Time-Dependent Changes in the Bladder Muscle Metabolome After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Rats Using Metabolomics.

PURPOSE: The main treatment options of neurogenic bladder remains catheterization and long-term oral medications. Metabolic interventions have shown good therapeutic results in many diseases. To date, no studies have characterized the metabolites of the detrusor muscle during neurogenic bladder. Using metabolomics, new muscle metabolomic signatures were identified to reveal the temporal metabolic profile of muscle during disease progression. METHODS: We used 42 Sprague-Dawley rats (200±20 g, males) for T10 segmental spinal cord injury modeling and collected detrusor tissue and performed nontargeted metabolomics after sham surgery, 30-minute, 6-hour, 12-hour, 24-hour, 5-day, and 2-week postmodelling, to identify the dysregulated metabolic pathways and key metabolites. RESULTS: By comparing mzCloud, mzVault, MassList, we identified a total of 1,271 metabolites and enriched a total of 12 metabolism-related pathways with significant differences (P<0.05) based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis. Metabolites in several differential metabolic pathways such as ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, Steroid hormone biosynthesis, and carbon metabolism are altered in a regular manner before and after ridge shock. CONCLUSION: Our study is the first time-based metabolomic study of rat forced urinary muscle after traumatic spinal cord injury, and we identified multiple differential metabolic pathways during injury that may improve long-term management strategies for neurogenic bladder and reduce costs in long-term treatment.

Rheinheimera longhuensis sp. nov., isolated from a slightly alkaline lake, and emended description of genus Rheinheimera Brettar et al. 2002.

The bacterial strain LH2-2(T) was isolated from freshwater of Longhu Lake, a slightly alkaline lake (pH 8.8) in north-east China. Cells of strain LH2-2(T) were Gram-staining-negative, non-spore-forming rods, 0.3-0.5 µm wide and 2.0-4.0 µm long. Cells were motile by means of a single polar flagellum. The strain was strictly aerobic and heterotrophic and oxidase- and catalase-positive. Growth occurred at 0-36 °C (optimum, 26-34 °C), pH 6.5-11 (optimum, pH 8.0-8.6) and in the presence of 0-2 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1%). Strain LH2-2(T) contained Q-8 as the major respiratory quinone. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C(16:1)ω7c and/or iso-C(15:0) 2-OH; 21.9%), C(17:1)ω8c (18.9%), C(18:1)ω7c (16.4%) and C(16:0) (12.7%) after growth on marine agar 2216. The DNA G+C content was 47 mol% (T(m)). The 16S rRNA gene and a conserved portion of the gyrB gene were sequenced and used for phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene and gyrB sequences showed that strain LH2-2(T) was associated with the genus Rheinheimera and closely related to the type strains of Rheinheimera species, and showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Rheinheimera pacifica KMM 1406(T) (97.4%), R. aquimaris SW-353(T) (97.1%) and R. chironomi K19414(T) (96.5%). The DNA-DNA relatedness of strain LH2-2(T) to R. pacifica NBRC 103167(T), R. aquimaris JCM 14331(T) and R. chironomi LMG 23818(T) was 39, 31 and 23%, respectively. Based on these results, it is concluded that strain LH2-2(T) represents a novel species of the genus Rheinheimera, for which the name Rheinheimera longhuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LH2-2(T) ( = CGMCC 1.7003(T)  = NBRC 105632(T)). An emended description of the genus Rheinheimera is also provided.

Hydrocarboniphaga daqingensis sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater lake.

A Gram-negative bacterium, designated B2-9(T), was isolated from water of a slightly alkaline lake, Longhu Lake in Daqing, north-east China. Strain B2-9(T) was an aerobic rod, heterotrophic, catalase- and oxidase-positive and motile by means of a single polar flflagellum. The isolate grew well on n-alkanes C(9)-C(17) and weakly on C(6)-C(8), C(18) and C(19). Growth occurred at 10-37 °C (optimum 20-25 °C), at pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum pH 7.0) and with ≤1.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The major fatty acids were C(18 : 1)ω7c (41.4 %), summed feature 3 (iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH and/or C(16 : 1)ω7c; 18.5 %) and C(16 : 0) (10.9 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain B2-9(T) belonged to the genus Hydrocarboniphaga of the class Gammaproteobacteria and shared 97.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Hydrocarboniphaga effusa AP103(T). DNA-DNA relatedness between strain B2-9(T) and H. effusa DSM 16095(T) was 24 %. The DNA G+C content of strain B2-9(T) was 66 mol%. Strain B2-9(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Hydrocarboniphaga, for which the name Hydrocarboniphaga daqingensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B2-9(T) (=CGMCC 1.7049(T) =NBRC 104238(T)).

