[Rapid Start-up of Continuous Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal Reactor by Hybrid-inoculating PN and PN/A Granular Sludges].

The rapid cultivation of partial nitritation/ANAMMOX （PN/A） granular sludge in a continuous-flow mode is one of the key technologies for efficient biological nitrogen removal in domestic wastewater treatment. Compared with that in PN/A granular sludge, PN granular sludge demonstrates a shorter incubation period and suitability for batch culture. It is also a good carrier for enriching ANAMMOX （AMX） bacteria. In this study, we established a continuous-flow autotrophic nitrogen removal process in three continuously stirred tank reactors （CSTR） （R1-R3） by hybrid-inoculating PN/A and PN granular sludge at the mass ratios of 3∶1, 1∶1, and 1∶3, respectively. By implementing high ammonium nitrogen loading and short hydraulic retention time, continuous autotrophic nitrogen removal processes were successfully started up in the three CSTRs. The results showed that compared with that of R1 and R2, R3 had a longer start-up time but a similar steady-state nitrogen removal performance. The total nitrogen removal load of R3 could be more than 2.6 kg·ï¼ˆm3·d）-1. Intriguingly, the inoculated PN granular sludge served as a precursor for PN/A granular sludge cultivation. This approach facilitated the enrichment of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AMX） by introducing abundant ammonium-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） and nitrite nitrogen substrates into the CSTR. According to the results of high-throughput sequencing, the microbial abundance and diversity of the mature granules in R1-R3 were significantly higher than those of the inoculation sludge. AOB （genus Nitrosomonas）, AMX （genera Candidatus Kuenenia and Candidatus Brocadia）, and symbiotic heterotrophs, such as Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, and Chlorobi, drove the autotrophic nitrogen removal process and maintained the stability of the granular structure. In summary, a novel start-up strategy of hybrid-inoculating granular sludge was provided for a continuous-flow autotrophic nitrogen removal in engineering application.

Successful operation of nitrifying granules at low pH in a continuous-flow reactor: Nitrification performance, granule stability, and microbial community.

Acidic nitrification, as a novel process for treating wastewater without sufficient alkalinity, has received increasing attention over the years. In this study, a continuous-flow reactor with aerobic granular sludge was successful operated at low pH (<6.5) performing high-rate acidic nitrification. Volumetric ammonium oxidation rate of 0.4-1.2 kg/(m3·d) were achieved with the specific biomass activities of 5.8-13.9 mg N/(gVSS·h). Stable partial nitritation with nitrite accumulation efficiency over 85% could be maintained at pH above 6 with the aid of residual ammonium, whereas the nitrite accumulation disappeared when pH was below 6. Interestingly, the granule morphology significantly improved during the acidic operation. The increased secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (especially polysaccharides) suggested a self-protective behavior of microbes in the aerobic granules against acidic stress. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses indicated that Candidatus Nitrospira defluvii was always the dominant nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, while the dominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria shifted from Nitrosomonas europaea to Nitrosomonas mobilis. This study, for the first time, demonstrated the improved stability of aerobic granules under acidic conditions, and also highlighted aerobic granules as a useful solution to achieve high-rate acidic nitrification.

Metagenomic insights into microbial metabolic mechanisms of a combined solid-phase denitrification and anammox process for nitrogen removal in mainstream wastewater treatment.

