Oral Simnotrelvir for Adult Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Covid-19.

BACKGROUND: Simnotrelvir is an oral 3-chymotrypsin-like protease inhibitor that has been found to have in vitro activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and potential efficacy in a phase 1B trial. METHODS: In this phase 2-3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, we assigned patients who had mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and onset of symptoms within the past 3 days in a 1:1 ratio to receive 750 mg of simnotrelvir plus 100 mg of ritonavir or placebo twice daily for 5 days. The primary efficacy end point was the time to sustained resolution of symptoms, defined as the absence of 11 Covid-19-related symptoms for 2 consecutive days. Safety and changes in viral load were also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 1208 patients were enrolled at 35 sites in China; 603 were assigned to receive simnotrelvir and 605 to receive placebo. Among patients in the modified intention-to-treat population who received the first dose of trial drug or placebo within 72 hours after symptom onset, the time to sustained resolution of Covid-19 symptoms was significantly shorter in the simnotrelvir group than in the placebo group (180.1 hours [95% confidence interval {CI}, 162.1 to 201.6] vs. 216.0 hours [95% CI, 203.4 to 228.1]; median difference, -35.8 hours [95% CI, -60.1 to -12.4]; P = 0.006 by Peto-Prentice test). On day 5, the decrease in viral load from baseline was greater in the simnotrelvir group than in the placebo group (mean difference [±SE], -1.51±0.14 log10 copies per milliliter; 95% CI, -1.79 to -1.24). The incidence of adverse events during treatment was higher in the simnotrelvir group than in the placebo group (29.0% vs. 21.6%). Most adverse events were mild or moderate. CONCLUSIONS: Early administration of simnotrelvir plus ritonavir shortened the time to the resolution of symptoms among adult patients with Covid-19, without evident safety concerns. (Funded by Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05506176.).

Oral VV116 versus placebo in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in China: a multicentre, double-blind, phase 3, randomised controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Spread of SARS-CoV-2 led to a global pandemic, and there remains unmet medical needs in the treatment of Omicron infections. VV116, an oral antiviral agent that has potent activity against SARS-CoV-2, was compared with a placebo in this phase 3 study to investigate its efficacy and safety in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. METHODS: This multicentre, double-blind, phase 3, randomised controlled study enrolled adults in hospitals for infectious diseases and tertiary general hospitals in China. Eligible patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio using permuted block randomisation to receive oral VV116 (0·6 g every 12 h on day 1 and 0·3 g every 12 h on days 2-5) or oral placebo (on the same schedule as VV116) for 5 days. Randomisation stratification factors included SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status and the presence of high-risk factors for progression to severe COVID-19. Inclusion criteria were a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, an initial onset of COVID-19 symptoms 3 days or less before the first study dose, and a score of 2 or more for any target COVID-19-related symptoms in the 24 h before the first dose. Patients who had severe or critical COVID-19 or who had taken any antiviral drugs were excluded from the study. The primary endpoint was the time to clinical symptom resolution for 2 consecutive days. Efficacy analyses were performed on a modified intention-to-treat population, comprising all patients who received at least one dose of VV116 or placebo, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, and did not test positive for influenza virus before the first dose. Safety analyses were done on all participants who received at least one dose of VV116 or placebo. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05582629, and has been completed. FINDINGS: A total of 1369 patients were randomly assigned to treatment groups and 1347 received either VV116 (n=674) or placebo (n=673). At the interim analysis, VV116 was superior to placebo in reducing the time to sustained clinical symptom resolution among 1229 patients (hazard ratio [HR] 1·21, 95% CI 1·04-1·40; p=0·0023). At the final analysis, a substantial reduction in time to sustained clinical symptom resolution was observed for VV116 compared with placebo among 1296 patients (HR 1·17, 95% CI 1·04-1·33; p=0·0009), consistent with the interim analysis. The incidence of adverse events was similar between groups (242 [35·9%] of 674 patients vs 283 [42·1%] of 673 patients). INTERPRETATION: Among patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19, VV116 significantly reduced the time to sustained clinical symptom resolution compared with placebo, with no observed safety concerns. FUNDING: Shanghai Vinnerna Biosciences, Shanghai Science and Technology Commission, and the National Key Research and Development Program of China. TRANSLATION: For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Boosting Zinc Storage Performance of Li3 VO4 Cathode Material for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries via Carbon-Incorporation: A Study Combining Theory and Experiment.

