[Emission Factors and Preliminary Emission Estimates of Air Pollutants from Ships at Berth in the Guangzhou Port].

Three large container vessels over a tonnage of 40×103 t at berth in the Guangzhou Port were selected for determination of air pollutants in exhausts from auxiliary engines to obtain fuel-based emission factors (EFs). The fuel-based EFs for vessels A, B, and C at berth were 3096, 3031, and 3028 g·kg-1, respectively, for CO2; 61.8, 19.9, and 27.0 g·kg-1 for NOx; 8.0, 4.0, and 5.3 g·kg-1 for CO; 31.4, 41.9, and 56.7 g·kg-1 for SO2; 2.4, 1.1, and 1.5 g·kg-1 for PM2.5; and 0.13, 0.09, and 0.17 g·kg-1 for VOCs. With the basic information about ship types, arrival times, and berthing times, the emissions of NOx, CO, SO2, PM2.5, and NH3 from a ship at berth in the Guangzhou Port in 2014 were roughly estimated to be 1231, 226, 1229, 47.6 and 0.04 t, respectively, with ships with a tonnage of 10×103-50×103 t sharing the largest burdens, followed by ships over a tonnage of 50×103 t. Estimated emission of VOCs from ships at berth in the Guangzhou Port was about 33.6 t, with vessels below a tonnage of 3×103 t contributing the most.

Photodegradation of Mefenamic Acid in Aqueous Media: Kinetics, Toxicity and Photolysis Products.

The present study investigated the photolytic behavior and photodegradation products of mefenamic acid (MEF) under ultraviolet-C irradiation. The results demonstrated that the photodegradation of MEF followed pseudo-first-order kinetics and the direct photolysis quantum yield of mefenamic acid was observed to be 2.63 ± 0.28 × 10⁻³. Photodegradation of MEF included degradation by direct photolysis and by self-sensitization that the contribution rates of self-sensitized photodegradation were 5.70, 11.25 and 18.96 % for ·OH, ¹O2 and O·2⁻ , respectively. Primary transformation products of MEF were identified using ultra performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The identified transformation products suggested three possible pathways of MEF photodegradation: dehydrogenation, hydroxylation, and ketonized reactions. Toxicity of phototransformation products were evaluated using the Microtox test, which revealed that photodegradation likely provides a critical pathway for MEF toxicity reduction in drinking water and wastewater treatment facilities.

Photodegradation of ibuprofen under UV-Vis irradiation: mechanism and toxicity of photolysis products.

The photodegradation of ibuprofen (IBP) in aqueous media was studied in this paper. The degradation mechanism, the reaction kinetics and toxicity of the photolysis products of IBP under UV-Vis irradiation were investigated by dissolved oxygen experiments, quenching experiments of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and toxicity evaluation utilizing Vibrio fischeri. The results demonstrated that the IBP degradation process could be fitted by the pseudo first-order kinetics model. The degradation of IBP by UV-Vis irradiation included direct photolysis and self-sensitization via ROS. The presence of dissolved oxygen inhibited the photodegradation of IBP, which indicated that direct photolysis was more rapid than the self-sensitization. The contribution rates of ·OH and (1)O2 were 21.8 % and 38.6 % in self-sensitization, respectively. Ibuprofen generated a number of intermediate products that were more toxic than the base compound during photodegradation.

[UV photolysis of propranolol in aqueous solution: mechanism and toxicity of photoproducts].

This paper studied the phtodegradation behavior, mechanism and security of propranolol (PRO) in water under ultraviolet irradiation using the high pressure mercury lamp. The photodegradation mechanism was verified by reactive oxygen species (ROS) quenching method, and the photoproducts security was evaluated by luminescent bacteria toxicity test. The results showed that the rate of photolysis (k) of PRO decreased with increasing initial concentration, and showed a significant negative correlation (r2 > 0.95). The increasing k value was also accompanied with higher pH of the solution, and the k values were 0.0953-0.267 min(-1) under pH 5-9. ROS quenching experiments showed that the PRO UV photolysis process included a triplet PRO (3PRO*) direct photolysis participation, and self-sensitized photolysis participation caused by hydroxyl radical (·OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2). Direct photolysis rate was greater than the rate of self-sensitized photolysis. The result of 1O2 steady concentration measured by FFA as the probe was consistent with the quenching method. The toxicity evaluation illustrated the formation of some intermediate photoproducts, which were more toxic than PRO.

