[Prevention of acute chemical poisonings as a hygienic problem].

Acute exposures, more than 98% of which now occur under household conditions, are an important constituent of the chemical load of the urbanized environment on man and causes of a considerable group of non-communicable diseases, such as chemical poisonings. The cardinal way of their prevention is toxicological monitoring that allows authorities of all levels to use information on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of acute chemical poisoning in this area and to set up an adequate system of prophylactic measures, including the optimization of toxicological care to the population. Nationwide measures to regulate human contacts with toxicants are of great importance. A system of informing (primarily sanitary education) all sectors of society about possible toxic effects of various-application chemical substances and their safe handling regulations system is to be modernized.

[Problems in the standardization of inpatient health care in clinical toxicology].

Standardization of inpatient toxicological care is an urgent task to reduce mortality from acute chemical poisonings. Since 2005, health care standards and patient management protocols in poisonings with psychotropic and hypnotic agents, ethanol and other alcohols, and ethylene glycol have been developed and work is in progress on standards for intoxication with corrosive substances, soaps, detergents, carbon dioxide, other gases, smokes, and vapors. Major difficulties have been revealed. These are the lack of coincidence of the "Nomenclature of work and services in public health service" at the federal level with the similar regional documents; improper presentation of toxicological diagnostic and medical technologies; orientation of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia towards only simple services; the "List of Essential and Most Important Drugs" that does not contain the heading "antidote agents" at all is to be completed.

[New approaches to prophylaxis of oncologic morbidity associated with environmental chemical hazards]. / Novye podkhody k profilaktike onkologicheskoi zabolevaemosti, sviazannoi s khimicheskimi faktorami okruzhaiushchei sredy.

The author suggested a new algorithm of State Sanitary Epidemiologic Supervision activities on oncologic morbidity prophylaxis. The algorithm takes into account environmental content not only of chemical carcinogens, but also of so-called modifiers--nonspecific chemical pollutants that lower threshold of human sensitivity to carcinogenic effects and intensify carcinogenesis.

[The influence of low intensive chemical loads on homeostasis and the problems of prophylaxis]. / Vliianie khimicheskikh hagruzok maloi intensivnosti na gomeostaz i voprosy profilaktiki.

The systematic influence of chemical on the main components of homeostasis is described and the possibility of prophylactic measures on this level to avoid the modifying effect of low level chemical factors is discussed.

[The prophylaxis of human health damages caused by anthropogenic chemical stress]. / Profilaktika narushenii zdorov'ia cheloveka, obuslovlennykh antropogennym khimicheskim stressom.

The proposals for developing of new prophylactic technologies are given on the basis of own classification of human health damages induced by acute and chronic low intensive chemical exposures.

[Prognosis of inhalation-related injuries in accidental release of ammonium and chlorine by the method of dynamic concentration]. / Prognoz ingaliatsionnogo porazheniia cheloveka pri avariinom vybrose ammiaka i khlora metodom dinamicheskoi kontsentratsii.

The article deals with new approaches to evaluate casualty effect of accidental chemical release exemplified by common and dangerous industrial chemicals ammonium and chlorine. Dynamic concentration method considers effects of high concentrations inducing instant reflex cardiac and respiratory arrest as well as lesions caused by variable toxic doses.

[New approaches to the evaluation of risk of acute poisoning during technogenic accidental emissions (for example, ammonia and chlorine)]. / Novye podkhody k otsenke riska ostrykh otravlenii pri tekhnogennykh avariinykh vybrosakh (na primere ammiaka i khlora).

The authors elaborated new methodic approaches to evaluation of acute ammonium and chlorine toxicity caused by possible accidental release. The approaches are based on comparison of clinical and toxicologic characteristics of various types of acute chlorine poisoning with calculated levels of chlorine in air.

[Acute chemical poisoning of humans as a medico-ecological problem]. / Ostrye khimicheskie otravleniia cheloveka kak mediko-ékologicheskaia problema.

Anthropogenic acute chemical exposures have become an important socioeconomic and environmental factor on the national, regional and global level. They present an actual or potential danger to vital activity and health of large population groups and normal operation of the Biosphere and natural components. Hence a problem of prevention and elimination of acute technogenic exposures hazardous for human health has expanded beyond the medical competence and grown to a major environmental issue.