Dongia mobilis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Rhodospirillaceae isolated from a sequencing batch reactor for treatment of malachite green effluent.

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic and heterotrophic, non-spore-forming bacterial strain, designated LM22(T), was isolated from activated sludge of a sequencing batch reactor for the treatment of malachite green effluent. Cells of strain LM22(T) were slightly curved to straight rods (0.3-0.5×0.6-1.0µm) and motile by a single polar flagellum. Strain LM22(T) was negative for oxidase and catalase activities and phototrophic growth. An internal membrane system and bacteriochlorophyll a were absent. Growth occurred at 20-40°C (optimum 30-35°C) and pH6.0-10.0 (optimum pH7.0-7.5). Strain LM22(T) did not require NaCl for growth and tolerated up to 2.0 % NaCl (optimum 0.5 %). The major ubiquinone was Q-10. The major fatty acids (>10 % of the total) were C(18 : 1)ω7c (32.9 %), C(19 : 0) cyclo ω8c (18.7 %), C(16 : 0) (12.1 %) and C(16 : 0) 2-OH (10.5 %). Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that Inquilinus limosus AU0476(T) was the closest relative (90.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The DNA G+C content was 65.6 mol%. On basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain LM22(T) was considered to represent a novel genus and species of the family Rhodospirillaceae, for which the name Dongia mobilis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Dongia mobilis is LM22(T) (=CGMCC 1.7660(T) =JCM 15798(T)).

Catellibacterium aquatile sp. nov., isolated from fresh water, and emended description of the genus Catellibacterium Tanaka et al. 2004.

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-pigmented, non-spore-forming bacterial strain that was motile by a single polar flagellum, designated A1-9(T), was isolated from Daqing reservoir in north-east China and its taxonomic position was studied using a polyphasic approach. Strain A1-9(T) was non-halophilic, strictly aerobic and heterotrophic and lacked carotenoids, internal membranes and genes for photosynthesis (puf genes). Strain A1-9(T) grew at 10-40 degrees C (optimum, 25-30 degrees C) and pH 5.5-9.0 (optimum, pH 6.0-6.5) and tolerated up to 1.0 % NaCl (w/v). Neither phototrophic nor fermentative growth was observed. The predominant ubiquinone was Q-10 and the major fatty acid was C(18 : 1) ω 7c (70 %). The DNA G+C content was 64.4 mol% (T(m)). Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain A1-9(T), together with Catellibacterium nectariphilum AST4(T), formed a deep line within the 'Rhodobacter clade' of the family Rhodobacteraceae and strain A1-9(T) showed 94.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to C. nectariphilum AST4(T). On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain A1-9(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Catellibacterium, for which the name Catellibacterium aquatile sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is A1-9(T) (=CGMCC 1.7029(T) =NBRC 104254(T)).

Isolation and characterization of endophytic Bacillus subtilis Jaas ed1 antagonist of eggplant Verticillium wilt.

An endophytic bacterial strain, Jaas ed1, was isolated from the interior of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) stems in Jiangsu Province, China. According to the morphological and physiological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the 16s rDNA sequence, it was identified as Bacillius subtilis. Strain Jaas ed1 and its cell-free filtrate had strong antifungal activity against Verticillium dahliae. The strain was an internal colonizer within the eggplant without any harmful side effects to the plant. In greenhouse experiments, the strain cell suspension effectively controlled Verticillium wilt of eggplant, and its control efficiency was far more significant than that of the cell-free filtrate after inoculation of V. dahliae.

Algoriphagus aquatilis sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater lake.

