A mobile device-based game prototype for ADHD: development and preliminary feasibility testing.

This research aimed to devise and assess a mobile game therapy software for children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), as well as evaluating its suitability and effectiveness in improving the cognitive ability of typically developing children. The study encompassed 55 children diagnosed with ADHD and 55 neurotypical children. Initial assessments involved ADHD-related scales, computerized tests for information processing, and physiological-psychological evaluations. After a 4-week home-based game intervention, participants underwent re-evaluation using baseline measures and provided feedback on treatment satisfaction. Considering the small proportion of study participants who dropped out, data was analyzed using both the Intention-to-Treat (ITT) analysis and the Per-protocol (PP) analysis. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06181747). In ITT analysis, post-intervention analysis using linear mixed models indicated that the ADHD group improved significantly more than the neurotypical group particularly in Continuous Performance Test (CPT) accuracy (B = -23.92, p < 0.001) and reaction time (B = 86.08, p < 0.01), along with enhancements in anti-saccade (B = -10.65, p < 0.05) and delayed-saccade tasks (B = 0.34, p < 0.05). A reduction in parent-rated SNAP-IV scores was also observed (B = 0.43, p < 0.01). In PP analysis, paired-sample t-tests suggested that the ADHD group had significant changes pre- and post-intervention, in terms of CPT Accuracy (t = -7.62, p < 0.01), Anti-saccade task Correct Rate (t = -3.90, p < 0.01) and SNAP-IV scores (t = -4,64, p < 0.01). However, no significant changes post-intervention were observed in the neurotypical group. Survey feedback highlighted a strong interest in the games across both groups, though ADHD participants found the game more challenging. Parents of ADHD children reported perceived benefits and a willingness to continue the game therapy, unlike the neurotypical group's parents. The findings advocated for the integration of serious video games as a complementary tool in ADHD treatment strategies, demonstrating the potential to augment attentional abilities and alleviate clinical symptoms. However, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is needed to further verify its efficacy.

[Research progress on soil soluble organic nitrogen]. / åœŸå£¤å¯æº¶æ€§æœ‰æœºæ°®ç ”ç©¶è¿›å±•.

Soluble organic nitrogen (SON) and inorganic N are two crucial nitrogen (N) forms in the cycling of N within terrestrial ecosystems, acting as either a "source" or a "sink" to the environmental N release. The mineralization, retention, leaching, and plant absorption of N in terrestrial ecosystems are closely related to SON. As a result, the role of SON in soil material circulation and nutrient flow has attracted much attention and has become one of the hotspots in various research fields, such as ecology, environmental science, soil science, and hydrology. We reviewed the research progress on soil SON, including the definition and quantification, the size and composition, the absorption and utilization by plants and microorganisms, the sources and influencing factors, and the transformation, migration, and leaching loss of SON. SON is a complex collection of multi-component soluble organic matter, mainly as recalcitrant components (difficult to degrade), with relatively low proportion as labile components (easily degradable). Due to the difference in the turnover time among recalcitrant and labile components, the roles of SON in N cycling and turnover cannot be fully represented by the SON quantity. Therefore, to accurately reflect the role of SON in N turnover, N uptake, and N leaching, it is necessary to establish new methods and distinguish between recalcitrant and labile SON components in future studies. When studying the role of SON in N conversion and N absorption, it is essential to focus on its labile components. When studying the contribution of soil SON to N leaching or runoff loss, it is necessary to focus on the recalcitrant components.