RESUMO
Prostate cancer (PCa) shows strong dependence on the androgen receptor (AR) pathway. Here, we show that squalene epoxidase (SQLE), an enzyme of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, is overexpressed in advanced PCa and its expression correlates with poor survival. SQLE expression is controlled by micro-RNA 205 (miR-205), which is significantly downregulated in advanced PCa. Restoration of miR-205 expression or competitive inhibition of SQLE led to inhibition of de novo cholesterol biosynthesis. Furthermore, SQLE was essential for proliferation of AR-positive PCa cell lines, including abiraterone or enzalutamide resistant derivatives, and blocked transactivation of the AR pathway. Inhibition of SQLE with the FDA approved antifungal drug terbinafine also efficiently blocked orthotopic tumour growth in mice. Finally, terbinafine reduced levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in three out of four late-stage PCa patients. These results highlight SQLE as a therapeutic target for the treatment of advanced PCa.
Assuntos
Colesterol , Regulação para Baixo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , MicroRNAs , Neoplasias da Próstata , Esqualeno Mono-Oxigenase , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sequência de Bases , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/genética , Sobrevivência Celular , Colesterol/biossíntese , Estudos de Coortes , Simulação por Computador , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação para Baixo/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Camundongos SCID , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Invasividade Neoplásica , Metástase Neoplásica , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Antígeno Prostático Específico/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/genética , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/patologia , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Esqualeno Mono-Oxigenase/antagonistas & inibidores , Esqualeno Mono-Oxigenase/genética , Esqualeno Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo , Terbinafina/farmacologia , Ativação Transcricional/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Does the dogma of nephron sparing surgery (NSS) still stand for large renal masses? Available studies dealing with that issue are considerably biased often mixing imperative with elective indications for NSS and also including less malignant variants or even benign renal tumors. Here, we analyzed the oncological long-term outcomes of patients undergoing elective NSS or radical tumor nephrectomy (RN) for non-endophytic, large (≥7cm) clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC). METHODS: Prospectively acquired, clinical databases from two academic high-volume centers were screened for patients from 1980 to 2010. The query was strictly limited to patients with elective indications. Surgical complications were retrospectively assessed and classified using the Clavien-Dindo-classification system (CDS). Overall survival (OS) and cancer specific survival (CSS) were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier-method and the log-rank test. RESULTS: Out of in total 8664 patients in the databases, 123 patients were identified (elective NSS (n = 18) or elective RN (n = 105)) for ≥7cm ccRCC. The median follow-up over all was 102 months (range 3-367 months). Compared to the RN group, the NSS group had a significantly longer median OS (p = 0.014) and median CSS (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In large renal masses, NSS can be performed safely with acceptable complication rates. In terms of long-term OS and CSS, NSS was at least not inferior to RN. Our findings suggest that NSS should also be performed in patients presenting with renal tumors ≥7cm whenever technically feasible. Limitations include its retrospective nature and the limited availability of data concerning long-term development of renal function in the two groups.
