A 2D image 3D reconstruction function adaptive denoising algorithm.

To address the issue of image denoising algorithms blurring image details during the denoising process, we propose an adaptive denoising algorithm for the 3D reconstruction of 2D images. This algorithm takes into account the inherent visual characteristics of human eyes and divides the image into regions based on the entropy value of each region. The background region is subject to threshold denoising, while the target region undergoes processing using an adversarial generative network. This network effectively handles 2D target images with noise and generates a 3D model of the target. The proposed algorithm aims to enhance the noise immunity of 2D images during the 3D reconstruction process and ensure that the constructed 3D target model better preserves the original image's detailed information. Through experimental testing on 2D images and real pedestrian videos contaminated with noise, our algorithm demonstrates stable preservation of image details. The reconstruction effect is evaluated in terms of noise reduction and the fidelity of the 3D model to the original target. The results show an average noise reduction exceeding 95% while effectively retaining most of the target's feature information in the original image. In summary, our proposed adaptive denoising algorithm improves the 3D reconstruction process by preserving image details that are often compromised by conventional denoising techniques. This has significant implications for enhancing image quality and maintaining target information fidelity in 3D models, providing a promising approach for addressing the challenges associated with noise reduction in 2D images during 3D reconstruction.

A Multiscenario Intelligent QoS Routing Algorithm for Vehicle Network.

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a key part of intelligent transportation system. VANET technology is very important for realizing vehicle-to-vehicle communication, remote control of unmanned vehicles, and early warning reception of road condition information ahead of time when external networks such as the Internet are limited. Aiming at the problems of uncertainty in vehicle mobility, uneven distribution of traffic density in road sections, and uncertainty in the road scene where the vehicle is located in VANET, a multiscenario intelligent QoS routing algorithm (MISR) for vehicle network is proposed. The algorithm analyzes a variety of vehicle network scenarios and discusses the routing methods used in scenarios with/without roadside auxiliary units and vehicle uniform acceleration limited/unrestricted, so that the vehicle network can ensure that the communication link is not interrupted as much as possible. At the same time, QoS performance criteria such as data transmission rate, bit error rate, and delay time are considered. For complex scenes with variable vehicle speeds, this paper introduces a deep reinforcement learning method to intelligently select routing nodes for vehicle networks.

Minimally invasive anterolateral approach versus direct anterior approach total hip arthroplasty in the supine position: a prospective study based on early postoperative outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Minimally anterolateral approach (MAA) and direct anterior approach (DAA) have been reported as beneficial for total hip arthroplasty (THA) due to their ability to reduce postoperative pain and lead to quicker rehabilitation by preserving muscle insertions. As there is an ongoing debate on the effect of these two approaches on early postoperative outcomes, this prospective study aimed to assess the difference in early clinical, radiological, and patient-reported outcomes between the two minimally invasive approaches. METHODS: A total of 98 patients, 50 in the MAA group and 48 in the DAA group, were included in the study. Patients with complete data were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively at 2, 6, and 12 weeks. Clinical measurements, including the ability to climb stairs and walk, 6-min walk test (6MWT), the Forgotten Joint Scale (FJS-12), Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) Hip scores, radiological evaluation, and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes and implant alignments between MAA and DAA groups. In regards to patient-reported outcomes, the FJS-12 was significantly higher in the MAA group compared to group DAA at 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively. However, there was no significant difference in the FJS-12 between the two groups 12 weeks after surgery. The differences also included shorter operative times (62.4 ± 9.05 min vs. 71 ± 8.01 min), less blood loss (132.6 ± 43.31 ml vs. 159.23 ± 37.25 ml), lower Hb drop (29.56 ± 8.02 g/L vs. 36.4 ± 7.12 g/L), and fewer blood transfusions in the MAA group (4.0% vs. 18.8%). The incidence of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) neuropraxia after surgery was 7 (14.6%) in the DAA group and 0 in the MAA group. One fracture was found in each group and managed conservatively. CONCLUSION: MAA and DAA approach yielded excellent and similar early clinical outcomes. However, better patient-reported outcomes could be achieved by MAA THA. The MAA resulted in a safer approach associated with shorter operative times, less blood loss, lower Hb drop, fewer blood transfusions, and LFCN neuropraxia than DAA. A longer follow-up is needed to further examine differences between these procedures.

Outcome of unstable pertrochanteric fractures in high-risk geriatric treated with external fixators.