Information technologies for clinical toxicology in Russia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe Poison Information in Russia. RESULTS: The Moscow Toxicology Information and Advisory Center was created in 1993 as an institution of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health and Medical Industry. The Toxicology Information and Advisory Center is the first in a network of over 20 toxicology information centers to be created in different regions of Russia by 1998. At present the Toxicology Information and Advisory Center serves over 20 million people in the Moscow region with episodic inquiries from other areas. A prototype national bank of clinical and toxicological data on acute chemical poisoning and an information retrieval system POISON have been created. Work is underway to create computerized systems for data analysis of telephone inquiries on diagnosis and treatment protocols of acute poisoning.

[Medical and biological approaches to the problem of biosphere protection: methodological aspects]. / Mediko-biologicheskie podkhody k probleme sokhraneniia biosfery: metodologicheskie aspekty.

This article discusses a principle possibility of extrapolating medical knowledge in prevention and treatment of human diseases of various nature, including those caused by external anthropogenic impacts, on protecting the environment and Biosphere, particularly the methodological aspects of the problem. It is based on an assumption of a principle similarity of processes underlying the existence and development of a human organism, the Biosphere and their major subsystems.

[Prospects of creation of a computerized advisory service for resuscitation physicians concerned with acute chemical poisoning in humans]. / Perspektivy sozdaniia komp'iuternogo konsul'tativnogo obsluzhivaniia reanimmatologov po voprosam ostrykh khimicheskikh otravlenii cheloveka.

The paper describes the basic functions of the first in Russia Toxicological Information and Advisory Center of the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of the Russian Federation. Analysis of over six thousand calls to the Center in 1993-1994 showed that the principal users of the information are ambulance unit physicians (43.61%), emergency units (12.9%), and population (11.7%). The main toxic agents are drugs (58%), industrial and household chemicals, alcohol, and surrogates. The authors formulate a concept of advisory service technology for resuscitation physicians in cases with acute chemical poisonings.

[Assessment of the maximum allowable discharge of hazardous substances into the atmosphere with regard to population morbidity]. / Otsenka velichiny predel'no dopustimogo vybrosa vrednykh veshchestv v atmosferu s uchetom zabolevaemosti naseleniia.

Positive correlation between the data of the children morbidity and the air pollution was obtained. Mathematical models may be used in the forecast of medico-social effects of the air pollution and prevention of it.

[Structural and functional changes in the liver of pregnant rats and their fetuses exposed to cadmium, benzol and lead nitrate]. / Strukturno-funktsional'nye izmeneniia v pecheni beremennykh krys i ikh plodov pri vozdeistvii kadmiia, benzola i nitrata svintsa.

Lead nitrate administered to noninbred rats with drinking water on the level of IO MAC (0.3 mg/l) during the whole period of gestation lead to the strengthening of hepatotoxic effect of cadmium chloride (7.5 and 15 mg/kg daily by gavage from the 1st to 20th day of gestation), manifest in significant increase of the hepatocytes alteration index, increase of the number of the pyknotic cells of reticuloendothelial system, increase of the degree of dams' liver hepatocytes dystrophy, decrease in the specific volume of megakaryocytes in the liver of their fetuses.

[Scanning electron microscopy of blood monocytes after long-term effects of ethanol]. / Skaniruiushchaia élektronnaia mikroskopiia monotsitov krovi krys pri dlitel'nom vozdeistvii étanola.

The surface architectonics of the blood monocytes from noninbred female rats after permanent oral administration of ethanol within 2, 5 and 10 months at concentration of 100 mg/l was studied. The earliest monocyte's reaction to ethanol exposure was the intensification of their interaction with lymphocytes. Cyclic changes in adhesive activity of monocytes from these rats were found, while the unfavourable alterations of cell surface structure increased with the amplifying of ethanol effect.

[Anthropogenic low-intensity environmental factors and life expectancy: new aspects of the problem]. / Antropogennye faktory okruzhaiushchei sredy maloi intensivnosti i prodolzhitel'nost' zhizni: novye aspekty problemy.

Based on their own universal concept of the causal relationship between chemical environmental agents and the human body, confirmed by numerous experimental data, the authors suggest that the biological process of aging may be accelerated or inhibited under exposure to chemical low-intensity environmental factors due to changes in the nonspecific resistance of the body.