Understanding mHealth Adoption and Lifestyle Improvement: An Empirical Test of the Antecedents and Mediating Mechanisms.

The potential of using mobile phones for health care service delivery has been well acknowledged. Despite that mobile health (mHealth) related research has proliferated in the past decade, mHealth is still in the fledgling stage with a low adoption rate. There is a research gap in understanding factors influencing mHealth adoption and examining the effects of mHealth use on health outcomes. The purpose of this study was thus to explore influential factors of mHealth use, and test mediation pathways through which mHealth use impacts healthy lifestyle behaviors (e.g. sleep, exercise, and social participation). Survey results from 432 online participants illustrate that performance expectancy, social influence, support conditions, and perceived reliability were significantly associated with mHealth use. However, the impact of effort expectancy on mHealth use was statistically nonsignificant. Moreover, the results indicate that mHealth use can not only contribute to the improvement of healthy lifestyle behaviors directly but also exert an impact through the mediating effect of health competence. Knowing what factors motivate people's mHealth use and how mHealth use contributes to lifestyle improvement can help trigger interventions to boost mHealth adoption and improve public health. Implications and limitations are discussed.

Communication Matters: The Role of Patient-Centered Communication in Improving Old Adults' Health Competence and Health Outcomes.

Research has demonstrated links between patient-centered communication (PCC) and patients' health outcomes. However, little is known about the underlying processes that may mediate the relationship. This study is one of the first to examine the influence of PCC on older adults' health outcomes, as well as the mediation role of health competence, from a longitudinal perspective. With a general basis of Street et al.'s pathway model, we proposed and tested mediation pathways linking patient-centered communication to the older population's general and mental health, mediated by health competence. Data from 2011, 2017 and 2020 iterations of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) were used for this study. This study focused on older adults aged 60 and above. Results indicated that after controlling participants' age, gender, education, income and race, PCC is related to the older people's health outcomes either directly or indirectly, irrespective of time series. Specifically, health competence was found to significantly mediate the associations between PCC and the older adults' general health or mental health over the three iterations. Noteworthily, findings from this study also revealed that different dimensions of PCC might exert different influences on older patients' health competence and health outcomes.

Social media and partnership jointly alleviate caregivers' psychological distress: exploring the effects of online and offline connectedness.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of caregiving in the United States has increased from 16.6% to 19.2% during the period between 2015 and 2020. Caregivers play a critical public health role post-pandemic and as the population ages. However, caregiving can be detrimental to the health of caregivers. Many studies have shown that communication and connectedness are effective forms of health intervention for caregivers, but how this can be achieved requires further investigation. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the indirect effect of caregiving on problems of alcohol drinking through psychological distress. Moreover, this study aimed to provide initial evidence of the distinct effects of online and offline communication and connectedness on caregivers' well-being. METHODS: The predictions were evaluated by examining responses to the Health Information National Trends Survey 2020 (n = 3,865). A mediation analysis was conducted to test the mediating effect of psychological distress on the association between caregiving and alcohol drinking. A second-level moderation analysis was performed. The online communication and connectedness, social media use for health, and the offline type, marital or romantic partnership, were tested as moderators to lessen the psychological distress of caregiving. RESULTS: A competitive mediation was identified. We found a positive indirect effect from caregiving to alcohol drinking mediated by psychological distress (bp = .0017, p < .05) but a negative direct effect from caregiving to alcohol drinking (bp = -.0340, p < .05). Furthermore, the study reported a strongly positive effect of moderated moderation on the linkage from caregiving to psychological distress. The negative impact of caregiving on mental distress was greater among those who used social media less, particularly those without a romantic or marital partner. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that caregivers experience more mental distress, which leads to risky behavior. This study highlights the crucial role of both online and offline connectedness in mitigating the adverse consequences of caregiving.

Examining the Intervening Roles of Patient-Centered Care and Patient Activation in the Health Impacts of Offline Healthcare Obstacles and Online Health Consultations Among Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Patients.

Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) patients often encounter difficulties in effective communication with healthcare professionals and are less likely to receive quality medical care. However, DHH populations are understudied in health communication research. This study examined how offline healthcare obstacles and online health consultation impact DHH patients' health, and the mediating roles of patient-centered care (PCC) and patient activation. Data from 323 DHH patients were analyzed using structural equation modeling to test the hypothesized mediation pathway model. Results indicate that offline healthcare obstacles negatively affect DHH patients' perception of patient-centeredness, which reduces their ability and confidence in self-care (conceptualized as patient activation in this study). This reduced patient activation may jeopardize DHH patients' physical and psychological health. Meanwhile, online health consultation is positively associated with PCC, and higher levels of PCC can increase patient activation, contributing to better physical and psychological health. Testing the same model with hearing-abled participants (n = 3542) revealed significant differences in these intervening relationships. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the relationship between DHH patients' healthcare experience and their health outcomes. The findings support interventions that focus on enhancing PCC and patient activation to improve the physical and psychological health outcomes of DHH patients.

Ehealth and lifestyle change: The mediating roles of social support and patient empowerment.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of eHealth, the use of information and communications technologies to improve or enable health and health care, on lifestyle behaviors through social support and patient empowerment as serial mediators. Methods: We conducted an anonymous online survey of 29 items in October 2019 to assess Chinese people's eHealth activities (i.e. engaging in online health-related activities), social support (including emotional and instrumental support) and patient empowerment, for a lifestyle change. A total of 681 respondents aged 18 or above (49.9% males) with an average age of 30.8 completed the survey. Results: Social support (including emotional and instrumental support) and patient empowerment were found to be salient mediators between eHealth and lifestyle behaviors. Specifically, engaging in eHealth activities can improve both perceived emotional support and instrumental support from care networks, of which both would increase patient empowerment, which subsequently prompted healthy lifestyle behaviors (ß = .01, confidence interval (CI): [.003, .013] for emotional support as the first mediator; ß < .01, CI: [.003, .010] for instrumental support as the first mediator). However, the results showed that engaging in eHealth activities was not directly associated with a healthy lifestyle (ß = .01, p = .65). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that eHealth is effective and useful to drive people into action to develop healthy lifestyle behaviors. Particularly, by providing multiple potential sources of social support, eHealth will promote both emotional support and instrumental support, which is vital to increase patient empowerment, and eventually leads to healthy lifestyle behaviors.

Effects of electronic personal health information technology on American women's cancer screening behaviors mediated through cancer worry: Differences and similarities between 2017 and 2020.

Backgrounds: Thanks to their accessibility and low cost, electronic personal health information (ePHI) technologies have been widely used to facilitate patient-physician communication and promote health prevention behaviors (e.g. cancer screening). Despite that empirical evidence has supported the association between ePHI technology use and cancer screening behaviors, the underlying mechanism through which ePHI technology use influences cancer screening behaviors remains a topic of discussion. Objective: This study investigates the relationship between ePHI technology uses and cancer screening behaviors of American women and examines the mediating role of cancer worry. Methods: Data for this study were from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) collected in 2017 (HINTS 5 Cycle 1) and 2020 (HINTS 5 Cycle 4). The final sample included 1914 female respondents in HINTS 5 Cycle 1 and 2204 in HINTS 5 Cycle 4. Mann-Whitney U test, two-sample t-test, and mediation analysis were performed. We also referred to the regression coefficients generated by min-max normalization as percentage coefficients (bp) for the comparison. Results: This study reports increased usage of ePHI technologies (from 1.41 in 2017 to 2.19 to 2020), increased cancer worry (from 2.60 in 2017 to 2.84 in 2020), and a stable level of cancer screening behaviors (from 1.44 in 2017 to 1.34 in 2020) among American women. Cancer worry was found to mediate the ePHI effect on cancer screening behaviors (bp = 0.005, 95% confidence interval [0.001, 0.010]) in a positive complementary mediation in 2020. Conclusions: The research findings support a positive association between ePHI technology use and cancer screening behaviors, and cancer worry has been identified as a salient mediator. An understanding of the mechanism that prompts US women's cancer screening practices provides practical implications for health campaign practitioners.

Effect of information encounter on concerns over healthy eating- mediated through body comparison and moderated by body mass index or body satisfaction.

