suggested that PNPs can reduce MPAR level and TXB2. PNPs combined with anti-platelet or non-antiplatelet agents can improve efficacy. However, due to the huge clinical heterogeneity and poor methodological quality, the evidence is not strng enough. Rigorous designed clinical trials are warranted.

Effects of astragalus injection on human immortalized cervical epithelial cell apoptosisin vitro / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Immortalized cervical epithelial cels H8 can become cancerous under the induction of carcinogenic agent, and may cause cervical cancer when there is a cofactor interaction. However, there is stil a lack of effective intervention for female patients with precancerous lesions, and this treatment is blank in the clinic. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects and mechanism of astragalus injection on apoptosis of human immortalizedcervical epithelial cels H8. METHODS: This study contained two groups: astragalus drug group and the blank control group. (1) Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect DNA fragments of apoptotic H8 after astragalus injection. (2) Enzyme-labeling instrument was used to analyze the changes in caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities a fter astragalus injection. (3) Western blot assay was used to detect the protein expression changes of caspase-3, caspase-9 and PARP in H8 cels after astragalus injection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) ELISA results showed that at 0, 6, 12 and 24 hours after 20 g/L astragalus injection, DNA fragments were gradualy increased with time prolonged in a time-dependent effect (P < 0.05). (2) Enzyme-labeling instrument demonstrated that at 0, 6, 12 and 24 hours after 20 g/L astragalus injection, caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities increased in a time-dependent manner (P < 0.05). (3) At 0, 6, 12 and 24 hours after 20 g/L astragalus injection, the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9 were gradualy increased in H8 cels (P < 0.05). Cleaved PARP protein expression was gradualy decreased (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that astragalus injection could obviously induce H8 apoptosis, which may be associated with the upregulated protein expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9.

Role of acetylcholine in gelsenicine-induced death in mice / 生理学报

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the acetylcholine concentration in the blood and gelsenicine-induced death in mice. Kunming mice were given intraperitoneal injections of normal saline, gelsenicine or different doses of acetylcholine chloride. Atropine was given to the mice which received gelsenicine or medium dose acetylcholine chloride injection. The blood was sampled immediately when the mice died or survived for 20 min after injection. The acetylcholine concentration and acetylcholinesterase activity in the blood were measured by the testing kits, and the mortality was calculated and analyzed. The results showed that half lethal dose of gelsenicine (0.15 mg/kg) reduced the acetylcholinesterase activity and increased the blood acetylcholine concentration. The blood acetylcholine concentration of the dead mice in the gelsenicine group was increased to 43.0 μg/mL (from 31.1 μg/mL in the control), which was lower than that (53.9 μg/mL) of the dead mice in the medium dose acetylcholine chloride group, but almost equal to that (42.7 μg/mL) of the survival mice in the medium dose acetylcholine chloride group. Atropine could successfully rescue the mice from acetylcholine poisoning, but its efficiency of rescuing the mice from gelsenicine intoxication was weak. These results suggest that gelsenicine can inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity and increase blood acetylcholine concentration, but the accumulation of acetylcholine may not be the only or main cause of the death induced by gelsenicine in mice.

A Study on Correlations between Atherogenic Index of Plasma, High Sensitive C Reactive Protein and Blood Glucose among Physical Examination Population / 预防医学

Objective The aim was to find the correlations between blood glucose (GLU)and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP),high sensitive C reactive protein (HCRP),plasma lipid profiles among physical examination population.Methods The parameters including GLU,HCRP,and plasma lipid profiles were examined by using Olympus AU5400 automatic biochemical analyzer from 9 057 blood samples,and then AIP value was calculated.The t test,Pearson correlation and multivariate logistic regression were used.Results The levels of AIP and HCRP were significantly higher in high glucose group both in males and females (P <0.01).Positive lower correlations were found between GLU and AIP,apolipoprotein B (apoB),HCRP,low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL -C),total cholesterol (TC),triglyceride (TG),uric acid (URIC)and apoB/aopA1,while the correlation with AIP was highest (r =0.163,P <0.01 ).There were negative correlations between GLU and apoA1,high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL -C).Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that male gender,age,HCRP and AIP were relative factors associated with hyperglycemia. Conclusion There are some differences in the levels of AIP and HCRP between the high glucose people and general people.