To overcome the significant challenges associated with nitrite supply and nitrate residues in mainstream anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox)-based processes, this study developed a combined solid-phase denitrification (SPD) and anammox process for low-strength nitrogen removal without the addition of nitrite. The SPD step was performed in a packed-bed reactor containing poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hyroxyvelate (PHBV) prior to employing the anammox granular sludge reactor in the continuous-flow mode. The removal efficiency of total inorganic nitrogen reached 95.7 ± 1.2% under a nitrogen loading rate of 0.18 ± 0.01 kg N·m3·d-1, and it required 1.02 mol of nitrate to remove 1 mol of ammonium nitrogen. The PHBV particles not only served as biofilm carriers for the symbiosis of hydrolytic bacteria (HB) and denitrifying bacteria (DB), but also carbon sources that facilitated the coupling of partial denitrification and anammox in the granules. Metagenomic sequencing analysis indicated that Burkholderiales was the most abundant HB genus in SPD. The metabolic correlations between DB (Betaproteobacteria, Rhodocyclaceae, and Anaerolineae) and anammox bacteria (Candidatus Brocadiac and Kuenenia) in the granules were confirmed through microbial co-occurrence networks analysis and functional gene annotations. Additionally, the genes encoding nitrate reductase (Nap) and nitrite reductase (Nir) in DB primarily facilitated nitrate reduction, thereby supplying nitric oxide to anammox bacteria for subsequent nitrogen removal with hydrazine synthase (Hzs) and hydrazine dehydrogenase (Hdh). The findings provide insights into microbial metabolism within combined SPD and anammox processes, thus advancing the development of mainstream anammox-based processes in engineering applications.

Multi-omics analysis reveals the collaboration and metabolisms of the anammox consortia driven by soluble/non-soluble Fe(III) as the sole iron element.

Iron is recognized as a physiological requirement for anammox bacteria (AnAOB), with Fe(II) considered to be the most effective form. However, Fe(III), instead of Fe(II) is the common iron form in natural and artificial ecosystems. In this study, the nitrogen removal performance and metabolic mechanisms in anammox consortia with soluble and non-soluble Fe(III) as the sole iron element were investigated. After the 150-day operation, the soluble (FeCl3) and insoluble (Fe2O3) Fe(III)-fed anammox systems reached nitrogen removal rates of 71.84 ± 0.80% and 50.20 ± 0.98%, respectively. AnAOB could survive with soluble (FeCl3) or insoluble (Fe2O3) Fe(III) as the sole iron element, reaching relative abundances of 18.49% and 13.16%, respectively. The results show that the formation of anammox core consortia can enable AnAOB's survival to adverse external conditions of Fe(II) deficiency. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analysis reveal that Ca. Kuenenia can only uptake Fe(II) into the cell for metabolisms either independently through the extracellular electron transfer or with the cross-feeding of symbiotic microbes. This study provides insight into the utilization and metabolic mechanisms of Fe(III) in Ca. Kuenenia-dominated consortia, and deepens the understanding of anammox core consortia in the nitrogen, carbon, and iron cycling, further promoting the practical applications of anammox processes.

Waste iron scraps promote anammox bacteria to resist inorganic carbon limitation.

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process is adversely affected by the limitation of inorganic carbon (IC). In this research, a new technique was introduced to assist anammox biomass in counteracting the adverse effects of IC limitation by incorporating waste iron scraps (WIS), a cheap and easily accessible byproduct of lathe cutting. Results demonstrated that reducing the influent IC/TN ratio from 0.08-0.09 to 0.04 resulted in a 20 % decrease in the nitrogen removal rate (NRR) for the control reactor, with an average specific anammox activity (SAA) of 0.65 g N/g VSS/day. Nevertheless, the performance of the WIS-assisted anammox reactor remained robust despite the reduction in IC supply. In fact, the NRR and SAA of the WIS-assisted reactor exhibited substantial improvements, reaching approximately 1.86 kg/(m3·day) and 0.98 g N/g VSS/day, respectively. These values surpassed those achieved by the control reactor by approximately 39 % and 51 %, respectively. The microbial analysis confirmed that the WIS addition significantly stimulated the proliferation of anammox bacteria (dominated by Candidatus Kuenenia) under IC limitation. The anammox gene abundances in the WIS-assisted anammox reactor were 3-4 times higher than those in the control reactor. Functional genes prediction based on the KEGG database revealed that the addition of WIS significantly enhanced the relative abundances of genes associated with nitrogen metabolism, IC fixation, and central carbon metabolism. Together, the results suggested that WIS promoted carbon dioxide fixation of anammox species to resist IC limitation. This study provided a promising approach for effectively treating high ammonium-strength wastewater using anammox under IC limitation.