PURPOSE: To review the outcome of high-risk geriatrics with unstable pertrochanteric fractures treated with external fixator. METHODS: Eighteen consecutive patients with pertrochanteric fractures were operated with external fixator by using closed reduction technique. AO type, accompanying diseases, operating time, transfused blood units, duration of hospitalization, complications, healing time and mortality were recorded. Patients were followed clinically and radiologically for two years at least. The Harris Hip Score was used to document hip function at each regular follow-up. RESULTS: Fifteen patients with average age of 71.5 years were available for final evaluation. The mean operating time was 41.1 min and union was achieved in all cases with an average time of 16 weeks. The mean Harris Hip Score at one, three, six, twelve and twenty-four months post-operatively was 42.07 ± 8.55; 55.07 ± 11.62; 70.07 ± 10.32; 86.27 ± 9.06 and 89.27 ± 8.81 respectively. Complications included all the patients undergoing loss of some motion in the knee and four of them had to experience revision surgery because of knee stiffness, ten cases of pin-tract infections, seven cases of deep venous thrombosis, two cases of migration of the screws and two cases limb shortening. CONCLUSIONS: The use of external fixator in high-risk geriatric provided a satisfactory long-term efficacy, but the short-term functional results were quite unsatisfactory owing to high complication rate. Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages should be fully weighed when using external fixators, which was especially suitable for those patients who could not tolerate prolonged operative time and open surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: Therapeutic study, level 4.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms, variable number tandem repeats and allele influence on serotonergic enzyme modulators for aggressive and suicidal behaviors: A review.

The serotonergic system plays key regulatory roles in cognition and emotion. Several lines of evidence suggest that genetic variation is associated with aggressive and suicidal behaviors. Genetic studies have largely focused on three types of variations: single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs), and alleles. 95 published papers (49 papers for aggression and 46 for suicide) were reviewed to summarize the impact of SNPs, VNTRs, and alleles of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH, the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin [5-HT] synthesis), 5-HT transporter (5-HTT), serotonergic receptors, monoamine oxidase (an enzyme that catalyzes 5-HT degradation) on aggression and suicidal behaviors. These study samples include healthy controls, psychiatric disease patients, and animal models. This article mainly reviews studies on the relationship between 5-HT transmissions and genetic variations involved in aggression (particularly impulsive aggression) or suicide in people with different ethnicities and psychiatric disorders. We found that most SNPs, VNTRs, and alleles exerted influences on aggression or suicide. Only A128C in TPH1, A138G in 5-HT2A, and L type in the VNTR of monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) affected both aggression and suicide. The associations between some genetic variations and aggression/suicide may be influenced by gender, age, ethnicity, psychiatric disease, and even parenting or prenatal stress. These findings may help clarify how genetic and environmental factors influence the development of aggressive and suicidal behaviors.

Blockade of Interleukin 6 by Rat Anti-mouse Interleukin 6 Receptor Antibody Promotes Fracture Healing.

Level of interleukin 6 (IL-6) is associated with fracture healing. This study was performed to explore the effect of IL-6 blockade on fracture healing. Clinical serum levels of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For animal experiments, the IL-6 levels after fracture and treatment with rat anti-mouse IL-6 receptor antibody (MR16-1) were assessed. Then, mice were assigned into four or seven groups: control group, fracture group, isotype IgG group, and MR16-1 groups. Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, relative flexural rigidity, and mRNA levels of osteoblast-specific genes were respectively assayed by ELISA, three-point bending test, and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α after fracture in humans and mice were increased. The increase in IL-6 and TNF-α levels in murine serum was attenuated by MR16-1 treatment. The three-point bending test showed the relative flexural rigidity of the femur was decreased after fracture, whereas the decrease was alleviated by MR16-1 treatment. The qRT-PCR results demonstrated mRNA levels of osteoblast-specific genes were upregulated after fracture and then further upregulated by MR16-1 treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, the serum level of IL-6 was elevated after fracture both in clinical and murine samples. IL-6 blockade by MR16-1 promoted fracture healing, which might be associated with changes in expression of osteoblast-specific genes.

[Repair of soft tissue defect in extremities with anterolateral thigh perforator flap].