BACKGROUND: Understanding factors that influence healthy or unhealthy eating can inform intervention strategies. This study ascertained whether and how unintentional exposure to food and nutrition information influenced healthy eating concerns. The study tested body comparison, body satisfaction, and body mass index as three mechanisms that potentially link food information encounter, commonly known as information scanning, to healthy eating concerns. METHODS: A sample of 440 online participants (mean age = 29.15 years) was used to investigate: (1) how unintentional exposure to food and nutrition information, i.e., information encounter (IE), affects healthy eating concerns (HEC); (2) how the effect of IE on HEC is mediated by body comparison (BC); (3) how the paths of the mediation model are moderated by body satisfaction (BS) or body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: The findings show a positive and sizable total effect of IE on HEC - a whole-scale increase in information encounter is associated with a substantial increase in healthy eating concerns by 15 percentage points (bp = 0.150). BC is found to mediate the effect of IE on HEC in an all-positive complementary mediation. Both the indirect and the direct-and-remainder paths show sizable effects. The mediated path contributes about 20% of the total effect between IE and HEC (cp = 20%), while the direct-and-remainder path contributes the rest (cp = 80%). BS was found to moderate the relationship between IE and BC, the first leg of the mediation. The moderation effect is large - the effect of IE on BC is much smaller on the highly and the moderately satisfied than on the lowly satisfied (slope differential bp = -.60). BMI was found to moderate the direct-and-remainder effect of IE on HEC, controlling BC. That is, the effect of IE on HEC, after filtering out the mediated effect through BC, is much larger for those with high or low BMI than those with healthy BMI (slope differential bp = .32). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure, even if unintentional, to food and nutrition information is an important predictor of HEC. BC, BS, and BMI are important factors that help to explain the process through which information affects behaviors.

Can Online Patient-Provider Communication Improve Emotional Well-Being? Examining the Roles of Social Presence and Patient Empowerment.

China has long been suffering from the problem of having health care that is expensive and difficult to access. Online patient-provider communication (OPPC) can offer a viable channel to increase access to care. However, through what underlying mechanisms OPPC can be associated with better health outcome is under-researched. To fill this research gap, this study investigated OPPC usage in China and identified psychological processes linking OPPC to emotional well-being. With two-wave panel surveys conducted in China, we found that mobile health app, social media, and health information service website were three common platforms for OPPC, followed by patient portal, whereas e-mail was used least frequently. Overall, OPPC did not have any direct effect on emotional well-being. Instead, OPPC first increased users' perceived social presence of providers in OPPC, which in turn triggered sense of patient empowerment, which finally enhanced emotional well-being.

Parasocial relationship in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated mediation model of digital media exposure on political trust among Chinese young people.

How to retain people's trust in the government becomes a critical topic during the COVID-19 pandemic. Research on media use and government public relations has proliferated in the past several decades. However, there is a paucity of research investigating political trust in the context of a public health crisis as a communicative process from a relational perspective. This study examined collectivism and parasocial relationships as two potential mechanisms linking digital media exposure to political trust in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of 465 Chinese young adults aged between 18 and 35 responded to anonymous questionnaires regarding digital media exposure to Nanshan Zhong, collectivism, parasocial relationships, COVID-19 political trust, and general political trust. The results suggested that the formation of parasocial relationships with Nanshan Zhong mediated the impact of digital media exposure on COVID-19 political trust and general political trust, respectively. Meanwhile, the indirect associations were moderated by collectivism. Through repeated exposure to news of Nanshan Zhong on multiple digital media, individuals with higher levels of collectivism were more likely to develop parasocial relationships with him, which subsequently resulted in increased political trust.

How Online Patient-Provider Communication Impacts Quality of Life: Examining the Role of Patient-Centered Care and Health Competence.

The question of how patient-provider communication affects health outcomes has been a longstanding concern for health communication scholarship and practice. As patient-provider communication becomes increasingly mediated by digital technologies, much research has sought to compare online patient-provider communication (OPPC) with that conducted in-person, weighing its relative merits against its costs and barriers. This line of inquiry has mostly focused on the comparative benefits of OPPC for service delivery with little attempt to link these benefits to the wider health implications of OPPC. Consequently, the mechanisms that explain the impacts of OPPC on patients' overall wellbeing have been underexamined. Through a survey of 681 participants in China, this study examined the direct and indirect pathways between OPPC and quality of life (i.e., sleep, exercise, social activities, and psychological wellbeing). Our results demonstrate statistically significant direct relationships between OPPC and the four quality-of-life constructs examined as well as the mediation effects of patient-centered care and health competence in these relationships. The findings call for greater attention to the longer-term contributions of OPPC in empowering patients, especially those who are underserved by the healthcare system.

Few changes shown in cancer information-seeking behaviour among young adults in China between 2012 and 2017.

BACKGROUND: The increasing incidence of cancer among young adults (18-40 years old) is of concern in China. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine the influence of cancer information-seeking behaviours (CISB) on young adults' worries about cancer and participation in screening. METHODS: This study analysed data from two probability sample surveys conducted in 2012 and 2017 in China. The questions in the questionnaire remained the same for better comparison. The sample size was 1212 in the 2012 survey, and 2178 in the 2017 survey. RESULTS: From 2012 to 2017, among young adults, there was a decline in cancer information seeking, diversity of cancer information sought and cancer worry, while an improvement in cancer information-seeking experience was found. Also, CISB had significant associations with cancer worry and health screening over the 5 years. DISCUSSION: The level of young adults' cancer information seeking remains low in China, and this group is not fully aware of their potential risks of getting cancer. CONCLUSION: Although young adults find the experience of looking for cancer information easier in 2017, health campaigns may be necessary to encourage young adults to find out more about their cancer risks, and to participate more in health screening.

Associations Between COVID-19 Information Acquisition and Vaccination Intention: The Roles of Anticipated Regret and Collective Responsibility.

While public health communication has been suggested to be a key for improving acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination, this study tested mediation pathways through which three types of vaccine information acquisition, i.e. seeking, scanning, and discussing, affect COVID-19 vaccination intention. The pathways comprise two mediators, i.e. anticipated regret due to inaction and collective responsibility. Results suggest that information seeking and discussing may have encouraged the intention to get vaccinated, but mainly indirectly through the two mediators. Information seeking and discussing may have elicited anticipated regret and collective responsibility, which in turn increased vaccination intention. The paths from information scanning were smaller in effect sizes and statistically unacknowledged. Implications and limitations are discussed.

COVID-19 information exposure and vaccine hesitancy: The influence of trust in government and vaccine confidence.

As the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) continues to spread, vaccine hesitancy increasingly threats public health worldwide. Health information from traditional, online and social media may influence vaccine hesitancy. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of exposure to COVID-19 information from various media on vaccine hesitancy, as well as the mediating roles of public trust in government and vaccine confidence. With a sample of 438 online participants (mean age = 30.69 years) responding to an anonymous questionnaire, the study tested a mediation model using bias-corrected bootstrap. The results indicated that exposure to COVID-19 information from online news media and traditional media can reduce vaccine hesitancy indirectly. Whereas a positive and indirect relationship between COVID-19 information exposure on social media and vaccine hesitancy was revealed. Trust in government and vaccine confidence were found to be salient mediators between exposure to COVID-19 information from various media and vaccine hesitancy. Findings from this study offer implications for strategies to address vaccine hesitancy.

Social Media Communication about HPV Vaccine in China: A Study Using Topic Modeling and Survey.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is relatively novel to people in China. Social media is becoming an important channel for learning new health information. However, limited is known about what HPV vaccine information has been disseminated on social media, and how such online information is associated with health-related behaviors in China. Based on Longo et al.'s model of patient use of healthcare information for healthcare decision, and Longo's model of health information seeking behaviors, this study examined HPV vaccine-related information type and information acquisition pattern. Following the mixed-methods approach, we first crawled 67,773 postings about HPV vaccine on Weibo, the largest microblogging website in China, and performed topic modeling to identify HPV vaccine-related topics that are prevalent on Weibo. The results showed six major topics about HPV vaccine, namely policy, guidance information, advertising, scandals, personal experience sharing, and HPV risks. Second, we conducted an online survey (n = 1,982) to investigate how scanning, seeking, and discussing the six HPV vaccine topics identified from big data analytics can affect HPV vaccine knowledge, safety concern, and vaccination intention. We documented significant impacts of social media health communication on users' health knowledge, attitude and behavioral intention.