Microbial interactions play a keystone role in rapid anaerobic ammonium oxidation sludge proliferation and biofilm formation.

Two mature anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) consortia with high/low relative abundance of anammox bacteria were inoculated for the rapid sludge proliferation and biofilm formation in this study, named up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB1) (high) and UASB2 (low), respectively. Results showed that the nitrogen removal efficiency of UASB2 reached 90.94% after the 120-day operation, which was 13% higher than that of UASB1. Moreover, its biomass amounts were 22.18% (biofilm) and 40.96% (flocs) higher than that of UASB1, respectively. Ca. Kuenenia possessed relative abundances of 29.32% (flocs), 27.42% (biofilm) and 31.56% (flocs), 35.20% (biofilm) in the UASB1 and UASB2, respectively. The relative abundances of genes involved in anammox transformation (hzs, nir) and carbon metabolism (fdh, lgA/B/C, acs) were higher in the UASB2, indicating that Ca. Kuenenia might produce acetate and glycogen to enhance microbial interactions. These findings emphasized the importance of microbial interactions in anammox sludge proliferation and biofilm formation.

Succession of microbial communities reveals the inevitability of anammox core in the development of anammox processes.

The lack of anammox seeds is regarded as the bottleneck of anammox-based processes. Although the interactions in anammox consortia have attracted increasing attention, little is known about the influence of inoculated sludge populations on the growth of anammox bacteria. In this study, four sludge of distinct communities mixed with anammox sludge (the relative abundance of Ca. Kuenenia was 1.96 %) were used as the seeds, respectively for the start-up of anammox processes. Notably, all these mixed microbial communities tend to form a similar microbial community, defined as the anammox core, containing anammox-bacteria (22.9 ± 5.9 %), ammonia-oxidizing-bacteria (0.8 ± 0.7 %), nitrite-oxidizing-bacteria (0.2 ± 0.2 %), Chloroflexi-bacteria (0.7 ± 0.4 %), and heterotrophic-denitrification-bacteria (0.3 ± 0.2 %). It also elucidated that the communities of Nitrosomonas-dominated sludge were the closest to the anammox core, and achieved the highest nitrogen-removal rate of 0.73 kg-N m-3 d-1. This study sheds light on the solution to the shortage of anammox seeds in the full-scale wastewater treatment application.

Achieving robust nitritation in a modified continuous-flow reactor: From micro-granule cultivation to nitrite-oxidizing bacteria elimination.

In this study, a modified continuous-flow nitrifying reactor was successfully operated for rapid cultivation of micro-granules and achieving robust nitritation. Results showed that sludge granulation with mean size of ca. 100 µm was achieved within three weeks by gradually increasing settling velocity-based selection pressure from 0.48 to 0.9 m/hr. Though Nitrospira like nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were enriched in the micro-granules with a ratio between ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and NOB of 5.7%/6.5% on day 21, fast nitritation was achieved within one-week by gradually increasing of influent ammonium concentration (from 50 to 200 mg/L). Maintaining ammonium in-excess was the key for repressing NOB in the micro-granules. Interestingly, when the influent ammonium concentration switched back to 50 mg/L still with the residual ammonium of 15-25 mg/L, the nitrite accumulation efficiency increased from 90% to 98%. Experimental results suggested that the NOB repression was intensified by both oxygen and nitrite unavailability in the inner layers of micro-granules. Unexpectedly, continuous operation with ammonium in excess resulted in overproduction of extracellular polysaccharides and overgrowth of some bacteria (e.g., Nitrosomonas, Arenimonas, and Flavobacterium), which deteriorated the micro-granule stability and drove the micro-granules aggregation into larger ones with irregular morphology. However, efficient nitritation was stably maintained with extremely high ammonium oxidation potential (> 50 mg/g VSS/hr) and nearly complete washout of NOB was obtained. This suggested that smooth and spherical granule was not a prerequisite for achieving NOB wash-out and maintaining effective nitritation in the granular reactor. Overall, the micro-granules exhibited a great practical potential for high-rate nitritation.