Changes of iodothyronine deiodinase type 1 and type 3 mRNA level and activity in liver of mice with endotoxemia / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To explore the effect of endotoxemia on triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4),and the level and activity of iodothyronine deiodinase type 1 and type 3 mRNA.Methods Sixteen mice were randomly divided into control group and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group,with 8 mice in each group.The mouse model of endotoxemia was replicated in the LPS group.In the both groups,blood samples from femoral week were collected to assay T3 and T4 levels,and the livers were sampled to inspect D1 and D3 mRNA levels and activities.Serum T3 and T4 levels were assayed with radioimmunoassay,D1 and D3 mRNA levels in liver were detected with real-time polymerase chain reaction,the activity of D1 and D3 in liver were measured by using ion-exchange chromatography combined with immunoassay.The data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 13.0 software.Results Statistical differences of T3,D1 and D3 mRNA levels and activities between the 2 groups were found (all P ＜0.01),while,there was no statistic difference in the statuses of T4 (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions It is possible that euthyroid sick syndromes happens in endotoxemia episodes,and the changes of D1 and D3 mRNA levels and activities are the possible influencing factors.

Factors associated with Th1 cytokine disorders in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To measure levels of cytokines including IL-1β, IL-12, IL-18 and TNF-α in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and to analyze their correlation with clinical indices such as infection and onset time.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 33 children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes were assigned to the case group, and 27 healthy children to the control group. The case group was further divided into increased white blood cell (WBC) and normal WBC subgroups according to peripheral WBC level. The serum levels of cytokines including IL-1β, IL-12, IL-18 and TNF-α were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood pH, blood sugar, blood lactate, fructosamine, peripheral leukocytes and neutrophils and some other clinical indices were also measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The level of IL-12 in the case group was higher than in the control group (P<0.001). In the case group, the level of IL-18 was negatively correlated with onset time (r=0.413, P=0.015), the neutrophil count was positively correlated with IL-1β level (r=0.413, P=0.023) and the WBC count was positively correlated with IL-18 level (r=0.352, P=0.038). IL-1β, IL-12 and IL-18 levels in the increased WBC subgroup were higher than in the normal WBC subgroup (P<0.05 for all comparisons).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Cytokine secretion disorders of Th1 cells exist in children with type 1 diabetes. Infections may induce cytokine secretion and might contribute to the early onset of diabetes.</p>

Optimization of Scutellaria baicalensis extraction process by orthogonal experiment combined with pharmacodynamic index / 中国中药杂志

To optimize the Scutellaria baicalensis extraction process, the filter paper method and the bacteriostatic ratio method were adopted to determine the in vitro bacteriostatic efficacy of water extracts and 60% alcohol extracts from S. baicalensis. The quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker (QAMS) was used to determined the contents of four active components, baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein and wogonin. In addition, with the bacteriostatic ratio and the overall desirability of the contents of four active components as indexes, the orthogonal experiment was adopted to detect the effect of water addition, extraction frequency and extraction time. The optimal extraction process was to add 12 times of water for the first time, 10 times of water for the second time, extract for 2 time, 2 h for each time. This optimization process is stable and feasible, with a higher bacteriostatic ratio in extracts.