A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile bacterium, strain A8-7(T), was isolated from fresh water of a slightly alkaline lake, Longhu Lake, in Daqing, north-east China, and its taxonomic position was studied by using a polyphasic approach. Strain A8-7(T) was aerobic, heterotrophic and positive for catalase and oxidase. It grew at 20-37 degrees C (optimum 30 degrees C) and pH 5.5-10.5 (optimum pH 7.5) and in the presence of 0-3 % (w/v) NaCl. It formed pink-pigmented, smooth and circular colonies, 1-2 mm in diameter, on R3A-V agar plates after incubation at 30 degrees C for 3 days. Cells of strain A8-7(T) were rods, 0.2-0.4 mum wide and 1.6-4.0 mum long. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C(15 : 0) (40.3 %) and summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH; 12.1 %). The menaquinone was MK-7. The DNA G+C content was 43 mol% (T(m)). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain A8-7(T) was phylogenetically related to members of the genus Algoriphagus, with sequence similarities of 92.6-95.2 %, the highest sequence similarity being to the sequence from Algoriphagus mannitolivorans IMSNU 14012(T). On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain A8-7(T) was considered to represent a novel species of the genus Algoriphagus, for which the name Algoriphagus aquatilis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is A8-7(T) (=CGMCC 1.7030(T) =NBRC 104237(T)).

Glaciecola lipolytica sp. nov., isolated from seawater near Tianjin city, China.

A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain E3T, which was motile with a polar flagellum, was isolated from coastal surface seawater near Tianjin city, China. The taxonomy of strain E3T was studied by phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic methods. Strain E3T forms non-pigmented colonies with a butyrous-mucoid consistency on marine 2216 agar. It grows optimally at 30 degrees C, in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7.6. Strain E3T is positive for catalase and oxidase and hydrolysis of lipid and reduces nitrate to N2 gas. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain E3T belongs to the Gammaproteobacteria and is grouped in the genus Glaciecola, with highest sequence similarity to the type strains of Glaciecola chathamensis (94.6 %), G. agarilytica (94.4 %) and G. mesophila (94.4 %). Strain E3T contained summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH, 34.5 %), C(18 : 1)omega7c (17.3 %) and C(16 : 0) (17 %) as the major fatty acids and phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as the main phospholipids. The DNA G+C content was 40.8 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain E3T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Glaciecola, for which the name Glaciecola lipolytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is E3T (=CGMCC 1.7001T =JCM 15139T).

Paracoccus halophilus sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment of the South China Sea, China, and emended description of genus Paracoccus Davis 1969.

An aerobic bacterial isolate, strain HN-182(T), was isolated from sediments of the South China Sea. Cells of strain HN-182(T) are coccoid to short rods, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile. Strain HN-182(T) is heterotrophic and grows well on marine broth (Difco 2216), and is not capable of growing autotrophically on reduced sulfur. Grows at temperatures ranging from 7 to 42 degrees C (optimum at 25 degrees C), but not at 4 or 45 degrees C, and at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum at pH 7.0), but not at pH 4.5 or 9.5. NaCl is required for growth [0.5-8.5% (w/v)] with an optimum of 4.5%. Cells are positive for catalase, oxidase and urease activities. Nitrate is not reduced. Strain HN-182(T) contains ubiquinone-10 as sole respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid. Major cellular fatty acids are C18:1omega7c (60.7 %), C16:0 (12.5%) and C18:0 (8.1%). DNA G+C content is 67.2 mol% (by T(m)). The analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain HN-182(T) was related to members of the genus Paracoccus, with similarities ranging from 91.2 to 96.7% (highest to Paracoccus versutus) and a close relationship with Paracoccus sulfuroxidans, indicating that strain HN-182(T) is a member of Paracoccus. Based on these results, it is concluded that strain HN-182(T) represents a novel species of the genus Paracoccus, for which the name Paracoccus halophilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HN-182(T) (=CGMCC 1.6117(T)=JCM 14014(T)).

Asymmetric catalysis of Morita-Baylis-Hillman reactions by chiral phosphine Lewis bases bearing multiple phenol groups.

In the Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reactions of arylaldehydes with methyl vinyl ketone, it was observed that in the presence of a catalytic amount of a chiral phosphine Lewis base (CPLB) bearing multiple phenol groups, such as CPLB1 (10 mol %), the corresponding MBH adducts could be obtained in moderate to good yields with low to moderate ee's (4-45% ee) at ambient temperature (10 degrees C) in THF.

Traditional Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction of aldehydes with methyl vinyl ketone co-catalyzed by triphenylphosphine and nitrophenol.