The organics-mediated microbial dynamics and mixotrophic metabolisms in anammox consortia under micro-aerobic conditions.

The engineering applications of mainstream anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) have raised increasing attention due to its energy-efficient, however, the organics-mediated microbial dynamics and mixotrophic metabolisms in anammox consortia under micro-aerobic conditions are still elusive. Here, the response of the anammox process to sodium acetate and glucose at a C/N ratio ranging from 0 to 0.5 was investigated under micro-aerobic conditions, respectively. Results showed that the additional glucose could promote the nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) and nitrogen removal rate (NRR) of anammox processes at a low C/N ratio (0.3), representing 84.00% and 0.53 N kg·m-3·d-1. The introduced organics could regulate the diversity of the microbial community and simplify the microbial relationship in anammox consortia. Anammox could not benefit from the introduced sodium acetate, while glucose could effectively enhance the anammox activity and microbial interactions in anammox consortia. Glucose might also stimulate the mixotrophic mechanism of Ca. Kuenenia, further promotes the proliferation of anammox sludge under micro-aerobic conditions. This study reveals that glucose could positively mediate microbial interactions and mixotrophic metabolism in anammox consortia under micro-aerobic conditions, which raises a new horizon for the proliferation of anammox sludge for mainstream engineering applications.

Microbial dynamics reveal the adaptation strategies of ecological niche in distinct anammox consortia under mainstream conditions.

The feasibility of anammox-based processes for nitrogen-contained wastewater treatment has been verified with different anammox bacteria, however, the ecological niche of anammox bacteria under mainstream conditions is still elusive. In this study, six sludge samples collected from different habitats were utilized to culture anammox bacteria under mainstream conditions, and two distinct anammox genera (Ca. Kuenenia and Ca. Brocadia) with a relative abundance of 6.31% (C1) and 3.09% (C3), respectively, were identified. Notably, the microbial dynamics revealed that anammox bacteria (AMX), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), Chloroflexi bacteria (CFX), and heterotrophic denitrification bacteria (HDB) were the core members in anammox consortia. However, Ca. Kuenenia and Ca. Brocadia occupied different ecological niches in anammox consortia. The dissolved oxygen and microbial structures of the anammox-continuous stirred tank reactor systems were the main factors to affect their niche differentiation. Meanwhile, comammox might exist in the systems and occupy the ecological niche of AOB in nitrogen cycling. The network analysis suggested that Ignavibacterium could be the associated bacteria in Ca. Kuenenia-dominated consortia, while Ca. Nitrotoga was that in the Ca. Brocadia-dominated consortia. Our findings reveal a valuable reference for the observation of distinct anammox genera under mainstream conditions, which provides theoretical guidance for the engineering application of mainstream anammox-based processes.

A new concept of waste iron recycling for the enhancement of the anammox process.

As a by-product of industry, waste iron scraps (WIS) are low-cost and widely available, which was potential for the development of iron-assisted anammox. In this study, the feasibility of adding WIS to enhance the nitrogen removal of the anammox process (also called WIS-assisted anammox) was demonstrated. Results indicated that the WIS-assisted anammox reactors performed a 15-35% higher nitrogen removal efficiency than that of the control. Compared to the sludge from the control, the sludge from the WIS-assisted anammox reactors had a higher iron content (78-113 g kg-1 SS) and a better specific anammox activity (10.8-15.5 mg N g-1 VSS h-1). The enhanced growth of the anammox bacteria (related to Ca. Kuenenia stuttgartiensis with 99% similarity) in the WIS-assisted anammox reactors was also confirmed by high-throughput sequencing and qPCR. Furthermore, the functional genes predicted by PICRUSt2 revealed a higher level of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (hao)-like proteins expression of the biomass from the WIS-assisted anammox reactors, implying that the hydroxylamine-related anammox pathway was promoted. Additionally, the observation of cytoplasmic nitrate reductase (narG), copper-containing nitrite reductase (nirK), and nitric oxide reductase (norB) suggested that the introduction of WIS might promote the denitrification ability. This was correlated to the lower ΔNO3-/ΔNH4+ ratio observed in these WIS-assisted anammox reactors. Overall, the WIS-assisted anammox offers a sustainable nitrogen removal process for wastewater treatment with waste iron recycling.