In the search for sustainable cathode materials for aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs), vanadium (V)-based materials have garnered interest, primarily due to their abundance and multiple oxidation states. Among the contenders, Li3 VO4 (LiVO) stands out for its affordability, high specific capacity, and elevated ionic conductivity. However, its limited electrical conductivity results in significant resistance polarization, limiting its rate capability, especially under high currents. Through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, this study evaluates the electrochemical implications of carbon (C) incorporation within the LiVO matrix. The findings indicate that C integration significantly ameliorates the conductivity of LiVO. Moreover, C serves as a barrier, mitigating direct interactions between Zn2+ and LiVO, which in turn expedites Zn2+ diffusion. When considering various C materials for this role, glucose is emerged as the optimal candidate. The LiVO/C-glucose composite (LiVO/C-G) is observed to undergo dual phase transitions during charge-discharge cycles, resulting in an amorphous vanadium-oxygen (VO) derivative, paving the way for subsequent electrochemical reactions. Collectively, the insights pave a promising avenue for refining AZIB cathode design and performance.

Polypyrrole-Doped NH4 V3 O8 with Oxygen Vacancies as High-Performance Cathode Material for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

The inherent slow diffusion dynamics of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) act as a significant hindrance to their universal utilization as energy storage systems, largely attributed to the scarcity of superior cathode materials. In this study, a novel method that amalgamates oxygen defect engineering and polymer intercalation, guided by theoretical computations, to confront this challenge, is introduced. This approach begins with density functional theory calculations, demonstrating that the shielding effect rendered by polypyrrole (PPy) between NH4 V3 O8 (NVO) layers, along with the cooperative influence of oxygen defects (Od ), optimizes the kinetic transport of Zn2+ . Leveraging these theoretical outcomes, a two-step hydrothermal synthesis procedure is devised to fabricate PPy-intercalated NVO embedded with Od (NVO-Od @PPy). The empirical findings corroborate the theoretical predictions, showcasing that the NVO-Od @PPy//Zn system manifests exceptional cycling stability. Specifically, the NVO-Od @PPy electrode delivers an optimal reversible capacity, yielding 421 mAh g-1 at a current density of 0.1 A g-1 . Remarkably, even at an elevated current density of 10 A g-1 , it sustains a capacity of 175.7 mAh g-1 , while maintaining a capacity retention of 99% over 1000 cycles. This research provides pivotal insights for the engineering of high-performing cathode materials for AZIBs, paving the way for their future advancements.

"Dual- Engineering" Strategy to Regulate NH4 V4 O10 as Cathodes for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries.

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) have attracted attention as a promising candidate for secondary battery energy storage due to their safety and environmental benefits. However, the vanadium-based cathode material NH4 V4 O10 has the problem of structural instability. In this paper, it is found by density functional theory calculation that excessive NH4 + located in the interlayer will repel the Zn2+ during the process of Zn2+ insertion. This results in the distortion of the layered structure, further affects the diffusion of Zn2+ and reduces the reaction kinetics. Therefore, part of the NH4 + is removed by heat treatment. In addition, the introduction of Al3+ into the material by hydrothermal method is able to further enhance its zinc storage properties. This dual-engineering strategy shows excellent electrochemical performance (578.2 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1 ). This study provides valuable insights for the development of high performance AZIBs cathode materials.

