Two-stage process production of microbial lipid by co-fermentation of glucose and N-acetylglucosamine from food wastes with Cryptococcus curvatus.

Microbial lipids were produced through a two-stage process with Cryptococcus curvatus by co-fermenting rice and shrimp shells hydrolysates. In the first stage, biomass production of glucose and N-acetylglucosamine was optimized by response surface methodology with the maximum biomass yield (17.60 g/L) under optimum conditions (43.2 g/L mixed sugar concentration, pH 5.8, 200 rpm, and 28 °C). In the second stage, according to a single-factor optimization setting (43.2 g/L sugar mixture solutions, pH 5.5, and shift time of 36 h), lipid titer of 10.08 g/L with content of 55.30 % was achieved. Scaling up to a 5-L bioreactor increased lipid content to 60.07 % with 0.233 g/g yield. When Cryptococcus curvatus was cultured in the blends of rice hydrolysates and shrimp shells hydrolysate, lipid content and yield were 52.25 % and 0.204 g/g. The fatty acid compositions of lipid were similar to those of typical vegetable oils.

Efficient saccharification of wheat straw pretreated by solid particle-assisted ball milling with waste washing liquor recycling.

Wheat straw was pretreated using ball milling (BM) promoted by solid particles (NaOH, NaCl, citric acid). NaOH showed the best synergistic interaction effect, due to the breakage of ß-1,4-glycosidic bonds among cellulose molecules by the alkali solid particles induced by BM. NaOH-BM pretreatment decreased the straw crystallinity from 46% to 21.4% and its average particle size from 398.3 to 50.6 µm in 1 h. After 4 h milling, the reducing-end concentration of cellulose increased by 3.8 times from 12.5 to 60.2 µM, with glucose yield increased by 2.1 times from 26.6% to 82.4% for 72 h enzymatic hydrolysis at cellulase loading of 15 FPU/g dry substrate. The pretreatment washing liquor was recycled for the re-treatment of partially pretreated biomass at 121 °C for 30 min, resulting in 99.4% glucose yield by enzymatic hydrolysis. BM assisted with alkali particles was an effective approach for improving biomass enzymatic saccharification.

Expression of galectin-3 and apoptosis in placental villi from patients with missed abortion during early pregnancy.

The success of a pregnancy relies on moderate trophoblast apoptosis. If the 'inhibition-induction' balance of apoptosis is broken, a pathological pregnancy may occur. Galectin-3 has an important role in numerous biological processes, including tumor cell apoptosis. However, the association between galectin-3 and missed abortion (MA) has remained elusive. In the present study, the mRNA and protein expression levels of galectin-3 in placental villi, and the apoptotic index of placental cells from patients with MA were assessed and compared with those in a normal spontaneous abortion group. The present study investigated the function of galectin-3 in the process of MA and the possible association between placental apoptosis and galectin-3 expression in MA patients. Furthermore, the role of galetin-3 in patients with MA at different times (<4 and >4 weeks) was explored. The present study provided a potential mechanism of MA from a perspective of apoptosis and also provided potential therapeutic approaches to prevent MA.

A Heterobimetallic AuIII -PtII Photocatalyst for Water Reduction to Hydrogen.

A supramolecular complex, [Au(C^N^C)(C≡CC6 H4 C≡C)Pt(terpy)]+ , has been synthesized as a photocatalyst for water reduction. This compound consists of a cyclometalated alkyne-gold(III) photosensitizer and a platinum(II) terpyridine complex bridged through a central phenylethynyl group.

Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Production and Polymerization using Triarylboron-Functionalized Iridium(III) Complexes.

The development of novel iridium(III) complexes has continued as an important area of research owing to their highly tunable photophysical properties and versatile applications. In this report, three heteroleptic dimesitylboron-containing iridium(III) complexes, [Ir(p-B-ppy)2 (N^N)]+ {p-B-ppy=2-(4-dimesitylborylphenyl)pyridine; N^N=dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz) (1), dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq) (2), and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (3)}, were prepared and fully characterized electrochemically, photophysically, and computationally. Altering the conjugated length of the N^N ligands allowed us to tailor the photophysical properties of these complexes, especially their luminescence wavelength, which could be adjusted from λ=583 to 631 nm in CH2 Cl2 . All three complexes were evaluated as visible-light-absorbing sensitizers for the photogeneration of hydrogen from water and as photocatalysts for the photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate. The results showed that all of them were active in both photochemical reactions. High activity for the photosensitizer (over 1158 turnover numbers with 1) was observed, and the system generated hydrogen even after 20 h. Additionally, poly(methyl methacrylate) with a relatively narrow molecular-weight distribution was obtained if an initiator (i.e., ethyl α-bromophenylacetate) was used. The living character of the photoinduced polymerization was confirmed on the basis of successful chain-extension experiments.

Theoretical study on the gas adsorption capacity and selectivity of CPM-200-In/Mg and CPM-200-In/Mg-X (-X = -NH2, -OH, -N, -F).