Nitrogen contribution and microbial community of size-fractionated anammox sludge in continuous stirred-tank reactors.

In this study, the microbial diversity of size-fractionated anammox sludge in a well-mixed system and their contribution to nitrogen transformation were investigated. Results showed that small granules (0.2-1.0 mm) contributed to the major part of the nitrogen removal rate (56 %) due to its largest mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (1240 ± 80 mg·L-1). However, large granules (>1.0 mm) possessed the highest relative abundances of Ca. Kuenenia stuttgartiensis and specific anammox activity, representing 49.34 % and 24.45 ± 0.01 mg-N·g-1-mixed liquor volatile suspended solids·h-1, respectively. The microbial diversity decreased as the increase of granular size, resulting in microbial community shifting to a simpler model. Metagenomic analysis showed that fine sludge might be the potential major for NO/N2O production in the mature well-mixed system under inorganic conditions. This study provides guidance for the evaluation of nitrogen contribution by anammox size-fractionated sludge and the inhibition of the potential NO/N2O emission in anammox processes.

Rapid initiation of a single-stage partial nitritation-anammox process treating low-strength ammonia wastewater: Novel insights into biofilm development on porous polyurethane hydrogel carrier.

Media-supported biofilm is a powerful strategy for growth and enrichment of slow-growing microorganisms. In this study, a single-stage nitritation-anammox process treating low-strength wastewater was successfully started to investigate the biofilm development on porous polyurethane hydrogel carrier. Suspended biomass migration into the carrier and being entrapment by its internal interconnected micropores dominated the fast initial colonization stage. Both surface-attached growth and embedded growth of microbes occurred during the following accumulation stage. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of mature biofilm indicated that ammonium-oxidizing bacteria located at the outer layers featured a surface-attached growth, while anammox microcolonies housed in the inner layers proliferated as an embedded-like growth. In this way, the growth rate of anammox bacteria (predominated by Candidatus Kuenenia) could be 0.079 d-1. The anammox potential of the biofilm reactor reached 1.65 ± 0.3 kg/m3/d within two months. This study provides novel insights into nitritation-anammox biofilm formation on the porous polyurethane hydrogel carrier.

Effective utilization of refractory dissolved organic matters in domestic sewage allows to enhanced nitrogen removal by integrated fermentation, nitrification, denitratation and anammox process.

To take full advantage of refractory dissolved organic matters (rDOMs) and generate sufficient nitrate for domestic sewage treatment, this study presented a novel integrated fermentation, nitrification, denitratation and anammox (IFNDA) process in a combined ABR-CSTR reactor. The results showed that an advanced total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency of 94.1% was obtained after over 190 days operation, resulting in effluent TN concentration as low as 3.6 mg/L. The system nitrogen removal was dominated by anammox with a high proportion of 88.6%. The high conversion rate of acetic acid (54.0%) and volatile fatty acids (64.5%) from rDOMs in domestic sewage by in-situ fermentation drove efficient denitratation. Microflora analysis indicated that the enriched Commamonas (3.5%) and Longilinea (3.3%) dominated hydrolysis and acidogenesis of organics, and Methanosaeta (9.0%) obligated acetoclastic methanogenesis in two-stage fermentation process. Thauera (8.4%) and Candidatus Brocadia (2.5%) were the core bacteria for nitrogen metabolism in the IFNDA system.

Characterization of Sodium Alginate-Locust Bean Gum Films Reinforced with Daphnetin Emulsions for the Development of Active Packaging.