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the clinical effect of anterolateral thigh pedicle or free perforator flap in repairing soft tissue defect in the extremities. METHODS: From March 2000 to January 2009, 32 cases of soft tissue defect were treated with pedicle or free anterolateral thigh perforator flap. There were 30 males and 2 females with an median age of 28 years (4-53 years). Soft tissue defects included left radial side in 3 cases, the left lateral elbow in 1 case, knee in 5 cases, calf in 14 cases, dorsalis pedis in 5 cases, and plantae pedis in 4 cases. The defect area ranged from 9 cm x 6 cm to 15 cm x 13 cm. Nine cases complicated by bone defect and 1 case by radial nerve defect. The time from injury to hospitalization was 1 hour to 4 months (mean 5 days). Defects in 27 cases were repaired by anterolateral thigh perforator flap, simultaneously combined with transplantation with the second toe in 1 case, with sural nerve using arterialized small saphenous vein in 1 case, and with fibular or ilium in 4 cases. Defects in other 5 cases were repaired with flaps pedicled with superior lateral genicular artery. Neuroanastomosis was performed in 14 cases of the flaps. The size of the flaps ranged from 10 cm x 8 cm to 16 cm x 15 cm. Skin defects at donor site were repaired with split thickness skin graft or sutured directly. RESULTS: All patients were followed up from 8 months to 9 years with an average of 18 months. The flaps survived well and the wounds healed by first intention in 29 cases, 3 flaps necrosed and cured after symptomatic management. Skin graft at donor site survived completely in 9 cases. The color and texture and thickness of the flaps were similar to those of recipient site. After 6 months, the sensation of the flaps recovered to grade S3-4 in 14 patients whose cutaneous nerve were anastomosed, partial recovery was observed in other patients. In 4 patients receiving transplantation of fibular or ilium, the bony healing was achieved within 4 to 6 months. No obvious dysfunction was found at the donor site. CONCLUSION: The pedicle anterolateral thigh perforator flap is long and thick with constant location. Anastomosis or transferring is easy to perform. It can provide big area and feeling recovery by nerve anastomosis. It is an effective method to repair soft tissue defect of the extremities.

Minimally invasive technique versus conventional technique of dynamic hip screws for intertrochanteric femoral fractures.

INTRODUCTION: Intertrochanteric fractures of femur are common in elderly patients. The compression hip screw has become the predominant method for osteosynthesis of intertrochanteric fractures. However, the conventional dynamic hip screws (CDHS) technique has some disadvantages. Recently, we have used a minimally invasive dynamic hip screws (MIDHS) technique to reduce these disadvantages. This prospective study is to compare curative effect of MIDHS with that of CDHS with open reduction on Evans type 1 intertrochanteric fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All 97 fractures were classified according to the Evans systems. The MIDHS group included 47 patients with an average age of 68.7 years, and the CDHS group included 50 patients with an average age of 68.7 years. The Singh index was used as a measure of osteoporosis. RESULTS: Both groups were similar in injury mechanism, fracture types, mean Singh index and medical diseases (all P > 0.50). All fractures were healed within 4 months in both groups except three cases who were implant failure and nonunion in the CDHS group. The MIDHS group had significantly smaller wound size, shorter surgery time, less blood loss, lower blood transfusion rate, earlier active mobilization of fractured hip joint, shorter hospital stay, lower serious complication rate and higher Harris hip score than the CDHS group (all P < 0.05). The satisfactory reduction, adequate screw position, healing time and union rate was not significantly difference between two groups (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: When the fractures are treated adequately, either the MIDHS or the CDHS with open reduction is an effective and safe method, but the MIDHS is superior to the CDHS with open reduction for the treatment of Evans type 1 intertrochanteric fractures of femur.

[Treatment of aged intertrochanteric fractures with minimally invasive dynamic hip screws].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of minimally invasive dynamic hip screws (MIDHS) in treating aged intertrochanteric fractures. METHODS: From April 2006 to March 2008, 49 aged patients with intertrochanteric fractures were treated with MIDHS. There were 22 males and 27 females, aged 65-78 years (average 70.2 years). Fracture was caused by traffic accident in 7 cases, by falling from height in 3 cases, and by injury from fall in 39 cases. The time from injury to operation was 2-12 days (average 5.5 days). According to Evans classification, there were 28 cases of types I, II (stable fracture) and 21 cases of types III, IV (unstable fracture). If the Singh index 3 was defined as osteoporosis, the osteoporotic rate was 71.4% (35/49). All patients were on a radiolucent fracture traction table and their fractures had satisfactory closed reduction. After the guide wire was inserted and reamed under fluoroscopy, the lag screw and side plate were introduced through the small incision. In all unstable fractures, an additional, antirotational and large cancellous bone screw was used cranial to the DHS. RESULTS: The average operation time was 65.2 minutes. The average blood loss was 189.3 mL. All patients had satisfactory reduction and 79.6% (39/49) had adequate lag screw positions. The average postoperative hospitalization days was 5.8 days (3-12 days). All incision healed at stage I. There was no postoperative complications. Forty-nine patients were followed up 12 to 30 months (average 19.8 months). Fractures healed within 16 weeks in 47 patients and the average healing time was 13.1 weeks (12-16 weeks). The average Harris scoring was 90.8 (75-95). Implant failure and nonunion occurred in 2 cases, no serious complication occurred in other patients. CONCLUSION: The MIDHS is a simple, safe and effective method for treatment of aged intertrochanteric fractures.