[Polizeistaat and police against pestilence: Russian authorities and law in the fight against the threat of epidemics in the 1st third of the 18th century].

The beginning of the 18th century in the history of the Russian state and society was marked by the beginning of large-scale transformations initiated by Peter I. As a result of these reforms, the patriarchal Moscow kingdom turned into a "regular" Russian empire, the political, legal and administrative structure of which differed significantly from what it was before. It is no coincidence that Peter is often referred to as a «revolutionary on the throne.¼ In his actions, Peter was guided by the idea of the "common good" and the ideas of the "regular" state and Polizeistaat. He drew them in Western Europe, in the countries of the Protestant circle - Prussia, Denmark, Sweden. One of the leading ideas of the Polizeistaat doctrine was the state's active policy to form a welfare society, which was supposed to be achieved through the active intervention of the authorities in the daily life of citizens, its regulation and regulation through various regulations, instructions and instructions. A regular, properly organized police force was one of the most important instruments of such intervention, which had as its ultimate goal the creation of conditions for the growth of the well-being of subjects and their number. This growth in the number of subject population was also achieved through the creation of a system of measures to prevent epidemics and their consequences. In this article, the authors, relying on the materials of the Petrine legislation, reconstruct the course of the gradual formation of sanitary legislation in Petrine Russia.

["Whether the Lord putted Moscow and neighbouring cities empty?": Moscow pest of 1654].

The first ten years of the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich were distinguished by extreme turbulence. The unsuccessful actions of the "government" of the boyar Morozov provoked chain of city riots which reached their apogee in famous "Salt Riot" in the capital. After that, religious feuding began that in near future resulted in the Schism. Afterwards, Russia, after long hesitation, entered the war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that as it turned out, prolonged 13 years. Finally, in 1654, after long break, the plague again visited Russia. The plague pestilence of 1654-1655 was relatively transient (it began in summer and gradually faded away with the onset of winter), however very deadly and shook both the Russian state and Russian society to the ground. It disrupted habitual regular way of life and unsettled all and everything. The authors propose original version of origin of this epidemic and reconstruct its course and consequences on the basis of evidence of contemporaries and extant documents.

[HOMEOSTASIS AS A TOOL FOR STUDYING TECHNOLOGICAL IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH].

The analysis of homeostasis as a tool for restraining, saving, security and rehabilitation technologies which ensures the sustainable functioning of the human organism through the cultivation of health-saving and rehabilitation technologies, as well as health programs, preventive (anti-alcohol, anti-nicotine, drug addicts) and recreational activities, upbringing of health culture and also environmental, medical treatment practices and correctional technologies. The cyclic mechanism of homeostasis is described, which works on the principle of alternating modes of behavior of the social system - structures for generating order and structures for maintaining order. The functioning stability of the human organism is relative and has the nature of a dynamic balance, fluctuating around a certain average value and constantly deviating from it either in the direction of positive, strengthening changes, or in the direction of negative and destructive ones.

[The "Nastas'in Pestilence": the Great Plague of 1417-1425 in Rus].

The plague pandemic ("The Black Death") that struck Eurasia in the middle of XIV century, "settled" this lethal disease in Europe for a long time. The new outbreaks of this disease, with breaks of several years, occurred in single cities, regions and states, covering sometimes entire continent over the next centuries. However, impression that "The Black Death" made upon minds of European scribes, staggering European society by its inevitability, for a long time determined particular angle of view under which it is accepted to consider the history of plague in Europe in the epoch of Middle Ages and early New Age. The image of The Great Plague of XIV century overshadowed all subsequent outbreaks of this lethal disease, so its subsequent occurrences are traditionally given less attention. The article, being based on on analysis of numerous chronicle evidences, for the first time in Russian historiography analyzes the history of plague in Rus during first decades of XV century and restores chronology of its occurrence and development and determines areas affected by the plague in the first place, estimating caused damage.

[The pandemic as antagonism of entropy and neg-entropy in human interaction with environment].

The article considers issue of substantiation of the anti-systemic dimension of pandemic. The combination of biocenosis, anthropocenosis and technology within the framework of systematic approach is demonstrated. The outline of structural aspects of pandemic as negative medianess, catastrophic extreme situation and antagonism of entropy and neg-entropy is presented. The analysis of constitutive character and structural aspects of anti-systemic dimension of pandemic is proposed. On the examples of pandemics of cholera, SARS, Ebola fever the occurrence of pandemic as a result of human technogenic intervention in environment is demonstrated. The concept of pandemic as specific version of anti-system is proposed. It is concluded that pandemic is a system with negative level of systemacy, that, firstly, occurs as a result of direct or indirect interference of anthropocenosis in biocenosis, resulting in mutual antagonism. Secondly, it manifests itself as mass disease. Thirdly, it is targeted to annihilation of all discrete and rigid structures, open and closed systems of anthropocenosis and biocenosis. Fourthly, it is described through negative medianess, extreme catastrophic situation and antagonism of entropy and neg-entropy.

[The wars, epidemics and destiny of Empires of Ancient World].

The article considers the features of the impact of epidemics on the course of hostilities and the fate of the states of Antiquity. Three cases are presented as examples. The first one is related to the invasion of the Assyrian King Sennacherib in Judea and the attempt of his troops to take Jerusalem. The second case is related to the epidemic in Athens in the early years of the Peloponnesian war. The third one - with the epidemic in the Roman Empire in the 2nd half of the 2nd century AD. The analysis, based on information from extant sources, permitted to conclude that the intensity and destructive effect of epidemics in the Ancient World increased gradually. To this fact is attributed the effect of "closing" the Oikumena into a single whole. However, the degree of influence of epidemics on the fate of ancient states is greatly exaggerated by the historical tradition, which developed under the influence of emotional descriptions of the tragedies and mass deaths of people.