"Nice You Share in Return": Informational Sharing, Reciprocal Sharing, and Life Satisfaction Amid COVID-19 Pandemic.

Social media become an important space where people receive and share up-to-date health-related information during the rapid global spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). While information sharing in social media has been shown to improve relations, reduce stress, and enhance life satisfaction, little is known about reciprocal sharing. Situated in COVID-19 pandemic, this study conceptualizes information sharing as a communication process during which sharers expect the receivers to reciprocate, while receivers feel obligated to return the favor. Building upon social exchange theory and studies on social media sharing, the study tested a model of moderated mediation in which sharing of COVID-19 information was predicted to enhance life satisfaction by encouraging reciprocal sharing, i.e., information reciprocity. Subjective norms, attitudes, and perceived usefulness of the information was predicted to moderate the mediation. The hypothesized mediation was supported by data from a survey of 511 online participants in China. Furthermore, the indirect effect appeared stronger among the respondents who found the information more useful, reported more positive attitude, or perceived more subjective norms. The findings suggest that expected reciprocation may be an important incentive for social sharing, and received reciprocation may be a central part of the mechanism through which sharing benefits the sharer. Policymakers and communicators may need to take information reciprocity into consideration when designing health information campaign to confront communal threats.

Complementary Media Use for Health Information Seeking and the Role of Health Orientation: A Survey Study in India.

Mass media are offering numerous ways to obtain health information. As people are facing with a plethora of media sources, it is important to investigate how they navigate and select multiple media sources in the process of searching for health information. With the basis of the channel complementarity theory, the current study aims to explore the patterns of media complementarity for health information seeking in the context of India. Our survey study among 1,005 participants in India showed that media complementarity did not occur within print media (e.g., newspaper, book, magazine) or within broadcast media (e.g., television and radio), but existed between these two categories of media. Also, the Internet had some complementary relationships with both print media and broadcast media. Besides, users' health orientation served as a moderating factor that strengthened the media complementarity. The theoretical and practical implications were also discussed.

The Effects of the Use of Patient-Accessible Electronic Health Record Portals on Cancer Survivors' Health Outcomes: Cross-sectional Survey Study.

BACKGROUND: In the past decade, patient-accessible electronic health record (PAEHR) systems have emerged as an important tool for health management both at the hospital level and individual level. However, little is known about the effects of PAEHR portals on the survivorship of patients with chronic health conditions (eg, cancer). OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the effects of the use of PAEHR portals on cancer survivors' health outcomes and to examine the mediation pathways through patient-centered communication (PCC) and health self-efficacy. METHODS: Data for this study were derived from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 5, Cycle 4) collected from February 2020 to June 2020. This study only involved respondents who reported having been diagnosed with cancer (N=626). Descriptive analyses were performed, and the mediation models were tested using Model 6 from the SPSS macro PROCESS. Statistically significant relationships among PAEHR portal use, PCC, health self-efficacy, and physical and psychological health were examined using bootstrapping procedures. In this study, we referred to the regression coefficients generated by min-max normalization as percentage coefficients (bp). The 95% bootstrapped CIs were used with 10,000 resamplings. RESULTS: No positive direct associations between PAEHR portal use and cancer survivors' health outcomes were found. The results supported the indirect relationship between PAEHR portal use and cancer survivors' psychological health via (1) PCC (bp=0.029; ß=.023, 95% CI .009-.054), and (2) PCC and health self-efficacy in sequence (bp=0.006; ß=.005, 95% CI .002-.014). Besides, the indirect association between PAEHR portal use and cancer survivors' physical health (bp=0.006; ß=.004, 95% CI .002-.018) via sequential mediators of PCC and health self-efficacy was also statistically acknowledged. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers empirical evidence about the significant role of PAEHR portals in delivering PCC, improving health self-efficacy, and ultimately contributing to cancer survivors' physical and psychological health.

Interrater reliability estimators tested against true interrater reliabilities.

