Assessing the quality of fresh Whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) meat based on micro-organism and histamine analysis using NGS, qPCR and HPLC-DAD.

AIMS: Quality evaluation of fresh whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) by histamine determination using the HPLC-DAD method and quantification of histamine-forming bacteria using NGS and qPCR. METHODS AND RESULTS: The histamine content of fresh whitemouth croaker was detected by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector with a concentration ranging from 258·52 to 604·62 mg kg-1 being observed. The number of histidine decarboxylase (hdc gene) copies from Gram-negative bacteria and the bacteria Morganella morganii and Enterobacter aerogenes were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. All samples were positive, with copy numbers of the hdc gene ranging from 4·67 to 12·01 log10 per g. The microbial community was determined by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the Ion Torrent platform. The bioinformatics data generated by frog software showed that the phylum Proteobacteria was the most abundant, with the family Moraxellaceae being more prevalent in samples collected in the summer, whereas the Pseudomonadaceae was more present in the winter. CONCLUSIONS: All fish muscle samples analysed in this study presented histamine values higher than those allowed by CODEX Alimentarius. Additionally, a wide variety of spoilage micro-organisms capable of expressing the enzyme histidine decarboxylase were detected. Thus, improvements in handling and processing are required to minimize the prevalence of histamine-producing bacteria in fish. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Global fish production in 2016 was 171 million tons, with the largest consumer being China, followed by Indonesia and the USA. In Brazil, 1·3 million tons of fish are consumed per year, with whitemouth croaker being the main fish landed. Notably, cases associated with histamine poisoning are quite common. According to the European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, a total of 599 HFP outbreaks were identified in the European Union during the period 2010-2017. In the USA, there were 333 outbreaks with 1383 people involved between 1998 and 2008.

Toxicidade aguda e risco ecotoxicológico do inseticida tiametoxam para alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo / Acute toxicity and ecotoxicological risk of thiamethoxam insecticide in nile tilapia fingerlings

O tiametoxam é um inseticida neonicotinóide usado em diversas culturas e classificado como perigoso para o meio ambiente.O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade aguda do inseticida, por meio da determinação da CL50%, e o risco ecotoxicológico com mensuração da concentração ambiental estimada (CAE) e do quociente de risco (QR). O experimento foi realizado com alevinos de tilápias expostas a 150, 300, 450, 600 e 750mg/L de Actara(R) WG por um período total de 96 horas. O oxigênio dissolvido, o pH e a temperatura foram mensurados diariamente em todos os aquários. Nos grupos experimentais, houve uma variação dos valores de pH e de OD para as diferentes concentrações do inseticida. A CL50% 96h do Actara(R) para alevinos de tilápia foi de 322,08ppm. O quociente de risco (QR) variou de baixo a alto, de acordo com a metodologia usada.(AU)

The neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam is used in different cultures and classified as dangerous for the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of thiamethoxam by determining the lethal concentration (LC50) and ecotoxicological risk through Estimated Environmental Concentration (EEC) and Risk Quotient (RQ) measurement. The assays were done with Tilapia fingerlings exposed to 150, 300, 450, 600 and 750mg / L Actara WG during 96 hours. Dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature were measured daily in all aquariums. Dissolved oxygen and pH varied in the experimental groups. The LC50 Actara(R); 96h was 322.08ppm. The risk quotient (RQ) ranged from low to high according to the methodology used.(AU)

Biomarcadores histológicos: toxicidade crônica pelo Roundup em piauçu (Leporinus macrocephalus) / Histological biomarkers: chronic toxicity for roundup in piauçu (Leporinus macrocephalus)

Avaliou-se o uso de brânquias, fígado e rins como biomarcadores histológicos em ensaio de toxicidade crônica com o herbicida Roundup® em piauçu (Leporinus. macrocephalus). Para tanto, os animais foram expostos a 1,58mg/L, dose equivalente a 1/10 da CL50 para a espécie por 14 e 28 dias, sendo utilizados cinco animais por tratamento correspondentes aos dias 0, 14 e 28. Hemorragia e necrose hepática e congestão renal foram as alterações que apresentaram diferenças entre os animais expostos e os não expostos. Dentre os órgãos usados como biomarcadores histopatológicos, o fígado foi o que apresentou os melhores resultados, seguido pelo rim.

The use of gills, liver, and kidneys as histological biomarkers was evaluated in a chronic toxicity analysis with herbicide Roundup® in piauçu (Leporinus macrocephalus). The animals were exposed to 1/10 of LC50 (1.58mg/L), during a period of 14 and 28 days. Five animals were used for treatment (days 0, 14, and 28). Hepatic hemorrhage and necrosis and renal congestion were the alterations that presented differences between exposed and non-exposed animals. Among the organs used as histological biomarkers, the liver presented the best results, followed by the kidneys.