In this study, we characterized an active film made of sodium alginate (SA)-locust bean gum (LBG) containing daphnetin-based film. Physicochemical characteristics, as well as antioxidant and antibacterial properties, were investigated. The results showed that the addition of a low concentration of daphnetin increased the flexibility of SA-LBG cling film, leading to an improvement in elongation at break and tensile strength. As the daphnetin content increased, solubility, brightness and transparency of the cling film decreased, and the moisture permeability increased. The antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of films with daphnetin were improved compared to those of the basal film. In addition, the cling film formed by adsorption had higher bacterial (Shewanella putrefaciens and Pseudomonas fluorescens) inhibition and antioxidant activity rates than direct film formation. The results indicate that the combination of daphnetin in SA-LBG film provides an active film with antioxidant and antibacterial properties, with potential for the development of food-grade packaging material.

Response of nitritation granules to anaerobically pre-treated municipal wastewater at low temperatures in a continuous-flow reactor.

Achieving mainstream nitritation with aerobic granules is attractive based on increasing evidence but generally treating artificial low-ammonium wastewater. Real municipal wastewater is much more complex in composition, the behavior of the nitritation granules would be different when treating real municipal wastewater. Herein, the response of nitritation granules to influent shift from artificial low-ammonium (35-40 mg/L) wastewater to anaerobically pre-treated municipal wastewater (MWWpre-treated) was investigated at low temperatures. Results showed that MWWpre-treated caused the outgrowth of filamentous bacteria on the granule surface and developed into finger-like structures, which in turn resulted in the decrease of the overall granular sludge settleability. Batch-tests and microbial analysis indicated the functional and microbial differentiation between the newly formed fluffy exterior and the original compact granule. The fluffy exterior was dominated by genus Flavobacterium (66.6%) and primarily functioned as COD removal, whereas the nitrifiers (mainly Nitrosomonas) were still located in the compact core and performed nitritation. Moreover, the heterotrophs-dominated fluffy exterior hindered the oxygen transfer towards nitrifiers located in the compact granule and thereby facilitated the stable NOB repression in the granule particularly at low temperatures (<10 °C). Finally, gradual recovery of the granular sludge morphology and settleability occurred after the influent reverted to synthetic low-ammonium wastewater. Overall, this work demonstrated that the feeding of MWWpre-treated only caused morphological changes of the nitritation granules, but its structural and functional stability could be maintained stably.

Hydroxylamine metabolism in mainstream denitrifying ammonium oxidation (DEAMOX) process: Achieving fast start-up and robust operation with bio-augmentation assistance under ambient temperature.

Nitrogen removal from mainstream wastewater via DEnitrifying AMmonium OXidation (DEAMOX) is often challenged by undulated actual temperature and high loading rate. Here, we discovered NH2OH addition (HA) and bio-augmentation (BA) tactics on start-up and operation performance of DEAMOXs (R1 and R2) under ambient temperature (11.3-31.7 °C). Over 340-day operation suggested that R2 received 10 mg/L HA and 1:25 BA ratio (v/v, anammox/partial denitrification sludge) achieved desirable nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) of 97.22% after 145-day, while R1 under higher BA ratio of 1:12.5 without HA obtained lower NRE (90.86%) after 184-day. Batch tests revealed that nitrate-nitrite transformation ratio reached 98.64% at low COD/NO3--N of 2.6 with HA. Significantly, compared with R2, R1 recovered quickly with satisfactory effluent total nitrogen of 4.21 mg/L despite nitrogen loading rate greater than 0.15 kg N/m3/d and temperature decreased to 14.6 °C. The abundant narG represented high nitrate reduction potential, hzsA and hdh were extensively detected as the symbolisation of anammox metabolism. Thauera, Denitratisoma and unclassified f Comamonadaceae dominated nitrite accumulation. Ca. Brocadia as the dominant anammox bacteria, and its population maintained stable against low temperature and load shocks by NH2OH intensification. Overall, this study offers an opportunity for the wide-applications of DEAMOX treating mainstream wastewater.

