A new index for cervical curvature evaluation - relative cervical curvature area.

OBJECTIVE: To put forward a new index of cervical curvature evaluation - relative cervical curvature area,and a new classification of cervical spine was proposed according to the relative cervical curvature area. METHODS: A total of 167 subjects with cervical spondylosis were included in the study. Firstly, 119 subjects were selected to measure C2-C7 lordosis angle by Cobb angle method, Harrison posterior tangent method and Jackson physiological stress line method, and then their relative cervical curvature area, C1-C7 Cobb angle, C7 slope and T1 slope were measured.The correlation between relative cervical curvature area and three measurement methods and common sagittal parameters was analyzed.According to the angle classification method, we calculated the diagnostic boundary value of the relative cervical curvature area classification, and selected 48 subjects to evaluate its diagnostic efficacy.Finally, 119 subjects were re-evaluated according to the diagnostic threshold and the number of intersections to verify the feasibility of the new classification. RESULTS: The results showed that the relative cervical curvature area index had good intra-observer and inter-observer repeatability. Relative cervical curvature area was correlated with Harrison posterior tangent method ( r = 0.930 ), Cobb angle method ( r = 0.886 ) and Jackson physiological stress line method ( r = 0.920 ), and correlated with C1-C7 Cobb angle, C7 slope and T1 slope.The relative cervical curvature area has a good diagnostic performance for distinguishing patients with lordosis, straightening and kyphosis.According to the new classification of cervical spine, 119 subjects were divided into 57 simple lordosis, 11 simple straightening, 4 simple kyphosis, 26 S-type and 21 RS-type. CONCLUSION: The relative cervical curvature area uses the area parameter instead of the original angle parameter and distance parameter to incorporate the change of segmental curvature, which makes up for the shortcomings of the Cobb angle method that only evaluates the curvature of two vertebrae, and better reflects the cervical curvature.Studies have shown that relative cervical curvature area has good repeatability and diagnostic value, and found that it has a good correlation with common cervical sagittal parameters.The new classification of cervical spine makes up for the disadvantage that the angle classification method cannot distinguish between S-type and RS-type, and initially proposes to use the number of intersections and the relative absolute value area to reflect the severity of S-type.

Revealing the Two-Stage Charging Process in Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte by Molecular Dynamics Simulation.

Two-dimensional MXene materials perform excellently in supercapacitor applications, but self-stacking and overlap limit their applications. Constructing a reasonable layered structure by combining MXene and graphene can effectively inhibit the restacking and overlap of MXene and improve the performance of supercapacitors. In this work, we studied the energy storage performance of a conventional MXene electrode and MXene/graphene composite electrode in sulfuric acid aqueous electrolyte by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and analyzed their energy storage mechanisms. The simulation results reveal that the MXene/graphene composite electrode showed faster charge-discharge speed and larger capacity and had more obvious advantages as a cathode. The charging process of the composite cathode can be divided into two stages. In the first stage, SO42- and H3O+ enter the electrode as a whole in a nearly 1:2 ratio, and a unique three-layer structure is formed in the graphene area, while a large number of HSO4- leaves the electrode. In the second stage, SO42- with a part of H3O+ (ratio of 2:2 to 2:3) leave the electrode, and the three-layer structure is gradually destroyed. The cooperation of these two stages leads to a particular "concave" in the total energy change of the composite cathode. The introduction of graphene has brought about changes in ion distribution, migration mechanism, and energy change, making the MXene/graphene cathode show significant advantages in energy storage. This work is of great significance for understanding the microscopic energy storage mechanism of MXene/graphene-based electrodes.

Worm-Inspired, Untethered, Soft Crawling Robots for Pipe Inspections.

The increasing demand for inspection, upkeep, and repair of pipeline and tunnel infrastructures has catalyzed research into the creation of robots with superior flexibility, adaptability, and load-bearing capacities. This study introduces an autonomous soft robot designed for navigating both straight and curved pipelines of 90 mm diameter. The soft robot is enabled by an elongation pneumatic actuator (EPA) as its body and multiple radial expansion pneumatic actuators (REPAs) as its feet to provide adhesion and support on the pipe walls. It achieves a horizontal movement speed of 1.27 mm/s and ascends vertically at 0.39 mm/s. An integrated control mechanism, merging both pneumatic and electrical systems is employed to facilitate unrestrained movement. A novel control tactic has been formulated to ensure synchronized coordination between the robot's body deformation and leg anchoring, ensuring stable movement. This soft robot demonstrates remarkable mobility metrics, boasting an anchoring strength of over 100 N, a propelling force of 43.8 N when moving vertically, and a pulling strength of 31.4 N during navigation in curved pipelines. It can carry a camera to capture the internal view of the pipe and remove obstacles autonomously. The unconstrained and autonomous movement of the untethered soft robot presents new opportunities for various applications at different scales.