In the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction of aldehydes with methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), we found that in the presence of a catalytic amount of phenol, the Lewis base triphenylphosphine can effectively promote the reaction to give the corresponding normal Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts in good yields. The mechanism has been investigated by 31P NMR spectroscopy. The solvent and substituent effects were also examined.

Flavobacterium saliperosum sp. nov., isolated from freshwater lake sediment.

An aerobic, yellow-pigmented, Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain S13T, was isolated from freshwater sediment of Taihu Lake in central China. The taxonomy of strain S13T was studied by using phenotypic and phylogenetic methods. Cells of strain S13T were rod-shaped, non-motile and with a size range of 0.35-0.55x1.5-2.5 microm. The nearly complete 16S rRNA gene of strain S13T was amplified and sequenced. A blast search and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that strain S13T was related to members of the genus Flavobacterium, with the highest sequence similarity of 93.8% to Flavobacterium columnare (ATCC 23463T). Cells contained menaquinone-6 (MK-6) as the major respiratory quinone and the genomic DNA G+C content was 41 mol%. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0 (28.2%) and iso-C17:1omega9c (19.0%). It is proposed that S13T (=CGMCC 1.3801T=JCM 13331T) represents the type strain of a novel species, Flavobacterium saliperosum sp. nov.

Reactions of cyclopropyl aryl ketones with alpha-ketoacetic acids catalyzed by C8F17SO3H in fluorous phase.

In this paper, we successively apply the "fluorous biphase system" (FBS) technique to the reactions of cyclopropyl aryl ketones with alpha-ketoacetic acids catalyzed by C8F17SO3H (30 mol%) using perfluorodecalin (C10F18, cis- and trans-mixture) and DCE as a co-solvent to give the corresponding products 5,6-dihydropyran-2-ones in good yields. Moreover, the reaction system can be performed for several times without reloading the catalyst and the fluorous solvent.

Novosphingobium taihuense sp. nov., a novel aromatic-compound-degrading bacterium isolated from Taihu Lake, China.

A novel aromatic-compound-degrading bacterium, strain T3-B9(T), was isolated from sediment of Taihu Lake, Jiangsu Province, south-east China. This bacterial isolate assimilated several aromatic compounds such as phenol, aniline, nitrobenzene, 4-chloronitrobenzene and phenanthrene. The taxonomy of strain T3-B9(T) was studied by polyphasic methods. The organism showed a range of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties consistent with those of the genus Novosphingobium. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of strain T3-B9(T) to members of the genus Novosphingobium ranged from 91.6 to 97.5 %, and this isolate clustered phylogenetically with members of genus Novosphingobium. The DNA-DNA relatedness values of strain T3-B9(T) to the most phylogenetically related species, Novosphingobium subterraneum DSM 12447(T), Novosphingobium aromaticivorans ATCC 700278(T) and Novosphingobium stygium ATCC 700280(T), were 31, 33 and 14 %, respectively. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain T3-B9(T) represents a novel species of the genus Novosphingobium, for which the name Novosphingobium taihuense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T3-B9(T) (=AS 1.3432(T) = JCM 12465(T)).

Asticcacaulis taihuensis sp. nov., a novel stalked bacterium isolated from Taihu Lake, China.

A novel stalked bacterium, designated strain T3-B7(T), was isolated from sediment of Taihu Lake, Jiangsu Province, China, and its taxonomy was studied by using a polyphasic approach. Cell morphology, physiological and biochemical properties, and polar lipids indicated that strain T3-B7(T) represented a member of the genus Asticcacaulis. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis, strain T3-B7(T) was found to be phylogenetically related to Asticcacaulis biprosthecium DSM 4723(T) (98.5 %) and Asticcacaulis excentricus DSM 4724(T) (95.0 %), but could be differentiated from these two species on the basis of the number and position of prosthecae, assimilation of sugars, nitrate reduction and tolerance to NaCl. Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness of strain T3-B7(T) to A. biprosthecium DSM 4723(T) and A. excentricus DSM 4724(T) were 37.1 and 18.0 %, respectively. The G + C content of strain T3-B7(T) was 59 mol% (T(m)). It is concluded that strain T3-B7(T) represents a novel species of the genus Asticcacaulis, for which the name of Asticcacaulis taihuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T3-B7(T) (=AS 1.3431(T) = JCM 12463(T)).