The adsorption capacities of a heterometallic metal-organic framework (CPM-200-In/Mg) to VOCs (HCHO, C2H4, CH4, C2H2, C3H8, C2H6, C2H3Cl, C2H2Cl2, CH2Cl2 and CHCl3) and some inorganic gas molecules (HCN, SO2, NO, CO2, CO, H2S and NH3), as well as its selectivity in ternary mixture systems of natural gas and post-combustion flue gas are theoretically explored at the grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and density functional theory (DFT) levels. It is shown that CPM-200-In/Mg is suitable for the adsorption of VOCs, particularly for HCHO (up to 0.39 g g-1 at 298 K and 1 bar), and the adsorption capacities of some inorganic gas molecules such as SO2, H2S and CO2 match well with the sequence of their polarizability (SO2 > H2S > CO2). The large adsorption capacities of HCN and HCHO in the framework result from the strong interaction between adsorbates and metal centers, based on analyzing the radial distribution functions (RDF). Comparing C2H4 and CH4 molecules interacting with CPM-200-In/Mg by VDW interaction, we speculate that the high adsorption capacities of their chlorine derivatives in the framework could be due to the existence of halogen bonding or strong electrostatic and VDW interactions. It is found that the basic groups, including -NH2, -N and -OH, can effectively improve both the adsorption capacities and selectivity of CPM-200-In/Mg for harmful gases. Note that the adsorption capacity of CPM-200-In/Mg-NH2 (site 2) (245 cm3 g-1) for CO2 exceeded that of MOF-74-Mg (228 cm3 g-1) at 273 K and 1 bar and that for HCHO can reach 0.41 g g-1, which is almost twice that of 438-MOF and nearly 45 times of that in active carbon. Moreover, for natural gas mixtures, the decarburization and desulfurization abilities of CPM-200-In/Mg-NH2 (site 2) have exceeded those of the MOF-74 series, while for post-combustion flue gas mixtures, the desulfurization ability of CPM-200-In/Mg-NH2 (site 2) is still comparable to those of the MOF-74 series at 303 K and 4 MPa. We hope that the current theoretical study could guide experimental research in the future.

Evaluation of bis-cyclometalated alkynylgold(iii) sensitizers for water photoreduction to hydrogen.

Well-defined gold sensitizers for hydrogen production from water remain extremely rare despite decades of interest, and are currently limited to systems based on ruthenium, iridium or platinum complexes. This report details the synthesis and characterization of a series of neutral cyclometalated gold(iii) complexes of the type [(RC^N^CR)Au(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-R')] (R = H or tert-butyl group; R' = aryl groups) that have been found to be good candidates to function as harvesting materials in light-induced electron transfer reactions. We established the efficacy of systems with these gold(iii) complexes as photosensitizers (PSs) in the production of renewable hydrogen in the presence of [Co(2,2'-bipyridine)3]Cl2 or [Rh(4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine)3](PF6)3 as a H2-evolved catalyst and triethanolamine (TEOA) as a sacrificial electron donor in acetone-water solution. All complexes are active, and there is a more than threefold increase over other candidates in photocatalytic H2 generation activity. Under the optimal reaction conditions, hydrogen evolution took place through a photochemical route with the highest efficiency and with a turnover number (TON) of up to 1441.5 relative to the sensitizer over 24 hours. In the initial photochemical path, the reductive quenching of the excited gold(iii) complex by TEOA due to the latter's greater concentration in the system followed by electron transfer to the catalyst species is proposed to be the dominant mechanism. A photo-to-H2 quantum yield of approximately 13.7% was attained when illuminated with monochromatic light of 400 nm. Such gold(iii) complexes have demonstrated significant utility in solar-to-hydrogen reactions and thus represent a new effective class of light-harvesting materials. These results open possibilities for pursuing more efficient photosensitizers featuring gold(iii) complexes in photocatalytic solar energy conversion.

Osmium(ii) complexes for light-driven aerobic oxidation of amines to imines.

Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of three Os(ii) complexes (i.e., [Os(fptz)2(PPhMe2)2] (1, fptzH = 3-trifluoromethyl-5-pyridyl-1,2,4-triazole), [Os(fptz)2(CO)(L1)] (2, L1 = PPh3; 3, L1 = pyridine)) that have been successfully utilized as good photocatalysts to promote aerobic oxidative coupling of amines to imines with molecular oxygen in air as a green oxidant. Complex 1 is the most effective catalyst for the oxidative coupling of benzylamine with molecular O2 (air) as the oxidant because of the complex's strong absorption of visible light and long-lived triplet state. The application of a low catalyst loading (0.06 mol%) of complex 1 to the oxidative coupling of a wide range of amines affords the corresponding imines efficiently and selectively in most cases. The reaction mechanism was investigated via relevant control and quenching experiments. The results indicated that the reaction occurs via an active (1)O2-involved pathway. The (1)O2-generating ability of complex 1 as a photosensitizer was evaluated using 9,10-dimethylanthracene (DMA) as a chemical trap for (1)O2.