Suicide ideation and its influential factors among primary and junior high school students in rural areas of Anhui province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the suicide intention and its influential factors among primary and junior high school students in rural areas of Anhui province,in order to provide evidence for early intervention related to mental health problems.Methods All students from 3 junior high and 5 primary schools in Changfeng county of Anhui were recruited as the study subjects using the cluster sampling method.Data were collected by using Children' s Depression Inventory,the Family APGAR Index,the Trait Coping Style Questionnaire,the Children' s Self-Esteem Scale,Social Anxiety Scale for Children,and the Quality of Life Scale.Chi-square test and Logistic regression were used to analyze the suicidal ideation and its influential factors respectively.Results 8.64％ (252/2917) of the studied children had suicidal ideation.Out of them,9.80％ (166/1694) and 7.03％ (86/1223) were left-behind or non-left-behind children.There was statistically significant difference on suicide ideation between the left-behind children and non-left-behind children (P=0.015).Data from the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that social anxiety and negative coping style were the risk factors for suicidal ideation (P ＜0.05) while better family function and quality of life were the protective factors of suicidal ideation (P＜0.05).Conclusion Suicide ideation was relatively prevalent among rural children in Anhui province.Family,school and society should carry out different kinds of preventive measures to prevent suicide related behaviors in children from this area.

Second trimester screening for trisomy 21 using ADAM12-S as a maternal serum marker / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the value of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 12 secreting form (ADAM12-S) as a maternal serum marker in second trimester screening for trisomy 21 (Down syndrome, DS), and to develop an appropriate prenatal DS screening protocol.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Serum samples were collected from 53 pregnant women carrying a trisomy 21 fetus and 621 pregnant women with matched gestational age and weight carrying a healthy fetus. ADAM12-S concentrations were determined with a time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA). Curve fitting by weighted regression and other statistical methods were conducted, and the model was optimized for prenatal trisomy 21 screening program in second trimester. ADAM12-S alone or in combination with other two- or three-combination test was selected as a serum marker for prenatal second-trimester screening of trisomy 21 by calculation of detection rate (DR) and false positive rate (FPR).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>By comparison, the median multiple of the median (MoM) value of ADAM12-S in DS pregnancy group was higher than that of the control group (P< 0.01). When FPR = 5%, the DR of ADAM12-S was 28.3%, and the positive and negative likelihood ratios were 5.66 and 0.75, respectively. The DR of three-combination test of ADAM12-S, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and free beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) has increased to 52.80% from 39.62% of the conventional two-combination test (AFP and free β-HCG). For women with a risk between 1/300 and 1/1000 by two-combination test for DS, the DR has increased from 39.62% to 47.12%, but FPR only increased by 0.8% after adding ADAM12-S as a maternal serum marker.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Considering the increased DR of pregnancies with a risk between 1/300 and 1/1000 in second trimester, ADAM12-S may provide a feasible maternal serum maker when combined with AFP and free β-HCG. The cost-effectiveness ratio is reasonable.</p>

Reforming the teaching of physical examination based on the Miller Pyramid for Assessing Clinical Competence / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Based on the Miller Pyramid for assessing clinical competence, this article analyzed the existing problems in the practice of teaching physical examination and provided suggestions for possible reforms.

Study of the correlation between the plasma viral load and protective immunity induced by the equine infectious anemia attenuated vaccine and its parental virulent strain / 病毒学报

The threshold hypothesis of attenuated lentiviral vaccine considers that the type of host response to infections of lentiviruses depends on the viral load. To evaluate the correlation between viral loads of the attenuated vaccine strain of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and their effects to induce protective immunity, longitudinal plasma viral loads in groups of horses inoculated with either an attenuated EIAV vaccine strain (EIAV(DLV125)) or sub-lethal dose of an EIAV virulent strain (EIAV(LN40)) were compared. Similar levels of plasma viral loads ranging from 10(3)-10(5) copies/mL were detected from samples of these two groups of animals (P > 0.05) during 23 weeks post the inoculation. However, different responses to the challenge performed thereafter with lethal dose of the EIAV virulent strain were observed from the groups of horses inoculated with either EIAV(DLV125) or sub-lethal dose of EIAV(LN40). The protective efficiency was 67% (3 of 4 cases) and 0 (none of 2 cases), respectively. Our results implicate that the viral load of EIAV attenuated vaccine is not the primary factor, or at least not the solo primary factor, to determine the establishment of immune protection.

