Current possibilities of dural reconstruction in neurosurgery.

An integral part of intracranial neurosurgery is the opening of the subdural space and its subsequent closure or reconstruction after the surgery. The optimal goal is a primary watertight suture, although that is often unfeasible for various reasons. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage in postoperative care is an undesirable and potentially dangerous complication of most of the surgical interventions. The aim of this article is to present the current possibilities of dural reconstruction in neurosurgery. Key words:  mater cerebrospinal fluid leakage dural defect craniectomy.

Posttraumatic hydrocephalus.

Posttraumatic hydrocephalus (PH) is a common complication of craniocerebral trauma. It is necessary to bear this entity in mind, especially when managing craniocerebral trauma patients, because if not detected in time, it can significantly affect morbidity and mortality. It needs to be distinguished from brain atrophy with axonal degeneration, a condition requiring an entirely different treatment approach. Key words: hydrocephalus - posttraumatic - VP shunt - brain CT - progression of neurological status.

[Dysregulation of Long Non-coding RNAs in Glioblastoma Multiforme and Their Study Through Use of Modern Molecular-Genetic Approaches]. / Dysregulace dlouhých nekódujících RNA u multiformního glioblastomu a jejich studium s vyuzitím moderních molekulárne-genetických prístupu.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent primary brain tumor characterized by an unfavourable prognosis despite multimodal therapy. Therefore, a lot of efforts and financial resources are dedicated to the research of new therapeutic targets and prognostic or predictive biomarkers. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are regulators of gene expression which play a significant role in GBM pathology and, thus, present promising candidates. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our study included 14 patients with GBM and 8 patients with intractable epilepsy from whom we acquired brain tissues during surgical intervention. Ribosomal RNA depleted RNA was used for sequencing by NextSeq 500 instrument (Illumina). Statistical analysis evaluated 24,087 protein-coding and 8,414 non-coding RNAs and their sequential variants with non-zero reads per kilobase per million mapped reads (RPKM) at least in one sample. CLC Genomic Workbench was used for the alignment and target counts. Targeted downregulation of up-regulated ZFAS1, one of the identified lncRNA, level has been carried out by the transient transfection of specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) in GBM stable cell lines (A172, U87MG, T98G). The success of transfection and viability were analyzed in vitro using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and MTT assay, resp. RESULTS: Statistical analysis has revealed 274 (p < 0.01) dysregulated lncRNAs in GBMs in comparison with non-tumor brain tissues. Moreover, the results have showed 489 dysregulated mRNAs (p < 0.0001) and 26 mRNAs (p < 0.000001). Transfection of ZFAS1 inhibitor led to successful downregulation of ZFAS1 expression level, although it did not have a significant effect on proliferation of GBM cells. CONCLUSION: We described a significant dysregulation of lncRNAs and mRNAs in GBM tissue in comparison with non-tumor tissue. We also succesfully decreased expression level of ZFAS1, which in turn, however, had no impact on the viability of GBM cell lines.Key words: glioblastoma - long non-coding RNA - next-generation sequencing The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers. This tudy was supported by Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grant No. 15-33158A. All rights reserved.Submitted: 19. 3. 2018Accepted: 10. 4. 2018.

[Transnasal endoscopic surgery approach in intraorbital tumors]. / Transnazální endoskopická chirurgie nádoru ocnice.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the role of transnasal endoscopic approach to orbital lesions. METHODS: Retrospective case series. RESULTS: Three patients underwent endoscopic diagnostic surgery for orbital lesions. In all three patients was successfully finded out the diagnosis, the orbita was decompressed. In two cases it resulted to visual recovery, in one case was determine a diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma. In one case the tumor was removed totally. CONCLUSION: Using endoscopic approach to the orbit allowed good approach to the biopsy of orbital lesions, allowed decompression an in limited count of cases this access allowed a complete tumour removal. On the other hand, generally endoscopic approach is useful only for limited lesions (extraconal), usually it allowed only debunking, not the complete resection of orbital pathology.

Endovascular treatment of mycotic pseudoaneurysms.

The surgical correction of ruptured intracranial infectious pseudoaneurysms is associated with high morbidity and mortality. An endovascular therapeutic approach has been introduced recently. This treatment is, compared to surgical intervention, less invasive, faster, more effective and safer, thus making it a gentler option, particularly for pediatric patients. Lower morbidity and mortality have been achieved thanks to the combination of prolonged administration of antibiotics, coil embolization, and parent artery occlusion. Two pediatric cases of bleeding mycotic pseudoaneurysm treated successfully with fibered coil embolization and long-term antibiotics are dealt with in this manuscript.

[The use of adult human bone marrow stem cells in the treatment of spinal injury]. / Uzití adultních humánních kmenových buek kostní drene pri terapii mísniho poranení.

The spectrum of stem cells therapeutic uses broadens with advancing knowledge about this biological material. Treatment of spinal injury is one of the areas of stem cell use. Many pre-clinical studies have shown that some cells can, for example, transdifferentiate into neuronal cells and replace those that are damaged. Through secretion of many growth and neuroprotective factors, stem cells prevent, to some extent, progressive cell death, form an environment suitable for regeneration of damaged tissue, facilitate neovascularization, remyelinization etc., and in consequence may improve post-spinal injury neurological deficit. Several clinical studies have been conducted using stem cells in the treatment of spinal injury. The present paper provides a brief overview of potential uses of stem cells in spinal injury treatment.