GB and gH/gL fusion machinery: a promising target for vaccines to prevent Epstein-Barr virus infection.

Epstein‒Barr virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the family Orthoherpesviridae that is associated with the development of various tumors, such as lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric cancer. There are no uniformly effective treatments for human EBV infection, and vaccines and immunotherapies are currently the main research directions. The glycoproteins gB and gH/gL are surface glycoproteins that are common to all herpesviruses, with subtle differences in structure and function between different viruses. The core membrane fusion machinery constituted by EBV gB and gH/gL is an important target of neutralizing antibodies in epithelial EBV infection due to its essential role in the fusion of viral and target cell membranes. In this article, we review the main modes of EBV infection, the structure and function of the core fusion machinery gB and gH/gL, and the development of neutralizing antibodies and prophylactic vaccines based on this target.

Size-Dependent Photocatalytic Reactivity of Conjugated Microporous Polymer Nanoparticles.

Particle size is a critical factor for improving photocatalytic reactivity of conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) as mass transfer in the porous materials is often the rate-limiting step. However, due to the synthetic challenge of controlling the size of CMPs, the impact of particle size is yet to be investigated. To address this problem, a simple and versatile dispersion polymerization route that can synthesize dispersible CMP nanoparticles with controlled size from 15 to 180 nm is proposed. Leveraging the precise control of the size, it is demonstrated that smaller CMP nanoparticles have dramatically higher photocatalytic reactivity in various organic transformations, achieving more than 1000% enhancement in the reaction rates by decreasing the size from 180 to 15 nm. The size-dependent photocatalytic reactivity is further scrutinized using a kinetic model and transient absorption spectroscopy, revealing that only the initial 5 nm-thick surface layer of CMP nanoparticles is involved in the photocatalytic reactions because of internal mass transfer limitations. This finding substantiates the potential of small CMP nanoparticles to efficiently use photo-generated excitons and improve energy-efficiency of numerous photocatalytic reactions.

Serum YKL-40 and Serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 as Potential Predictive Biomarkers for Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease.

BACKGROUND: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common pulmonary manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is associated with a poor prognosis. However, the role of blood biomarkers in RA-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is ill-defined. We aim to evaluate the role of YKL-40 and Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) in the diagnosis and severity evaluation of RA-ILD. METHODS: 45 RA-non-ILD patients and 38 RA-ILD patients were included. The clinical data and the levels of YKL-40 and KL-6 were measured and collected for all patients. The risk factors for RA-ILD were analyzed and their correlation with relevant indicators and predictive value for RA-ILD was explored. RESULTS: The levels of YKL-40 and KL-6 in RA-ILD patients were higher than RA-non-ILD patients (p < .001). Both YKL-40 and KL-6 were correlated with the incidence of RA-ILD. The predictive power of combined KL-6 and YKL-40 for the presence of ILD was 0.789, with a sensitivity and specificity at 73.7% and 73.3%, respectively. In RA-ILD patients, both YKL-40 and KL-6 were positively correlated with the Scleroderma Lung Study (SLS) I score and negatively correlated with pulmonary function. CONCLUSIONS: KL-6 and YKL-40 might be a useful biomarker in the diagnosis and severity evaluation of RA-ILD.

Target gene overexpression and enhanced metabolism confer resistance to nicosulfuron in Eriochloa villosa (Thunb.).

Eriochloa villosa (Thunb.) Kunth is a troublesome weed widely distributed in maize (Zea mays L.) fields in Northeast China. Many populations of E. villosa have evolved resistance to nicosulfuron herbicides, which inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS). The objectives of this research were to confirm that E. villosa is resistant to nicosulfuron and to investigate the basis of nicosulfuron resistance. Whole-plant dose-response studies revealed that the R population had not developed a high level of cross-resistance and exhibited greater resistant (25.62-fold) to nicosulfuron than that of the S population and had not yet developed a high level of cross-resistance. An in vitro ALS activity assay demonstrated that the I50 of nicosulfuron was 6.87-fold greater in the R population than the S population. However, based on ALS gene sequencing, the target ALS gene in the R population did not contain mutations. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that ALS gene expression between the R and S populations was significantly different after nicosulfuron application, but no differences were observed in the gene copy number. After the cytochrome P450 inhibitor malathion or the GST inhibitor NBD-Cl was applied, the resistant E. villosa population exhibited increased sensitivity to nicosulfuron. Based on the activities of GSTs and P450s, the activities of the R population were greater than those of the S population after nicosulfuron application. This is the first report that the resistance of E. villosa to ALS inhibitors results from increased target gene expression and increased metabolism. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the effective control of herbicide-resistant E. villosa.

Prediction of histologic grade of hepatocellular carcinoma using dual-layer spectral-detector computed tomography (CT): comparison of two region of interest plotting methods.

Background: Multi-parameter imaging technology, which is based on substance separation, helps to predict the pathological grade of tumors. When using dual-layer spectral-detector computed tomography (DLCT) to quantify tumor properties, different methods of placing regions of interest (ROIs) directly impact the measurement of parameters, thus affecting the clinical diagnosis of lesions. Consequently, in this study, we aimed to compare the performance of 2 different ROI plotting methods on DLCT in differentiating the histologic grade of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: This retrospective study included 48 consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed HCC, who underwent DLCT from May 2022 to March 2023. The attenuation value of conventional computed tomography (CT), electron density relative to water (EDW), normalized effective atomic number (NZeff), and normalized iodine density (NID) were measured by 2 radiologists using the conventional planar sketching (PS) method and the volumetric analysis method, respectively. The differences in parameters between the arterial phase (AP) and venous phase (VP) were calculated for each parameter (∆CT, ∆EDW, ∆NZeff, ∆NID). We used 2-sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences in parameters between the 2 methods. Spearman correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between each parameter and histologic grade. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance. Results: The mean values for the spectral quantitative parameters (CTAP, NZeffAP, NIDAP) and the difference between the arterial phase and venous phase (AP-VP) of parameters (∆CT, ∆EDW, ∆NZeff) measured using the volumetric analysis method were significantly lower than those of the PS method (P<0.05). For the ∆NZeff, the volumetric analysis method achieved the highest area under the curve (AUC) with a value of 0.918 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.847-0.988], followed by the PS method (AUC =0.853, 95% CI: 0.743-0.963). Conclusions: The spectral parameters of DLCT provide a novel quantitative method for evaluating histological differentiation in patients with HCC, which is worthy of clinical recommendation. Different ROI plotting methods significantly impact the measurement of spectral parameters. Therefore, the whole tumor region should be covered in the parameter measurement of HCC lesions as much as feasible, which is more helpful in predicting the histological grading of tumors before treatment.

The clinical significance of sarcopenia in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with lenvatinib and PD-1 inhibitors.

Background and aim: Sarcopenia has gained considerable attention in the context of hepatocellular carcinoma, as it has been correlated with a poorer prognosis among patients undergoing sorafenib or lenvatinib treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The clinical significance of sarcopenia in first-line advanced HCC patients treated with lenvatinib and programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors needs to be clarified. Methods: Sarcopenia was diagnosed using CT (Computed tomography) or MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), with the psoas muscle index (PMI) as the surrogate marker. Patients were grouped based on sarcopenia presences, and a comparative analysis examined characteristics, adverse events, and prognosis. The Cox regression analysis was applied to identify independent prognostic factors for survival, while nomograms were constructed to predict 1-year survival. Results: Among 180 patients, 46 had sarcopenia. Patients with baseline sarcopenia demonstrated significantly inferior median progression-free survival (mPFS) (3.0 vs. 8.3 months) and median overall survival (mOS) (7.3 vs. 21.6 months). The same results for mPFS (3.3 vs. 9.2 months) and mOS (9.4 vs. 24.2 months) were observed in patients who developed sarcopenia after treatment. Furthermore, significantly higher grade 3 or higher adverse events (AEs) (73.91% vs 41.79%, p<0.001) were recorded in the sarcopenia group compared to the non-sarcopenia group. In the multivariate analysis, distant metastasis, elevated PLR and CRP levels, and low PMI remained independent predictive factors for poor OS. Additionally, skeletal muscle loss remained a significant independent risk factor for PFS. We developed a nomogram incorporating these four indicators, which predicted 12-month survival with a C-index of 0.853 (95% CI, 0.791 - 0.915), aligning well with actual observations. Conclusion: The prognosis of patients with HCC and sarcopenia is significantly worse when treated with lenvatinib and PD-1 inhibitors. The combination regimen of lenvatinib plus PD-1 inhibitors should be cautiously recommended due to the inferior prognosis and higher AEs.