Achieving high-rate partial nitritation with aerobic granular sludge at low temperatures.

Partial nitritation is necessary for the implementation of the mainstream anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) process in wastewater treatment plants. However, the difficulty in outcompeting nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) at mainstream conditions hinders the performance of partial nitritation. The present work aimed to develop a high-rate partial nitritation process for low-ammonium wastewater treatment at low temperatures by seeding aerobic granules. Experimental results suggested that both stratified structure of nitrifiers developed in the granules and sufficient residual ammonium concentration (18-35 mg N L-1) in the bulk liquid contributed to efficient NOB repression. With the hydraulic retention time progressively shortened from 1.0 to 0.17 h, the influent nitrogen loading rate of the partial nitritation process reached 6.8 ± 0.4 kg N m-3 d-1 even at 10-15 °C. The high concentration (7.5 gVSS L-1) and activity (0.48 g N g-1 VSS d-1 at 11 °C) of granular sludge made the reactor possess an overcapacity evaluated by the ratio between the actual ammonium oxidation rate of the granules and their maximum potential. The overcapacity helped the reactor to face the adverse effect of decreasing temperatures. Overall, this work indicated the great potential of applying aerobic granules to achieve high-rate partial nitritation at mainstream conditions. Moreover, anammox bacteria with a relative abundance of 2.8% was also identified in the partial nitritation granules at the end of this study, suggesting that the granules provided a habitable niche for anammox bacteria growth. Note that these results cannot fully relate to the treatment of real domestic/municipal wastewater, they are a source of important information increasing the knowledge about low temperature partial nitrification.

Effect of Locust Bean Gum-Sodium Alginate Coatings Combined with High CO2 Modified Atmosphere Packaging on the Quality of Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) during Refrigerated Storage.

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of active coatings composed of locust bean gum (LBG) and sodium alginate (SA) containing daphnetin emulsions (DEs) combined with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the microbiological and physicochemical properties of turbot during 4 °C refrigerated storage for 32 days. The results revealed that LBG-SA-DE coatings together with high CO2 MAP (60% CO2/35% N2/5% O2) maintained the total viable count (TVC) of H2S-producing bacteria in 4-6 lg CFU/g, which is lower than the limit (7 lg CFU/g). In addition, LBG-SA-DE coatings together with high CO2 MAP (60% CO2/35% N2/5% O2) inhibited the production of odor compounds, including thiobarbituric acid (TBA), trimethylamine-nitrogen (TMA-N), K value, and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N). The low-field NMR analysis (LF-NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated that LBG-SA-DE coatings together with high CO2 MAP (60% CO2/35% N2/5% O2) treatments could delay the release of water located in muscle fiber macromolecules or convert it into free water based on muscle fiber destruction, thus maintaining the water content and migration. The results of the sensory evaluation showed that turbot treated with LBG-SA-DE coatings together with MAP could maintain its freshness during refrigerated storage.

Shelf-Life Extension of Refrigerated Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) by Using Weakly Acidic Electrolyzed Water and Active Coatings Containing Daphnetin Emulsions.

This research was to investigate the effect of weakly acidic electrolytic water (WAEW) treatments combining with the locust bean gum (LBG) and sodium alginate (SA) active coatings, containing daphnetin emulsions on microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory changes of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) during refrigerated storage at 4°C for 24 days. Results showed that WAEW, together with LBG-SA coatings containing daphnetin emulsions treatments, could significantly lower the total viable count (TVC), H2S-producing bacteria, pseudomonas spp., and psychrotrophic bacteria counts, and inhibit the productions of off-flavor compounds, including the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), inosine (HxR), and hypoxanthine (Hx). Furthermore, the treatments also prevented textural deterioration, delayed water migration, and had higher organoleptic evaluation results. Therefore, WAEW, together with LBG-SA coatings, containing daphnetin emulsions treatments, had the potential to improve the quality of turbot during refrigerated storage.