Characterization of bovine endothelial nitric oxide synthase as a homodimer with down-regulated uncoupled NADPH oxidase activity: tetrahydrobiopterin binding kinetics and role of haem in dimerization.

The fatty-acylation-deficient bovine endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) mutant (Gly-2 to Ala-2, G2AeNOS) was purified from a baculovirus overexpression system. The purified protein was soluble and highly active (0.2-0.7 micromol of l-citrulline. mg-1.min-1), contained 0. 77+/-0.01 equivalent of haem per subunit, showed a Soret maximum at 396 nm, and exhibited only minor uncoupling of NADPH oxidation in the absence of l-arginine or tetrahydrobiopterin. Radioligand binding studies revealed KD values of 147+/-24.1 nM and 52+/-9.2 nM for specific binding of tetrahydrobiopterin in the absence and presence of 0.1 mM l-arginine respectively. The positive co-operative effect of l-arginine was due to a pronounced decrease in the rate of tetrahydrobiopterin dissociation (from 1.6+/-0.5 to 0. 3+/-0.1 min-1). Low-temperature SDS gel electrophoresis showed that approx. 80% of the protein migrated as haem-containing dimer after preincubation with l-arginine and tetrahydrobiopterin. Gel-filtration chromatography yielded one peak with a Stokes radius of 6.8+/-0.04 nm, corresponding to a hydrodynamic volume of 1. 32x10(-24) m3, whereas haem-deficient preparations (approx. 0.3 equivalent per subunit) contained an additional protein species with a hydrodynamic radius of 5.1+/-0.2 nm and a corresponding volume of 0.55x10(-24) m3, suggesting that haem availability regulates eNOS dimerization.

Tetrahydrobiopterin-free neuronal nitric oxide synthase: evidence for two identical highly anticooperative pteridine binding sites.

The properties of neuronal nitric oxide synthase containing one tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) per dimer [nNOS(BH4+)] were compared to those of the BH4-free enzyme [nNOS(BH4-)]. The stimulation by BH4 of the formation of L-citrulline at the expense of H2O2 production unambiguously demonstrated that BH4 is essential in coupling reductive oxygen activation to Arg oxidation. The clear difference between the Stokes radii of nNOS(BH4-) and nNOS(BH4+) indicates that the introduction of one BH4 per dimer significantly changes the enzyme structure. Whereas the heme in nNOS(BH4+) was primarily high-spin, nNOS(BH4-) contained mainly low-spin heme. This was slowly converted into the high-spin form with Arg and/or BH4, with a rate that was independent of the concentration of either compound. Dithiothreitol inhibited the Arg/BH4-induced spin conversion by stabilizing low-spin heme. Formation of high-spin heme, with rates varying from 0.04 to 0.4 min-1, always correlated to an equally fast increase in activity. Radioligand binding studies showed the rapid association (within 20 s) of BH4 to nNOS(BH4-), but not to nNOS(BH4+), after preincubation with Arg. Complete and monophasic dissociation of radioligand occurred in the presence of excess unlabeled BH4, demonstrating the exchangeability of high-affinity bound BH4. Studies of the association of NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) to nNOS(BH4+) revealed that excess BH4 increased the amount of bound L-NNA 2-fold. Most of the binding data are explained by a model in which nNOS dimers accommodate two identical BH4- and Arg/L-NNA-binding sites, with cooperativity between Arg- and BH4-binding and anticooperativity between the BH4-binding sites.

Overexpression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in insect cells reveals requirement of haem for tetrahydrobiopterin binding.

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) catalyses the conversion of L-arginine into L-citrulline and nitric oxide. Recently we have developed a method for expression of recombinant rat brain NOS in baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells and purification of the enzymically active enzyme [Harteneck, Klatt, Schmidt and Mayer (1994) Biochem J. 304, 683-686]. To study how biosynthetic manipulation of the NOS cofactors haem, FAD/FMN, and tetrahydrobiopterin (H4biopterin) affects the properties of the isolated enzyme, Sf9 cells were infected in the absence and presence of haemin chloride (4 microg/ml), riboflavin (0.1.mM), and the inhibitor of H4biopterin biosynthesis 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine (10 mM). In the absence of haemin, NOS was expressed to a very high level but remained predominantly insoluble. Purification of the soluble fraction of the expressed protein showed that it had poor activity (0.35 micromol of citrulline x mg(-1) x min(-1)) and was haem-deficient (0.37 equiv. per monomer). Supplementing the culture medium with haemin resulted in pronounced solubilization of the expressed enzyme, which had a specific activity of approximately 1 micromol of citrulline x mg(-1) x min(-1) and contained 0.95 equiv. of haem per monomer under these conditions. Unexpectedly, the amount of H(4) biopterin endogenously present in the different NOS preparations positively correlated with the amount of enzyme-bound haem (y = 0.066+0.430x; r = 0.998). Radioligand binding experiments demonstrated that haem-deficient enzyme preparations containing 30-40% of the holoenzyme bound only approximately 40% of H4biopterin as compared with haem-saturated controls. These results suggest that the prosthetic haem group is essentially involved in the correct folding of NOS that is a requisite for solubilization of the protein and tight binding of H4biopterin.

Characterization of heme-deficient neuronal nitric-oxide synthase reveals a role for heme in subunit dimerization and binding of the amino acid substrate and tetrahydrobiopterin.

Neuronal nitric-oxide (NO) synthase contains FAD, FMN, heme, and tetrahydrobiopterin as prosthetic groups and represents a multifunctional oxidoreductase catalyzing oxidation of L-arginine to L-citrulline and NO, reduction of molecular oxygen to superoxide, and electron transfer to cytochromes. To investigate how binding of the prosthetic heme moiety is related to enzyme activities, cofactor, and L-arginine binding, as well as to secondary and quaternary protein structure, we have purified and characterized heme-deficient neuronal NO synthase. The heme-deficient enzyme, which had preserved its cytochrome c reductase activity, contained FAD and FMN, but virtually no tetrahydrobiopterin, and exhibited only marginal NO synthase activity. By means of gel filtration and static light scattering, we demonstrate that the heme-deficient enzyme is a monomer and provide evidence that heme is the sole prosthetic group controlling the quaternary structure of neuronal NO synthase. CD spectroscopy showed that most of the structural elements found in the dimeric holoenzyme were conserved in heme-deficient monomeric NO synthase. However, in spite of being properly folded, the heme-deficient enzyme did bind neither tetrahydrobiopterin nor the substrate analog N(G)-nitro-L-arginine. Our results demonstrate that the prosthetic heme group of neuronal NO synthase is requisite for dimerization of enzyme subunits and for the binding of amino acid substrate and tetrahydrobiopterin.

Characterization of neuronal amino acid transporters: uptake of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and implication for their biological effects.

In the present study we investigated uptake of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors NG-methyl-L-arginine and NG-nitro-L-arginine by the mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma hybrid cell line NG108-15. Uptake of NG-methyl-L-arginine was characterized by biphasic kinetics (Km1 = 8 mumol/L, Vmax1 = 0.09 nmol x mg-1 x min-1; Km2 = 229 mumol/L, Vmax2 = 2.9 nmol x mg-1 x min-1) and was inhibited by basic but not by neutral amino acids. Uptake of NG-nitro-L-arginine followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km = 265 mumol/L, Vmax = 12.8 +/- 0.86 nmol x mg-1 x min-1) and was selectively inhibited by aromatic and branched chain amino acids. Further characterization of the transport systems revealed that uptake of NG-methyl-L-arginine is mediated by system y+, whereas systems L and T account for the transport of NG-nitro-L-arginine. In agreement with these data on uptake of the inhibitors, L-lysine and L-ornithine antagonized the inhibitory effects of NG-methyl-L-arginine on bradykinin-induced intracellular cyclic GMP accumulation, whereas L-tryptophan, L-phenylalanine, and L-leucine interfered with the effects of NG-nitro-L-arginine. These data suggest that rates of uptake are limiting for the biological effects of NO synthase inhibitors.