The association between tumor necrosis factor-α promoter -308A/G polymorphism and rheumatoid arthritis in East Asian populations: a meta analysis / 中华风湿病学杂志

Objective The aim of this study was to explore the association of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)promoter-308A/G polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis(RA)susceptibility in East Asian population based on the meta-analysis. Methods We searched all the publications about the association between TNF-α promoter -308A/G polymorphism and RA in East Asian population from PubMed, Ebsco, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database(CBM), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), and Wanfang (Chinese). Meta-analysis was performed for genotypes AA versus GG, GA versus GG, AA versus GG+GA,GA+AA versus GG, and A allele versus G allele in a fixed/random effect model. Results A total of 4 studies (957 cases and 1196 controls)were included in the current meta-analysis(three Chinese and one Japanese studies). When all groups were pooled, significant association of A allele and decreased RA risk was found (OR=0.36, 95%CI=0.16～0.80, P=0.01). When analyses were limited to race homogeneous population,significant association of A allele and decreased RA risk was found in Chinese population(OR=0.40, 95%CI=0.16～1.01, P=0.05). Conclusion This meta-analysis demonstrates significant negative association between TNF-α promoter-308A/G polymorphism and RA in East Asian and Chinese population.

Advancement in the study of pathogenesis of polymyositis/dermatomyositis / 复旦学报（医学版）

Polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) are inflammatory myopathies and slowly advanced of unknown etiology that affect the skeletal muscles.With the advancement of the constant research on the disease and use of new technology,people have a penetrating realization about the pathogenesis. The disease is thought to be associated with autoimmune as well as nonimmune mechanism. By now, there is no overall summary on the newest advancement of the pathogenesis.We summarized the progress on the pathogenesis of the disease in order to make it more clear to physicians.

Comparison of proviral genomes between the Chinese EIAV donkey leukocyte-attenuated vaccine and its parental virulent strain / 病毒学报

The donkey leukocyte-attenuated vaccine of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) was the first lentiviral vaccine that induced solid protection from the infection of virulent strains. To elucidate the mechanism of increased immunogenicity and attenuated virulence of the vaccine, the proviral genomic DNA of an EIAV vaccine strain, EIAV(DLV121) was analyzed and compared with the genome of a parental virulent strain EIAV(DV117). Full length viral genomic DNAs were amplified as two segments by LA-PCR and were cloned. Because of the genomic diversity of retroviral quasispecies, 10 full-length sequences of EIAV(DLV121) and 4 full-length sequences of EIAV(DV117) from randomly picked clones were analyzed. Results showed that the average length of the complete nucleotide sequence of EIAV(DLV121) was 8,236bp and EIAV(DV117) was 8,249bp, with the inter-strain diversity of 2.8%. As for individual genes between the vaccine and virulent strains, the differences in nucleotide sequence of S2, LTR and env were significantly higher than the other genes with the diversity of 4.1%, 3.7% and 3.1%, respectively. Considerable variations in deduced amino acid sequences were found in S2, S3 and env. The diversities were 10.4%, 5.6% and 4.8%, respectively. Furthermore, the LTR of EIAV(DLV121) consisted of at least 5 subtypes grouped by their nucleotide sequences. There were two additional N-linked glycosylation sites in the deduced amino acid sequence of EIAV(DV117) gp90 than that of EIAV(DLV121). Among glycosylation sites in the gp90 of virulent strain, 3 were found unique only in EIAV(DV117), of which 2 were located in the principle neutralizing domain (PND). In addition, there was one EIAV(DLV121) -specific glycosylation site, which was positioned in the PND, too. Taken together, it is clear that greatly increased genomic diversity exists in the EIAV vaccine strain, which provides important information for the further study on biological characters of the Chinese EIAV attenuated vaccine.