[Photodegradation of naproxen in aqueous systems by UV irradiation: mechanism and toxicity of photolysis products].

This paper studies the degradation mechanism, the reaction kinetics and the toxicity of photolysis products of naproxen in waters under UV irradiation (120 W mercury lamp) by quenching experiments of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxygen concentration experiment and toxicity evaluation using Vibrio fischeri bacteria. The results demonstrated that NPX could be degraded effectively by UV irradiation and the photolysis pathways was the sum of the degradation by direct photolysis and self-sensitization via ROS, and the contribution rates of self-sensitized photodegradation were 0.1%, 80.2%, 35.7% via *OH, (1)O2, O2*-, respectively. The effect of oxygen concentration illustrated that dissolved oxygen had an inhibitory effect on the direct photodegradation of NPX, and the higher the oxygen content, the more obvious the inhibitory effect. The toxicity evaluation illustrated the formation of some intermediate products that were more toxic than NPX during the photodegradation of NPX. The process of NPX degradation in all cases could be fitted by the pseudo first-order kinetics model.

[Joint acute toxicity of fipronil and bata-cypermethrin to protozoa community].

Compared with the toxicity test on single organism, the effects of toxic pollutants on organisms at community level are more reliable. The acute single and joint toxic effects of Fipronil and Bata-cypermethrin on freshwater protozoa community are studied in this paper. The results show that the 48h-LC50 of Fipronil and Bata-cypermethrin to the microbial community was 35.83mg x L(- 1), 1.92mg x L(-1), the joint toxicity of Bata-cypermethrin and Fipronil was antagonism in 48h with toxicity 1: 1 to freshwater protozoa community, and Additive Index was -0.08. The structure of protozoa community would change in a low concentration of Bata-cypermethrin and Fipronil mixture; the species and population of Algivores(A) and Predators Raptors (P) would reduce but Bactivoresdetrivores(B) would become predominant relatively.

Effect of ZnFe2O4 doping on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2.

The photocatalytic oxidation of the organic pollutants with the TiO2 as photocatalyst has been widely studied in the world, and many achievements have been got. The degradation of pollutants is highly related with the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. It is demonstrated that doping ions or oxides to TiO2 is one way to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. In this paper, the ZnFe2O4-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared from butyl titanate by a sol-gel method and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that when TiO2 was doped with ZnFe2O4, its particle size will decrease and its crystal structure will partly transform from anatase to rutile. The photocatalytic activity of the elaborated powders was studied following the degradation of Rhodamine B. The results showed that doping ZnFe2O4 to TiO2 will enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 and that ZnFe2O4-doped TiO2 in the coexistence of anatase and rutile has higher efficiency for the degradation of Rhodamine B than that in the anatase phase alone. Also the different role of O2 in the direct photolysis and photocatalysis of Rhodamine B was discussed.

Effect of CuO on the efficiency of sulfur capture of Ca-based compounds during coal combustion.

The efficiency of sulfur capture of CaO, Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3 as well as the effect of CuO on them were studied. Results showed that the efficiency of sulfur capture of Ca(OH)2 is the highest among these three compounds. When CuO was used with each of CaO, Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3 at the same time, the efficiency of all of them would rise, and that of Ca(OH)2 raise most. The efficiency of sulfur capture of Ca(OH)2 with CuO is 14.4% higher than that without CuO.

Evaluation of an on-line coupled continuous flow liquid membrane extraction and precolumn system as trace enrichment technique by liquid chromatographic determination of bisphenol A.

An on-line coupled continuous flow liquid membrane extraction (CFLME) and C(18) precolumn system was developed for sample preconcentration in liquid chromatography determination. After preconcentration by CFLME, which is based on the combination of continuous flow liquid-liquid extraction and supported liquid membrane, bisphenol A (BPA) was enriched in 960 microl of 1 mol l(-1) NaOH used as acceptor. This acceptor was on-line neutralized and transported onto the C(18) precolumn where analytes were absorbed and focused. Then the focused analytes were injected onto a C(18) analytical column for separation and detected at 220 nm with a diode array detector. CFLME related parameters such as flow rates, pH of donor and acceptor, and enrichment time were optimized. The proposed method presents a detection limit of 0.03 microg l(-1) (S/N=3) when 60 ml samples was enriched with an enrichment time of 30 min. Compared with C(18) based column-switching procedure, this proposed procedure presents similar sample throughput and lower detection limits. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine BPA in tap water, river water, and municipal sewage effluent samples.