Placenta accreta spectrum: experience of conservative surgery during cesarean section and clinical and radiological management during pregnancy and follow-up.

Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is a condition of abnormal placental invasion including placenta accreta, increta and percreta and is a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Recently, a conservative surgical technique has been proposed as a valid alternative to peri-partum hysterectomy to reduce the short- and long-term risks for the mothers and to preserve fertility. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) seems to be useful first of all at the time of diagnosis and furthermore to investigate the course of conservative management of PAS. We describe three cases of PAS treated with conservative procedure and managed with clinic, ultrasound and MRI by a multidisciplinary equipe.

Fetal nondiabetic-macrosomia: risk factors for pregnancy adverse outcome and comparison of two growth curves in the prediction of cesarean section.

BACKGROUND: Randomized trials reported no difference whether induction or expectant management is performed in non-diabetic women with large for gestational age babies but no tool has been validated for the prediction of high risk cases. AIM: Assessing the performance of different growth curves in the prediction of complications. METHODS: Data from 1066 consecutive non-diabetic women who delivered babies ≥4000 g were collected. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the impact of the maternal variables on: instrumental delivery, shoulder dystocia (SD), perineal tears, cesarean section (CS), and postpartum hemorrhage. Intergrowth21 curves and customized Gardosi's curves were compared in terms of prediction of adverse outcomes. FINDINGS: Induction of labor was performed in 23.1% cases. The rate of CS was 17%. Hemorrhage, fetal distress, and SD occurred in 2%, 1.3%, and 2.7% of cases, respectively. Induction was significantly associated with instrumental delivery (p < .001), CS (p = .001), third and fourth degree perineal tears (p = .031), and post-partum hemorrhage (p = .02). The cutoff of 90th percentile according to Intergrowth21 did not show significant performance in predicting CS, while the same cutoff according to the Gardosi curves showed an OR 1.92 (CI 1.30-2.84) (p = .0009). DISCUSSION: Gardosi curves showed a better performance in predicting the risk of CS versus Intergrowth curves. Induction is significantly associated with adverse outcome in non-diabetic women with LGA babies.

Maternal hemodynamic changes in gestational diabetes: a prospective case-control study.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to compare maternal hemodynamic adaptations in gestational diabetes (GDM) versus healthy pregnancies. METHODS: A prospective case-control study was conducted, comparing 69 singleton pregnancies with GDM and 128 controls, recruited between September 2018 and April 2019 in Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy. Hemodynamic assessment by UltraSonic Cardiac Output Monitor (USCOM) was performed in both groups in four gestational age intervals: 17-20 weeks (only in early GDM cases), 26-30 weeks, 32-35 weeks and 36-39 weeks. We evaluated six hemodynamic parameters comparing GDM cases versus controls: cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), total vascular resistance (TVR), inotropy index (INO) and potential to kinetic energy ratio (PKR). RESULTS: GDM group had significantly lower values of CO and SV than controls from the early third trimester (26-30 weeks) until term (p < 0.001). CI is significantly lower in GDM women already at the first evaluation (p = 0.002), whereas TVR and PKR were significantly higher in GDM (p < 0.001). GDM women showed also lower INO values than controls in all assessments. CONCLUSIONS: A hemodynamic maternal maladaptation to pregnancy can be detected in GDM women. The effect of hyperglycemia on vascular system or a poor pre-pregnancy cardiovascular (CV) reserve could explain this hemodynamic maladaptation. The abnormal CV response to pregnancy in GDM women may reveal a predisposition to develop CV disease later in life and might help in identifying patients who need a CV follow-up.

Different Gestational Diabetes Phenotypes: Which Insulin Regimen Fits Better?

Objective: Maternal characteristics and OGTT values of pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were evaluated according to treatment strategies. The goal was to identify different maternal phenotypes in order to predict the appropriate treatment strategy. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study among 1,974 pregnant women followed up for GDM in a tertiary referral hospital for high-risk pregnancies (Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy) from 2013 to 2018. We compared nutritional therapy (NT) alone (n = 962) versus NT and insulin analogues (n = 1,012) group. Then, we focused on different insulin analogues groups: long acting (D), rapid acting (R), both D and R. We compared maternal characteristics of the three groups, detecting which factors may predict the use of rapid or long-acting insulin analogue alone versus combined therapy. Results: Among women included in the analysis, 51.3% of them needed insulin therapy for glycemic control: 61.8% D, 28.3% combined D and R, and 9.9% R alone. Age >35 years, pre-pregnancy BMI >30, family history of diabetes, previous GDM, altered fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hypothyroidism, and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) were identified as maternal variables significantly associated with the need of insulin therapy. Altered 1-h and 2-h glucose plasma glucose level at OGTT, age >35 years, and previous GDM were found as independent predicting factors for the use of combined therapy with rapid and long acting analogues for glycemic control. On the contrary, pre-pregnancy BMI <25 and normal fasting plasma glucose values at OGTT were found to be significantly associated to the use of rapid insulin analogue only. Conclusion: A number of maternal and metabolic variables may be identified at the diagnosis of GDM, in order to identify different GDM phenotypes requiring a personalized treatment for glycemic control.

Office hysteroscopy in pre- and post-menopausal women: a predictive model.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the variables associated with success of office hysteroscopy (OH) in pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women and to develop a clinical model for predicting the outcome of OH. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients (n = 3181) referred for an OH to a tertiary care university hospital between January 2018 and March 2020. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the variables for predicting the success of OH in all patients and in pre-menopausal and in post-menopausal patients separately. The logistic regression analysis of each variable was applied to develop a predictive model. RESULTS: The overall success rate of the procedure was 92.2%; 95.4% in pre-menopausal women and 87.6% in post-menopausal women. In the general population, independent predictors of procedure success were previous vaginally delivery and hysteroscopy, while previous cervical or uterine surgery were associated with incomplete OH. In the pre-menopausal group, the independent predictors of failure were treatment with GnRH, estroprogestins and infertility. In 89% of cases, our developed model was able to predict whether an OH would be successful in a particular patient. ROC analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.8746 (95% CI: 0.85354-0.89557). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates the development of a simple and reliable clinical model for the identification of both pre-menopausal and menopausal patients with a high chance of OH success.