Al3+ Introduction Hydrated Vanadium Oxide Induced High Performance for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

Aqueous zinc ion batteries are a promising alternative secondary battery technology due to their excellent safety and environmental friendliness. Vanadium-based compounds as a highly promising class of cathode materials still suffer from structural collapse and slow kinetics. Studies have shown that metal ion pre-introduction is an effective method to solve these problems and enhance battery performance. Here, the introduction of Al3+ , Cr3+ , Cu2+ and Fe3+ is found to effectively reduce the migration energy barrier of Zn2+ with the density functional theory calculations, while Al3+ exhibits the best induction effects. Subsequently, Al0.34 V5 O12 ·2.4H2 O (AlVOH) nanoribbons are synthesized by hydrothermal introduction of Al3+ , demonstratin excellent electrochemical properties (407.8 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1 and 176.3 mAh g-1 after 2000 cycles at 20 A g-1 ). By further compounding with redox graphene (rGO), AlVOH/rGO exhibits high capacitance and specific capacity (460.4 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1 and 180.6 mAh g-1 after 2000 cycles at 20 A g-1 ). In addition, it is found that the introduction of metal ions adjusts the structural water content of the material. Especially, the introduction of Al3+ can increase the interlayer structural water content and make the electrochemical properties of the material more stable.

In Vivo Augmentation of Gut-Homing Regulatory T Cell Induction.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory chronic disease in the gastrointestinal tract (GUT). In the United States, there are approximately 1.4 million IBD patients. It is generally accepted that a dysregulated immune response to gut bacteria initiates the disease and disrupts the mucosal epithelial barrier. We recently show that gut-homing regulatory T (Treg) cells are a promising therapy for IBD. Accordingly, this article presents a protocol for in vivo augmentation of gut-homing Treg cell induction. In this protocol, dendritic cells are engineered to produce locally high concentrations of two molecules de novo, active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or 1,25[OH]2D) and active vitamin A (retinoic acid or RA). We chose 1,25(OH)2D and RA based on previous findings showing that 1,25(OH)2D can induce the expression of regulatory molecules (e.g., forkhead box P3 and interleukin-10) and that RA can stimulate the expression of gut-homing receptors in T cells. To generate such engineered dendritic cells, we use a lentiviral vector to transduce dendritic cells to overexpress two genes. One gene is the cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 that encodes 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase, which physiologically catalyzes the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D. The other gene is the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A2 that encodes retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2, which physiologically catalyzes the synthesis of RA. This protocol can be used for future investigation of gut-homing Treg cells in vivo.

Towards Clinical Translation of CD8+ Regulatory T Cells Restricted by Non-Classical Major Histocompatibility Complex Ib Molecules.

In central lymphoid tissues, mature lymphocytes are generated and pathogenic autoreactive lymphocytes are deleted. However, it is currently known that a significant number of potentially pathogenic autoreactive lymphocytes escape the deletion and populate peripheral lymphoid tissues. Therefore, peripheral mechanisms are present to prevent these potentially pathogenic autoreactive lymphocytes from harming one's own tissues. One such mechanism is dictated by regulatory T (Treg) cells. So far, the most extensively studied Treg cells are CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells. However, recent clinical trials for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases using CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg cells met with limited success. Accordingly, it is necessary to explore the potential importance of other Treg cells such as CD8+ Treg cells. In this regard, one extensively studied CD8+ Treg cell subset is Qa-1(HLA-E in human)-restricted CD8+ Treg cells, in which Qa-1(HLA-E) molecules belong to a group of non-classical major histocompatibility complex Ib molecules. This review will first summarize the evidence for the presence of Qa-1-restricted CD8+ Treg cells and their regulatory mechanisms. Major discussions will then focus on the potential clinical translation of Qa-1-restricted CD8+ Treg cells. At the end, we will briefly discuss the current status of human studies on HLA-E-restricted CD8+ Treg cells as well as potential future directions.