BACKGROUND: Interrater reliability, aka intercoder reliability, is defined as true agreement between raters, aka coders, without chance agreement. It is used across many disciplines including medical and health research to measure the quality of ratings, coding, diagnoses, or other observations and judgements. While numerous indices of interrater reliability are available, experts disagree on which ones are legitimate or more appropriate. Almost all agree that percent agreement (ao), the oldest and the simplest index, is also the most flawed because it fails to estimate and remove chance agreement, which is produced by raters' random rating. The experts, however, disagree on which chance estimators are legitimate or better. The experts also disagree on which of the three factors, rating category, distribution skew, or task difficulty, an index should rely on to estimate chance agreement, or which factors the known indices in fact rely on. The most popular chance-adjusted indices, according to a functionalist view of mathematical statistics, assume that all raters conduct intentional and maximum random rating while typical raters conduct involuntary and reluctant random rating. The mismatches between the assumed and the actual rater behaviors cause the indices to rely on mistaken factors to estimate chance agreement, leading to the numerous paradoxes, abnormalities, and other misbehaviors of the indices identified by prior studies. METHODS: We conducted a 4 × 8 × 3 between-subject controlled experiment with 4 subjects per cell. Each subject was a rating session with 100 pairs of rating by two raters, totaling 384 rating sessions as the experimental subjects. The experiment tested seven best-known indices of interrater reliability against the observed reliabilities and chance agreements. Impacts of the three factors, i.e., rating category, distribution skew, and task difficulty, on the indices were tested. RESULTS: The most criticized index, percent agreement (ao), showed as the most accurate predictor of reliability, reporting directional r2 = .84. It was also the third best approximator, overestimating observed reliability by 13 percentage points on average. The three most acclaimed and most popular indices, Scott's π, Cohen's κ and Krippendorff's α, underperformed all other indices, reporting directional r2 = .312 and underestimated reliability by 31.4 ~ 31.8 points. The newest index, Gwet's AC1, emerged as the second-best predictor and the most accurate approximator. Bennett et al's S ranked behind AC1, and Perreault and Leigh's Ir ranked the fourth both for prediction and approximation. The reliance on category and skew and failure to rely on difficulty explain why the six chance-adjusted indices often underperformed ao, which they were created to outperform. The evidence corroborated the notion that the chance-adjusted indices assume intentional and maximum random rating while the raters instead exhibited involuntary and reluctant random rating. CONCLUSION: The authors call for more empirical studies and especially more controlled experiments to falsify or qualify this study. If the main findings are replicated and the underlying theories supported, new thinking and new indices may be needed. Index designers may need to refrain from assuming intentional and maximum random rating, and instead assume involuntary and reluctant random rating. Accordingly, the new indices may need to rely on task difficulty, rather than distribution skew or rating category, to estimate chance agreement.

Linking digital health divide to HPV awareness, HPV knowledge, and cervical cancer screening among women in the United States: A trend analysis from 2008 to 2017.

The author aims to explore the trend of HPV awareness, HPV knowledge, and cervical cancer screening among American female adults, and the influence of digital health divide throughout the past decade. Data from the 2008, 2013, and 2017 iterations of the nationally representative survey of Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) were employed for this research. The author found that cervical cancer screening continuously increased in the past decade. Women's HPV awareness and knowledge remain low. Internet access, Internet health information seeking, and eHealth activities were significant determinants of HPV awareness and knowledge over the three iterations.

COVID-19 information on social media and preventive behaviors: Managing the pandemic through personal responsibility.

In the face of a pandemic, social media have found to be vital information channels that might exert a positive influence on people's preventive behaviors. However, little is known about the underlying processes that may mediate or moderate the relationship. The present study examined the relation between novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) information consumption on social media and preventive behaviors, as well as the mediation role of personal responsibility and moderation role of health orientation. A sample of 511 online participants (mean age = 32.47 years) responded to anonymous questionnaires regarding COVID-19 information consumption on social media, health orientation, personal responsibility, and preventive behaviors. Bias-corrected bootstrap method was used to test the moderated mediation model. Results indicated that after controlling for participants' age, gender, education, income, and insurance, personal responsibility mediated the relationship between COVID-19 information consumption on social media and preventive behaviors. Meanwhile, the direct relation between COVID-19 information consumption on social media and preventive behaviors, and the mediation effect of personal responsibility were moderated by health orientation. The present study can extend our knowledge about how risk information consumption on social media is related to one's behavioral outcomes. Implications and limitations about the present study are also discussed.