RABV induces biphasic actin cytoskeletal rearrangement through Rac1 activity modulation.

Rabies virus (RABV) is highly lethal and triggers severe neurological symptoms. The neuropathogenic mechanism remains poorly understood. Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) is a Rho-GTPase that is involved in actin remodeling and has been reported to be closely associated with neuronal dysfunction. In this study, by means of a combination of pharmacological inhibitors, small interfering RNA, and specific dominant-negatives, we characterize the crucial roles of dynamic actin and the regulatory function of Rac1 in RABV infection, dominantly in the viral entry phase. The data show that the RABV phosphoprotein interacts with Rac1. RABV phosphoprotein suppress Rac1 activity and impedes downstream Pak1-Limk1-Cofilin1 signaling, leading to the disruption of F-actin-based structure formation. In early viral infection, the EGFR-Rac1-signaling pathway undergoes a biphasic change, which is first upregulated and subsequently downregulated, corresponding to the RABV entry-induced remodeling pattern of F-actin. Taken together, our findings demonstrate for the first time the role played by the Rac1 signaling pathway in RABV infection and may provide a clue for an explanation for the etiology of rabies neurological pathogenesis.IMPORTANCEThough neuronal dysfunction is predominant in fatal rabies, the detailed mechanism by which rabies virus (RABV) infection causes neurological symptoms remains in question. The actin cytoskeleton is involved in numerous viruses infection and plays a crucial role in maintaining neurological function. The cytoskeletal disruption is closely associated with abnormal nervous symptoms and induces neurogenic diseases. In this study, we show that RABV infection led to the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton as well as the biphasic kinetics of the Rac1 signal transduction. These results help elucidate the mechanism that causes the aberrant neuronal processes by RABV infection and may shed light on therapeutic development aimed at ameliorating neurological disorders.

Improved object detection method for unmanned driving based on Transformers.

The object detection method serves as the core technology within the unmanned driving perception module, extensively employed for detecting vehicles, pedestrians, traffic signs, and various objects. However, existing object detection methods still encounter three challenges in intricate unmanned driving scenarios: unsatisfactory performance in multi-scale object detection, inadequate accuracy in detecting small objects, and occurrences of false positives and missed detections in densely occluded environments. Therefore, this study proposes an improved object detection method for unmanned driving, leveraging Transformer architecture to address these challenges. First, a multi-scale Transformer feature extraction method integrated with channel attention is used to enhance the network's capability in extracting features across different scales. Second, a training method incorporating Query Denoising with Gaussian decay was employed to enhance the network's proficiency in learning representations of small objects. Third, a hybrid matching method combining Optimal Transport and Hungarian algorithms was used to facilitate the matching process between predicted and actual values, thereby enriching the network with more informative positive sample features. Experimental evaluations conducted on datasets including KITTI demonstrate that the proposed method achieves 3% higher mean Average Precision (mAP) than that of the existing methodologies.

Effects of joint screening for prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer - results from a controlled trial.

Background: Although screening is widely used to reduce cancer burden, untargeted cancers are frequently missed after single cancer screening. Joint cancer screening is presumed as a more effective strategy to reduce overall cancer burden. Methods: Gender-specific screening effects on PLCO cancer incidence, PLCO cancer mortality, all-neoplasms mortality and all-cause mortality were evaluated, and meta-analyses based on gender-specific screening effects were conducted to achieve the pooled effects. The cut-off value of time-dependent receiver-operating-characteristic curve of 10-year combined PLCO cancer risk was used to reclassify participants into low- and high-risk subgroups. Further analyses were conducted to investigate screening effects stratified by risk groups and screening compliance. Results: After a median follow-up of 10.48 years for incidence and 16.85 years for mortality, a total of 5,506 PLCO cancer cases, 1,845 PLCO cancer deaths, 3,970 all-neoplasms deaths, and 14,221 all-cause deaths were documented in the screening arm, while 6,261, 2,417, 5,091, and 18,516 outcome-specific events in the control arm. Joint cancer screening did not significantly reduce PLCO cancer incidence, but significantly reduced male-specific PLCO cancer mortality (hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals [HR(95%CIs)]: 0.88(0.82, 0.95)) and pooled mortality [0.89(0.84, 0.95)]. More importantly, joint cancer screening significantly reduced both gender-specific all-neoplasm mortality [0.91(0.86, 0.96) for males, 0.91(0.85, 0.98) for females, and 0.91(0.87, 0.95) for meta-analyses] and all-cause mortality [0.90(0.88, 0.93) for male, 0.88(0.85, 0.92) for female, and 0.89(0.87, 0.91) for meta-analyses]. Further analyses showed decreased risks of all-neoplasm mortality was observed with good compliance [0.72(0.67, 0.77) for male and 0.72(0.65, 0.80) for female] and increased risks with poor compliance [1.61(1.40, 1.85) for male and 1.30(1.13, 1.40) for female]. Conclusion: Joint cancer screening could be recommended as a potentially strategy to reduce the overall cancer burden. More compliance, more benefits. However, organizing a joint cancer screening not only requires more ingenious design, but also needs more attentions to the potential harms. Trial registration: NCT00002540 (Prostate), NCT01696968 (Lung), NCT01696981 (Colorectal), NCT01696994 (Ovarian).

Correlation analysis between HLA-DQA1*0102/DQB1*0602 genotypes and narcolepsy patients in China.

Background and objective: At present, the etiology of narcolepsy is not fully understood, and it is generally believed to be an autoimmune reaction caused by interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes are strongly associated with this gene, especially HLA-DQB1*0602/DQA1*0102. In this study, we mainly analyzed the correlation between different genotypes of HLA-DQB1*0602/DQA1*0102 and clinical manifestations in Chinese patients with narcolepsy. Experimental method: Narcolepsy patients who were treated at the Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University from January 2021 to September 2023 were selected. General information, sleep monitoring data, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) orexin levels, and human leukocyte antigen gene typing data were collected. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0, and the graphs were drawn using GraphPad Prism 9.5. Main results: A total of 78 patients were included in this study. The DQA1 and DQB1 gene loci were detected in 54 patients, and only the DQB1 gene locus was detected in 24 narcoleptic patients. The most common allele at the HLA-DQB1 locus was *0602 (89.7%), and the most common genotype at this locus was *0602*0301 (19.2%), followed by *0602*0602 (17.9%). The most common phenotype of the HLA-DQA1 locus is *0102 (92.6%), and the most common genotype of this locus is *0102*0102 (27.8%), followed by *0102*0505 (14.8%). There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between HLA-DQB1*0602-positive and HLA-DQB1*0602-negative patients in terms of orexin-A levels, presence or absence of cataplexy, UNS, PSG sleep latency, REM sleep latency, N1 sleep percentage, oxygen depletion index, and average REM latency on the MSLT. The HLA-DQA1*0102-positive and HLA-DQA1*0102-negative patients showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in disease course, presence or absence of sudden onset, PSG REM sleep latency, N1 sleep percentage, and average REM latency on the MSLT. There were significant differences in the average REM latency of the MSLT between HLA-DQB1*0602/DQA1*0102 homozygous and heterozygous patients p < 0.05, and no differences were found in the baseline data, orexin-A levels, scale scores, or other sleep parameters. Conclusion: Different genotypes of HLA-DQA1*0102/DQB1*0602 are associated with symptoms of cataplexy in Chinese narcoleptic patients. Homozygous individuals have a shorter mean REM latency in the MSLT, greater genetic susceptibility, and relatively more severe sleepiness.

Upconversion-based hydrogel kit with Python-assisted analysis platform for sample-to-result detection of organophosphorus pesticide.

On-site quantitative analysis of pesticide residues is crucial for monitoring environmental quality and ensuring food safety. Herein, we have developed a reliable hydrogel portable kit using NaYbF4@NaYF4: Yb, Tm upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) combined with MnO2 nanoflakes. This portable kit is integrated with a smartphone reader and Python-assisted analysis platform to enable sample-to-result analysis for chlorpyrifos. The novel UCNPs maximizes energy donation to MnO2 acceptor by employing 100 % of activator Yb3+ in the nucleus for NIR excitation energy collection and confining emitter Tm3+ to the surface layer to shorten energy transfer distance. Under NIR excitation, efficient quenching of upconversion blue-violet emission by MnO2 nanoflakes occurs, and the quenched emission is recovered with acetylcholinesterase-mediated reactions. This process allows for the determination of chlorpyrifos by inhibiting enzymatic activity. The UCNPs/MnO2 were embedded to fabricate a hydrogel portable kit, the blue-violet emission images captured by smartphone were converted into corresponding gray values by Python-assisted superiority chart algorithm which achieves a real-time rapid quantitative analysis of chlorpyrifos with a detection limit of 0.17 ng mL-1. At the same time, pseudo-color images were also added by Python in "one run" to distinguish images clearly. This sensor detection with Python-assisted analysis platform provides a new perspective on pesticide monitoring and broadens the application prospects in bioanalysis.

Barley yellow dwarf virus-GAV 17K protein disrupts thiamine biosynthesis to facilitate viral infection in plants.

Thiamine functions as a crucial activator modulating plant health and broad-spectrum stress tolerances. However, the role of thiamine in regulating plant virus infection is largely unknown. Here, we report that the multifunctional 17K protein encoded by barley yellow dwarf virus-GAV (BYDV-GAV) interacted with barley pyrimidine synthase (HvTHIC), a key enzyme in thiamine biosynthesis. HvTHIC was found to be localized in chloroplast via an N-terminal 74-amino acid domain. However, the 17K-HvTHIC interaction restricted HvTHIC targeting to chloroplasts and triggered autophagy-mediated HvTHIC degradation. Upon BYDV-GAV infection, the expression of the HvTHIC gene was significantly induced, and this was accompanied by accumulation of thiamine and salicylic acid. Silencing of HvTHIC expression promoted BYDV-GAV accumulation. Transcriptomic analysis of HvTHIC silenced and non-silenced barley plants showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in plant-pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal induction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna protein, and MAPK signaling pathway. Thiamine treatment enhanced barley resistance to BYDV-GAV. Taken together, our findings reveal a molecular mechanism underlying how BYDV impedes thiamine biosynthesis to uphold viral infection in plants.

Targeted therapy of kidney disease with nanoparticle drug delivery materials.

With the development of nanomedicine, nanomaterials have been widely used, offering specific drug delivery to target sites, minimal side effects, and significant therapeutic effects. The kidneys have filtration and reabsorption functions, with various potential target cell types and a complex structural environment, making the strategies for kidney function protection and recovery after injury complex. This also lays the foundation for the application of nanomedicine in kidney diseases. Currently, evidence in preclinical and clinical settings supports the feasibility of targeted therapy for kidney diseases using drug delivery based on nanomaterials. The prerequisite for nanomedicine in treating kidney diseases is the use of carriers with good biocompatibility, including nanoparticles, hydrogels, liposomes, micelles, dendrimer polymers, adenoviruses, lysozymes, and elastin-like polypeptides. These carriers have precise renal uptake, longer half-life, and targeted organ distribution, protecting and improving the efficacy of the drugs they carry. Additionally, attention should also be paid to the toxicity and solubility of the carriers. While the carriers mentioned above have been used in preclinical studies for targeted therapy of kidney diseases both in vivo and in vitro, extensive clinical trials are still needed to ensure the short-term and long-term effects of nano drugs in the human body. This review will discuss the advantages and limitations of nanoscale drug carrier materials in treating kidney diseases, provide a more comprehensive catalog of nanocarrier materials, and offer prospects for their drug-loading efficacy and clinical applications.

Numerical Analysis of Broadband Noise Generated by an Airfoil with Spanwise-Varying Leading Edges.

Here, the single-target parameterization of alternatives to leading-edge noise is carried out using analytical models based on the Wiener-Hopf technique. Four leading-edge serration profiles with different frequencies, amplitudes, and phases are implemented to aid the understanding of sound suppression mechanisms. The effects of the serrated shape factor, wavelength, and amplitude are analyzed at tip-to-root ratios of 0.5, 1, and 2, respectively. An effective double-wavelength sinusoidal serration design can substantially reduce the noise emissions of 5.2 dB at h¯ = 2. Additionally, compared to single-wavelength serrations, an additional 1.47 dB noise reduction effect can be obtained by double-wavelength serrations under the appropriate design parameters. The surface pressure and phase distribution of different spanwise-varying leading edges indicate that the phase interference effect affected by source-radiated noise reduction is enhanced by this serration at the hills for serrations with a small curvature, and noise emission in the low-frequency band is more effectively suppressed. The sharper the serration is, the more conducive it is to a reduction in high-frequency noise. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of serrations is usually partially limited by the non-negligible trailing-edge self-noise. The sound source intensity of the root is decreased by the ogee-shaped serrations with a large curvature transition. A secondary noise reduction mechanism with a local source cut-off effect caused by nonlinearity is demonstrated.

Establishment of a prognosis predictive model for liver cancer based on expression of genes involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.

BACKGROUND: The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) has been proven to play important roles in cancer. AIM: To investigate the prognostic significance of genes involved in the UPP and develop a predictive model for liver cancer based on the expression of these genes. METHODS: In this study, UPP-related E1, E2, E3, deubiquitylating enzyme, and proteasome gene sets were obtained from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, aiming to screen the prognostic genes using univariate and multivariate regression analysis and develop a prognosis predictive model based on the Cancer Genome Atlas liver cancer cases. RESULTS: Five genes (including autophagy related 10, proteasome 20S subunit alpha 8, proteasome 20S subunit beta 2, ubiquitin specific peptidase 17 like family member 2, and ubiquitin specific peptidase 8) were proven significantly correlated with prognosis and used to develop a prognosis predictive model for liver cancer. Among training, validation, and Gene Expression Omnibus sets, the overall survival differed significantly between the high-risk and low-risk groups. The expression of the five genes was significantly associated with immunocyte infiltration, tumor stage, and postoperative recurrence. A total of 111 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the high-risk and low-risk groups and they were enriched in 20 and 5 gene ontology and KEGG pathways. Cell division cycle 20, Kelch repeat and BTB domain containing 11, and DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 4 like 2 were the DEGs in the E3 gene set that correlated with survival. CONCLUSION: We have constructed a prognosis predictive model in patients with liver cancer, which contains five genes that associate with immunocyte infiltration, tumor stage, and postoperative recurrence.

Near-Infrared Perylenecarboximide Fluorophores for Live-Cell Super-Resolution Imaging.

Organic near-infrared (NIR) photoblinking fluorophores are highly desirable for live-cell super-resolution imaging based on single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). Herein we introduce a novel small chromophore, PMIP, through the fusion of perylenecarboximide with 2,2-dimetheylpyrimidine. PMIP exhibits an emission maximum at 732 nm with a high fluorescence quantum yield of 60% in the wavelength range of 700-1000 nm and excellent photoblinking without any additives. With resorcinol-functionalized PMIP (PMIP-OH), NIR SMLM imaging of lysosomes is demonstrated for the first time in living mammalian cells under physiological conditions. Moreover, metabolically labeled nascent DNA is site-specifically detected using azido-functionalized PMIP (PMIP-N3) via click chemistry, thereby enabling the super-resolution imaging of nascent DNA in phosphate-buffered saline with a 9-fold improvement in spatial resolution. These results indicate the potential of PMIP-based NIR blinking fluorophores for biological applications of SMLM.

The industrial robot reducer testing instrument dynamic torsional moment measurement error calibration, based on the Bisquare curve fitting-improved Bayes particle swarm optimization-nonlinear echo state network (BCF-IBPSO-NESN) method.

Industrial robots are important components in the production and manufacturing industry. As a core component of the industrial robot, the industrial robot reducer plays a crucial role in the performance of the entire industrial robot. The error analysis and accuracy traceability of the industrial robot reducer testing instrument are of great significance in improving the quality of the precision reducer. Therefore, it is essential to calibrate the dynamic torsional moment measurement error of the instrument. The features of the dynamic torsional moment measurement error are analyzed in this paper. Based on these features, a new dynamic torsional moment measurement error calibration method is proposed based on the Bisquare curve fitting-improved Bayes particle swarm optimization-nonlinear echo state network (BCF-IBPSO-NESN) algorithm. The proposed method focuses on calibrating the dynamic torsional moment measurement error of the industrial robot reducers in real time. The experimental results show that the dynamic torsional moment measurement error of the input side torsional moment measurement module and the output side torsional moment measurement module can be reduced to ±0.05 Nm and ±1 Nm, respectively. The contribution of this paper is that the method calibrates the dynamic torsional moment measurement error. It supplies a guideline for calibrating the dynamic torsional moment measurement error of the instrument under any load.