Applications of Graphene Family Nanomaterials in Regenerative Medicine: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.

Graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs) have attracted considerable attention in diverse fields from engineering and electronics to biomedical applications because of their distinctive physicochemical properties such as large specific surface area, high mechanical strength, and favorable hydrophilic nature. Moreover, GFNs have demonstrated the ability to create an anti-inflammatory environment and exhibit antibacterial effects. Consequently, these materials hold immense potential in facilitating cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, further promoting the repair and regeneration of various tissues, including bone, nerve, oral, myocardial, and vascular tissues. Note that challenges still persist in current applications, including concerns regarding biosecurity risks, inadequate adhesion performance, and unsuitable degradability as matrix materials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current advancements in the utilization of GFNs in regenerative medicine, as well as their molecular mechanism and signaling targets in facilitating tissue repair and regeneration. Future research prospects for GFNs, such as potential in promoting ocular tissue regeneration, are also discussed in details. We hope to offer a valuable reference for the clinical application of GFNs in the treatment of bone defects, nerve damage, periodontitis, and atherosclerosis.

Norepinephrine-induced AuPd aerogels with peroxidase- and glucose oxidase-like activity for colorimetric determination of glucose.

A simple and efficient method was used to synthesize norepinephrine-induced AuPd aerogels (AuPd-NE) with dual enzyme properties, i.e. glucose oxidase-like property, and peroxidase-like property. Thus, AuPd-NE aerogels can be considered as a tandem nanozyme with tandem enzyme-like activity. In the presence of AuPd-NE aerogels, glucose can be decomposed into gluconic acid and H2O2. Then, H2O2 will continue to decompose into ·OH and H2O. The generated ·OH will oxidize colorless 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to blue products of ox-TMB. Accordingly, an enzyme-free method based on AuPd-NE aerogels was proposed for sensitive colorimetric detection of glucose. The linear range of the developed method was 30 to 250 µM, and the limit of detection was 10 µM. The method presents reliable applicability for blood glucose detection in human serum samples. This study will deepen the understanding of tandem nanozymes and then rationally design tandem nanozymes for many fascinating biomedical applications. A simple, sensitive and reliable one-pot enzyme-free colourimetric assay for glucose was developed.

A new ratiometric electrochemical immunoassay for reliable detection of nuclear matrix protein 22.

Ratiometric signal transducing strategies can improve the precision of immunoassay, which possess the unique merits of spatial-resolved signal readout and self-correcting towards possible false positive results. In this work, a new ratiometric electrochemical immunosensor has been developed for reliable detection of Nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22). Bioinspired synthetic melanin nanospheres (SMNPs) were elaborately chosen for the following considerations: 1) SMNPs can supply good biocompatible biorecognition interface for antibody anchoring; 2) SMNPs can chelate a large amount of lead ions (Pb2+) and copper ions (Cu2+) to fabricate two spatial-resolved electrochemical signals with different response manners towards NMP22. SMNPs chelated with Pb2+ were used for the immobilization of captured primary anti-NMP22. And SMNPs chelated Cu2+ were employed to prepare signal labels after anchored with anti-NMP22 antibody. After sandwich-type immunoreaction, with the increasing concentration of NMP22, the stripping peak current of Pb2+ decreases while the stripping peak current of Cu2+ increases. Thus, ratiometric electrochemical signals could be provided for NMP22 detection. The immunosensor presented a linear concentration range from 0.013 U mL-1 to 6.7 U mL-1 with a limit of detection of 0.005 U mL-1 towards NMP22. Meanwhile, satisfactory reproducibility, stability and selectivity of the immunosensor were demonstrated.

2-[(1,3-Benzothia-zol-2-yl)imino-meth-yl]phenol.

The title compound, C(14)H(10)N(2)OS, is nearly planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.0698 (13) Šfrom the mean plane, and exists in an E configuration with respect to the C=N bond. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 2.81 (9)°. There is an intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond and inter-molecular C-H⋯O and C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds.