Study on the potential allergen and mechanism of pseudo-allergic reactions induced by combined using of Reduning injection and penicillin G injection based on metabolomics and bioinformatics / 药学学报

Based on the strategy of metabolomics combined with bioinformatics, this study analyzed the potential allergens and mechanism of pseudo-allergic reactions (PARs) induced by the combined use of Reduning injection and penicillin G injection. All animal experiments and welfare are in accordance with the requirements of the First Affiliated Experimental Animal Ethics and Animal Welfare Committee of Henan University of Chinese Medicine (approval number: YFYDW2020002). Based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS technology combined with UNIFI software, a total of 21 compounds were identified in Reduning and penicillin G mixed injection. Based on molecular docking technology, 10 potential allergens with strong binding activity to MrgprX2 agonist sites were further screened. Metabolomics analysis using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS technology revealed that 34 differential metabolites such as arachidonic acid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes were endogenous differential metabolites of PARs caused by combined use of Reduning injection and penicillin G injection. Through the analysis of the "potential allergen-target-endogenous differential metabolite" interaction network, the chlorogenic acids (such as chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, and isochlorogenic acid A) and β-lactam allergens in the combination of the two may be mainly regulated by PLD1, PLA2G12A and CYP1A1. The three upstream signal target proteins mainly activate the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway, promote the degranulation of mast cells, release downstream endogenous inflammatory mediators, and induce PARs.

Immunogenicity Analysis of the Recombinant Plasmodium falciparum Surface-Related Antigen in Mice.

Plasmodium falciparum, mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, has received widespread attention owing to its severity. As a novel protein, P. falciparum surface-related antigen (PfSRA) has the structural and functional characteristics to be considered as a malaria vaccine candidate; however, limited information is available on its immunogenicity. Here, we expressed three fragments of recombinant PfSRA in an Escherichia coli system and further analyzed its immunogenicity. The results showed that rPfSRA-immunized mice produced specific antibodies with high endpoint titers (1:10,000 to 1:5,120,000) and affinity antibodies (i.e., rPfSRA-F1a (97.70%), rPfSRA-F2a (69.62%), and rPfSRA-F3a (91.87%)). In addition, the sera of immunized mice recognized both the native PfSRA and recombinant PfSRA, the rPfSRA antibodies inhibited the invasion of P. falciparum into the erythrocytes, and they were dose-dependent in vitro. This study confirmed PfSRA could be immunogenic, especially the F1a at the conserved region N-terminal and provided further support for it as a vaccine candidate against P.falciparum.

Mechanisms of Dangua Recipe in Improving Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders Based on Transcriptomics / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the mechanisms of Dangua Recipe (DGR) in improving glycolipid metabolism based on transcriptomics.@*METHODS@#Sprague-Dawley rats with normal glucose level were divided into 3 groups according to a random number table, including a conventional diet group (Group A), a DGR group (Group B, high-calorie diet + 20.5 g DGR), and a high-calorie fodder model group (Group C). After 12 weeks of intervention, the liver tissue of rats was taken. Gene sequence and transcriptional analysis were performed to identify the key genes related to glycolipid metabolism reflecting DGR efficacy, and then gene or protein validation of liver tissue were performed. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (Nampt) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) proteins in liver tissues were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, fatty acid synthase (FASN) protein was detected by Western blot, and fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5)-mRNA was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the functional verification was performed on the diabetic model rats by Nampt blocker (GEN-617) injected in vivo. Hemoglobin A@*RESULTS@#Totally, 257 differential-dominant genes of Group A vs. Group C and 392 differential-dominant genes of Group B vs. Group C were found. Moreover, 11 Gene Ontology molecular function terms and 7 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment pathways owned by both Group A vs. Group C and Group C vs. Group B were confirmed. The liver tissue target validation showed that Nampt, FASN, PEPCK protein and FABP5-mRNA had the same changes consistent with transcriptome. The in vivo functional tests showed that GEN-617 increased body weight, HbA@*CONCLUSION@#Nampt activation was one of the mechanisms about DGR regulating glycolipid metabolism.

Interleukin-1ß Protection Against Experimental Sepsis in Mice.

The inflammatory response involving interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) has been thought to play an important role in the development of late-phase sepsis. However, in this study, we wanted to explore the possibility of using IL-1ß to improve the prognosis of sepsis by triggering local differentiation of bone marrow cells (BMCs) into regulatory dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo, thereby reversing the immune paralysis in late-phase sepsis. Sepsis mouse models were induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and lethal Escherichia coli O18 infection. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with IL-1ß after CLP and after the lethal infection. Septic BMCs and liver immune cells were isolated at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 14 days post-CLP. BMCs and liver cells isolated from septic mice treated with IL-1ß were adoptively transferred into CLP mice. GFP+-C57BL/6 parabiosis models were established. Serum IL-1ß levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, and the number, ratio, and phenotype of immune cells were observed by flow cytometry. IL-1ß treatment improved the survival of sepsis and increased the numbers of BMCs and liver immune cells in septic mice. Moreover, IL-1ß stimulation increased the number and the percentage of CD11c-CD45RBhigh DCs in septic BM and liver. Adoptive transfer of septic BMCs, liver immune cells, and CD11c-CD45RBhigh DCs treated with IL-1ß into CLP mice attenuated sepsis. IL-1ß triggered the redistribution of CD11c-CD45RBhigh DCs as well as BMCs in parabiosis models. IL-1ß protects against sepsis by stimulating local proliferation and differentiation of BMCs into CD11c-CD45RBhigh DCs at immune organs and non-immune organs.

The use of epigallocatechin gallate prevents white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Plenty of studies have already proved the effective usage of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in clinical treatment. However, no current research has focused on the application of EGCG in preventing white spot lesions (WSLs) during orthodontics treatment with fixed appliances. OBJECTIVE: To study the value of EGCG in the prevention of WSLs during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. METHODS: In total 50 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances were carefully screened and enrolled. Split-mouth design was adopted: the right side of teeth received experimental adhesive (1 g/L EGCG + Adper™ Single Bond 2); the left side of teeth acted as control. All the other clinical procedures and materials used were same. The enamel demineralization index (EDI) and the WSLs prevalence of targeted teeth (16, 11, 46, 26, 31, and 36) were detected at 3, 6, and 12 months during the treatment, and the percentage of bracket bonding failure was calculated for each group. The study protocol was implemented in line with the relevant ethical requirements of Liuzhou People’s Hospital. Patients and their guardians were fully informed of the whole trial procedures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In this trial, the percentage of bracket bonding failure was significantly different between the EGCG group and control group (P > 0.05). After 3 months of treatment, the values of WSLs and EDI had no significant difference between the EGCG group and control group (P > 0.05). However, after 6 months and 12 months treatment, the EGCG group manifested significantly lower WSL and EDI values than the control group (P < 0.05). Therefore, addition of the adhesive containing 1 g/L EGCG has a considerable effect in preventing enamel demineralization and the occurrence of WSLs without influencing the enamel bonding strength, and it has a long-time effect which deserves the clinical expansion.

High Mobility Group Protein 1 Reverses Immune System Paralysis in Late-Phase Sepsis.

High mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) is considered to be the primary inflammatory factor triggering immune paralysis in late-phase sepsis. In this study, however, we wanted to explore the possibility of using HMGB1 to boost local differentiation of bone marrow cells (BMCs) into regulatory dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo, thereby inducing immune reversal in late-phase sepsis and improving the prognosis. For this purpose, sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Mice were injected intraperitoneally with HMGB1 (10, 50, or 250 µg/kg of body weight) 7 days before CLP. BMCs and liver immune cells were isolated at 0, 3, 5, and 7 days post-CLP. Mice were intranasally infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3 days post-CLP as a secondary pneumonia infection model. BMCs and liver cells isolated from septic mice pretreated with HMGB1 were adoptively transferred into CLP mice. GFP+-C57BL/6 and C3H/HeN-C3H/HeJ parabiosis models were established. We found that HMGB1 pretreatment improved the survival of sepsis and increased the numbers of BMCs and liver immune cells in CLP mice. Furthermore, HMGB1 stimulation improved survival in the secondary pneumonia infection model. HMGB1 increased the number as well as the percentage of CD11c- CD45RBhigh DCs in septic BM and liver. Adoptive transfer of septic cells pretreated with HMGB1 into CLP mice attenuated sepsis. HMGB1 enhanced the redistribution of CD11c- CD45RBhigh DCs through TLR4 signaling in parabiosis models. We conclude that HMGB1 triggers immune reversal through the mobilization, redistribution, and local immune differentiation of BMCs, thereby compensating for impaired immunity and leading to sufficient bacterial eradication.

Polysaccharides from Bupleurum Induce Immune Reversal in Late Sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Bupleurum chinense, a well-known Traditional Chinese Medicine, has been used for thousands of years in China. In this study, we would suggest that Bupleurum polysaccharides (BPS) could improve the prognosis of sepsis through its impact on redistribution of BMCs, which triggers immune reversal in late sepsis. METHODS: BALB/c mice were divided into five groups: sham burn group, burn plus P aeruginosa group, burn plus P aeruginosa with BPS (40 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 250 mg/kg) treatment group, and they were sacrificed at post-burn day (PBD) 0, 3, 5, and 7. BMCs, liver cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) were harvested. Flow cytometry was used to determine the change of phenotypes of DCs and isolate these cells. Cytometric beads array was utilized to analyze the level of inflammatory factors. Cell therapy of BMCs, liver cells, and DCs was administrated to explore the protective role of regional organ immunity. RESULTS: BPS could decrease the lethality of burn sepsis in a dose-dependent fashion and increase both the percentage of CD11cCD45RB DCs in bone marrow (BM) and liver and the number of BMCs and liver cells significantly. Cell therapy of BMCs, liver cells, and CD11cCD45RB DCs at PBD7 could protect septic mice from sepsis. CONCLUSION: BPS has shown its potential in promoting the prognosis of post-burn sepsis through its effect on immune redistribution of BMCs, especially via differentiation of CD11cCD45RB DC cells in BM and nonimmune organs to induce immune reversal in late sepsis.

Lentinan ameliorates burn sepsis by attenuating CD4+ CD25+ Tregs.

AIM: The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of lentinan on regulatory T cells (Tregs) in sepsis, especially on the generation of interleukin (IL)-10 via regulation of Erk-FoxO1 signaling. METHODS: BalB/c mice were randomized into five groups: sham group, the group with burns plus Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, and the groups with burns plus P. aeruginosa infection administered 40, 100, and 250mg/kg of lentinan. The mice were sacrificed on postburn days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, with eight animals per group at each time point. The peripheral blood CD4+ CD25+ Tregs and CD4+ T cells were isolated using magnetic microbeads. The phenotypes were analyzed by flow cytometry. The cytokine levels were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Signal transduction was studied by Western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and luciferase assay. RESULTS: The IL-10-producing capacity of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs was significantly enhanced in the group with burns plus P. aeruginosa infection, compared with the sham group. Administration of lentinan significantly decreased IL-10 production and FoxP3 expression of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs. The proliferative activities of CD4+ T cells, however, were restored. Lentinan decreased lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-10 production in the Tregs isolated from burned mice. In addition, lentinan attenuated LPS-stimulated Erk-FoxO1 activation. CONCLUSIONS: Lentinan may improve the outcome of postburn sepsis by suppressing LPS-triggered Erk-FoxO1 activation. Consequently, the hyperfunction of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs is inhibited, leading to a shift in the inflammatory status from Th2 to Th1 in postburn sepsis.

Risk Factors for the Rupture of Bifurcation Intracranial Aneurysms Using CT Angiography

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical and morphological characteristics in relation to risk of bifurcation intracranial aneurysm rupture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from 202 consecutive patients with 219 bifurcation aneurysms (129 ruptured and 90 unruptured) managed at the authors' facility between August 2011 and July 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Based on their clinical records and CT angiographic findings, the ability of risk factors to predict aneurysm rupture was assessed using statistical methods. RESULTS: Age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cerebral atherosclerosis were negatively correlated with aneurysm rupture. Aneurysms located in the middle cerebral artery, daughter artery ratio, lateral angle ratio (LA ratio), and neck width were negatively correlated with rupture. Aneurysms located in the anterior communicating artery, irregularity, with daughter sac, depth, width, maximum size, aspect ratio (AR), depth-to-width ratio, and bottleneck factor were significantly and positively correlated with rupture. Binary logistic regression model revealed that irregular shape [odds ratio (OR) 6.598] and AR (OR 3.507) strongly increased the risk of bifurcation aneurysm rupture, while age (OR 0.434), cerebral atherosclerosis (OR 0.125), neck width (OR 0.771), and LA ratio (OR 0.267) were negatively correlated with rupture (p<0.05). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed the threshold values of AR and LA ratio to be 1.18 and 1.50, respectively. CONCLUSION: Age (≥60 yr), cerebral atherosclerosis, and aneurysms with a larger neck width and larger LA ratio are protective factors against bifurcation aneurysm rupture. An aneurysm with an irregular shape and an increased AR reflect the greater likelihood of a rupture.

Clinical patterns and characteristics of uveitis in a secondary hospital in southern China.

AIM: To investigate the characteristics of uveitis in a secondary hospital in southern China. METHODS: We reviewed all records of patients with uveitis at Hengli Hospital from January 2008 to December 2011. Demographic data, past history, ophthalmic examinations and other laboratory tests were analyzed. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-nine uveitis patients were enrolled in this study, including 134 (67.3%) males and 65 females (32.7%) with an average age of 41.0±15.1y. The anatomical distribution included 103 (51.8%) cases of anterior uveitis, followed by panuveitis (65, 32.7%), posterior uveitis (29, 14.6%) and intermediate uveitis (2, 1.0%). Of the 98 (49.2%) non-idiopathic cases, there were 10.1% Behcet's disease, 9.5% Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome, 7.5%infectious uveitis, 7.5% traumatic uveitis and 3.5% postoperative uveitis. CONCLUSION: Idiopathic anterior and posterior uveitis, Behcet's disease, VKH syndrome, infectious uveitis and traumatic uveitis are the most common uveitis entities in a secondary hospital in southern China. Additional measures should be taken to prevent infectious and traumatic uveitis.

Dan-gua fang improves glycolipid metabolic disorders by promoting hepatic adenosine 5'-monophosphate activated protein kinase expression in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of Dan-gua Fang on adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) activated protein kinase (AMPK) α expression in liver and subsequent improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty 13-week-old diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats were randomly divided into model, Dan-gua Fang, metformin and simvastatin groups (n=10 for each), and fed high-fat diet ad libitum. Ten Wistar rats were used as normal group and fed normal diet. After 24 weeks, liver expression of AMPKα mRNA was assessed by real-time PCR. AMPKα and phospho-AMPKα protein expression in liver was evaluated by Western blot. Liver histomorphology was carried out after hematoxylin-eosin staining, and blood glucose (BG), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), food intake and body weight recorded.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Similar AMPKα mRNA levels were found in the Dan-gua Fang group and normal group, slightly higher than the values obtained for the remaining groups (P<0.05). AMPKα protein expression in the Dan-gua Fang group animals was similar to other diabetic rats, whereas phospho-AMPKα (Thr-172) protein levels were markedly higher than in the metformin group and simvastatin group (P<0.05), respectively. However, phosphor-AMPKα/AMPKα ratios were similar in all groups. Dan-gua Fang reduced fasting blood glucose with similar strength to metformin, and was superior in reducing cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as improving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in comparison with simvastatin and metformin. Dan-gua Fang decreases plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) significantly.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Dan-gua Fang, while treating phlegm-stasis, could decrease BG and lipid in type 2 diabetic GK rats fed with high-fat diet, and effectively protect liver histomorphology and function. This may be partly explained by increased AMPK expression in liver. Therefore, Dan-gua Fang might be an ideal drug for comprehensive intervention for glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus.</p>

Paradox of using intensive lowering of blood glucose in diabetics and strategies to overcome it and decrease cardiovascular risks / 中国结合医学杂志

Hyperglycemia significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in diabetics. However, it has been shown by a series of large scale international studies that intensive lowering of blood glucose levels not only has very limited benefits against cardiovascular problems in patients, but may even be harmful to patients at a high risk for CVD and/or poor long-term control of blood glucose levels. Therefore, Western medicine is faced with a paradox. One way to solve this may be administration of Chinese herbal medicines that not only regulate blood glucose, blood fat levels and blood pressure, but also act on multiple targets. These medicines can eliminate cytotoxicity of high glucose through anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant methods, regulation of cytokines and multiple signaling molecules, and maintenance of cell vitality and the cell cycle, etc. This allows hyperglycemic conditions to exist in a healthy manner, which is called "harmless hyperglycemia" Furthermore, these cardiovascular benefits go beyond lowering blood glucose levels. The mechanisms of action not only avoid cardiovascular injury caused by intensive lowering of blood glucose levels, but also decrease the cardiovascular dangers posed by hyperglycemia.

The New Idea about Early Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes Based on Gan Disease Transferring to Pi in Metabolic Diseases / 中国中西医结合杂志

Excess energy has become a main reason for increasingly serious human health hazards. Excess energy, mainly ectopically deposits in the liver, pancreas and other organs in the form of triglycerides, and produces chronic oxidative, nitrosative stress (ONS) , and fat toxicity, resulting in insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, and further impaired glucose regulation (Pidan). By combining Chinese medical pathogeneses and symptoms analyses, authors found this process has features of Gan disease transferring to Pi. Based on a number of related guidelines and clinical practice, we demonstrated treating sputum and stasis by the same method was one treatment method for intervening liver disease transferring to spleen in metabolic diseases. This idea helps to organic integrating prevention and treatment of major metabolic diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which can improve clinical effectiveness and efficiency of Chinese medicine.

[Chemical characteristics in airborne particulate matter (PM10) during a high pollution spring dust storm episode in Beijing, Tianjin and Zhangjiakou, China].

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM10) was collected at sampling locations of Beijing, Tianjin and Zhangjiakou from April 1st to May 24th, 2012. The mass concentration of PM10 and concentrations of ions, elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) in PM10 were determined. The results showed that average mass concentration of PM10 were 233.82 microg x m(-3) for Beijing, 279.64 microg x (-3) for Tianjin and 238.13 microg x m(-3) for Zhangjiakou, respectively. Backward trajectories results confirmed dust storm events occurred from 27th to 29th April. The maximum daily mass concentrations of PM10 were 755.54 microg x m(-3) for Beijing, 831.32 microg x m(-3) for Tianjin and 582.82 microg x m(-3) for Zhangjiakou during the dust storm episodes, respectively. Water-soluble ions (Na+, NH4+, Ca2+, K+, F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO4(2-)), organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were major aerosol components during the dust storm episodes, and their concentrations were higher than non-dust storm days. In addition, dust storm caused increases in NO3-, SO4(2-) and enrichment of secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentration relative to OC, suggesting that chemical reaction processes involving gas-particle conversion occurred during the long-distance transport of aerosol particles.

Effect of dangua recipe on glycolipid metabolism and VCAM-1 and its mRNA expression level in Apo E(-/-) mice with diabetes mellitus / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of Dangua Recipe (DGR) on glycolipid metabolism, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and its mRNA expression level of transgenic Apo E(-/-) mouse with spontaneous atherosclerosis, thus revealing its partial mechanism for curing diabetes mellitus (DM) with angiopathy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Diabetic model was prepared by peritoneally injecting streptozotocin (STZ) to Apo E(-/-) mouse. Totally 32 modeled mice were stratified by body weight, and then divided into 4 groups referring to blood glucose levels from low to high by random digit table, i.e., the model group (MOD, fed with sterile water, at the daily dose of 15 mL/kg), the DGR group (fed with DGR at the daily dose of 15 mL/kg), the combination group (COM, fed with DGR at the daily dose of 15 mL/kg and pioglitazone at the daily dose of 4.3 mg/kg), and the pioglitazone group (PIO, at the daily dose of 4.3 mg/kg), 8 in each group. Another 8 normal glucose C57 mouse of the same age and strain were recruited as the control group. All interventions lasted for 12 weeks by gastrogavage. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), body weight, food intake, water intake, skin temperature, the length of tail, and the degree of fatty liver were monitored. The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), and LDL-C were determined. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) was determined by radioimmunoassay. Nitrogen monoxidum (NO) was determined by nitrate reductase. The kidney tissue VCAM-1 level was analyzed with ELISA. The expression of VCAM-1 mRNA in the kidney tissue was detected with real time quantitative PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control group, the body weight and food intake decreased, water intake increased in all the other model groups (P < 0.05). Besides, the curve of blood glucose was higher in all the other model groups than in the control group (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the body weight increased; levels of HbAlc, TC, LDL-C, ET-1, and VCAM-1 were significantly lower; and skin temperature was higher in the DGR group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the PIO group, body weight, the increment of body weight, FBG, TC, and LDL-C were lower (P < 0.05, P < 0.01); food intake and water intake increased more and the tail length was longer in the DRG group (P < 0.01). There was no statistical difference in the level of NO among groups. The degree of fatty liver in the model group was significantly severer than that in the control group (P < 0.05). It was obviously alleviated in the DGR group (P < 0.05) when compared with the model group and the PIO group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). But it was severer in the PIO group than in the model group (P < 0.01). The degree of fatty liver in the combination group ranged between that of the DGR group and the PIO group (P < 0.05). The level of VCAM-1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in the DGR group than in the model group, the PIO group, and the combination group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>DGR had effect in lowering blood glucose and blood lipids, and fighting against fatty liver of transgenic Apo E(-/-) mouse with spontaneous atherosclerosis. DGR played an effective role in preventing and treating DM with angiopathy by comprehensively regulating glycolipid metabolism and promoting the vascular function.</p>

Research of Dangua Recipe on intervening the glycolipid metabolism and oxidative stress in diabetic rats with atherosclerosis / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effects of Dangua Recipe (DGR) on glycolipid metabolism, serum reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) positive expression and its mRNA expression level in the thoracic aorta of diabetic rats with atherosclerosis, thus revealing its partial mechanisms for intervening chronic diabetic complications.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Recruited 40 Goto-Kakisaki (GK) Wistar rats were fed with high fat forage containing metabolic inhibition Propylthiouracil, and peritoneally injected with endothelial NOS inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester to establish a high fat diabetes model with atherosclerosis. The modeled GK rats were stratified by body weight, and then, by blood glucose level from high to low, randomly divided into the DGR group (at the daily dose of 8 mL/kg), the metformin group (MET, at the daily dose of 150 mg/kg), the simvastatin group (SIM, at the daily dose of 2 mg/kg), and the model group (MOD, fed with pure water, at the daily dose of 8 mL/kg) according to the random number table, 10 in each group. Another 10 Wistar rats of the same ages and comparable body weight level were recruited as the normal control group. All the interventions lasted for 24 weeks by gastrogavage. The fasting blood glucose (FBG) and body weight were monitored. The HbA1c, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, serum ROS were determined. The aortic NF-kappaB level was analyzed with immunohistochemical assay. The expression of NF-kappaB (P65) mRNA in the aorta was detected with Real-time PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The body weight in the normal control group was eventually heavier than others (P < 0.01). There was no difference among the four groups of GK modeled rats (P > 0.05). The FBG in the four GK modeled groups were higher than that in the normal control group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the blood glucose level at the first visit and at the baseline among the GK modeled groups (P > 0.05). The last FBG level was obviously lower in the MET and DGR groups than in the MOD group (P < 0.01) and the SIM group (P < 0.05). Twenty-four weeks after intervention, the level of FBG, HbA1c, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and NF-kappaB positive expression rate of the thoracic aorta of the four groups of GK modeled rats, and NF-kappaB mRNA expression in the thoracic aorta in the MOD group, the MET group, and the DGR group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The TG level, serum ROS in the MET, DGR, and SIM groups, and the NF-kappaB mRNA expression level in the thoracic aorta in the SIM group were significantly lower than those in the normal control group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The levels of FBG, TC, LDL-C, serum ROS, NF-kappaB mRNA expression level in the thoracic aorta in three drug intervention groups, and NF-kappaB positive expression rate in the DGR and MET groups, and the levels of HbA1c, TG in the DGR group were significantly lower than those in the MOD group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The level of FBG in the MET and DGR groups were lower than that in the SIM group (P < 0.05). The level of NF-kappaB mRNA expression in the thoracic aorta of the SIM and DGR groups, and the levels of TC and LDL-C in the DGR group were significantly lower than those in the MET group (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>DGR played a role in preventing and treating chronic diabetic complications by comprehensively regulating blood glucose and serum lipids, as well as down-regulating oxidative stress.</p>

Toxicity features of high glucose on endothelial cell cycle and protection by Dan Gua-Fang in ECV-304 in high glucose medium / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the toxicity features of high glucose on the endothelial cell cycle and the influence of Dan Gua-Fang, a Chinese herbal compound prescription, on the reproductive cycle of vascular endothelial cells cultivated under a high glucose condition; to reveal the partial mechanisms of Dan Gua-Fang in the prevention and treatment of endothelial injury caused by hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus (DM); and offer a reference for dealing with the vascular complications of DM patients with long-term high blood glucose.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Based on the previous 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (z-y1)-3-5-diphenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) experiment, under different medium concentrations of glucose and Dangua liquor, the endothelial cells of vein-304 (ECV-304) were divided into 6 groups as follows: standard culture group (Group A, 5.56 mmol/L glucose); 1/300 herb-standard group (Group B); high glucose culture group (Group C, 16.67 mmol/L glucose); 1/150 herb-high glucose group (Group D); 1/300 herb-high glucose group (Group E); and 1/600 herb-high glucose group (Group F). The cell cycle was assayed using flow cytometry after cells were cultivated for 36, 72 and 108 h, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase was significantly increased in Group C compared with that in Group A (P<0.05), while the percentage of S-phase (S%) cells in Group C was significantly reduced compared with Group A (P<0.05); the latter difference was dynamically related to the length of growing time of the endothelial cells in a high glucose environment. (2) The S% cells in Group A was decreased by 30.25% (from 40.23% to 28.06%) from 36 h to 72 h, and 12.33% (from 28.06% to 24.60%) from 72 h to 108 h; while in Group C, the corresponding decreases were 23.05% and 21.87%, respectively. The difference of S% cells between the two groups reached statistical significance at 108 h (P<0.05). (3) The percentage difference of cells in the G2/M phase between Group C and Group A was statistically significant at 72 h (P<0.01). (4) 1/300 Dan Gua-Fang completely reversed the harmful effect caused by 16.67 mmol/L high glucose on the cell cycle; moreover it did not disturb the cell cycle when the cell was cultivated in a glucose concentration of 5.56 mmol/L.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>High glucose produces an independent impact on the cell cycle. Persistent blocking of the cell cycle and its arrest at the G0/G1 phase are toxic effects of high glucose on the endothelial cell cycle. The corresponding variation of the arrest appears in the S phase. 1/300 Dan Gua-Fang completely eliminates the blockage of high glucose on the endothelial cell cycle.</p>

Astragalus polysaccharides attenuate postburn sepsis via inhibiting negative immunoregulation of CD4+ CD25(high) T cells.

BACKGROUND: Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) isolated from one of the Chinese herbs, Astragalus mongholicus, are known to have a variety of immunomodulatory activities. However, it is not yet clear whether APS can exert an effect on the immune functions of regulatory T cells (Tregs). This study was carried out to investigate the effect of APS on the immune function of peripheral blood Tregs in postburn sepsis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: BALB/C mice were randomly divided into six groups as follows: sham burn group, burn control (burn without infection animals) group, burn plus P. aeruginosa group, burn plus P. aeruginosa with APS (50 mg/kg) treatment group, burn plus P. aeruginosa with APS (100 mg/kg) treatment group, and burn plus P. aeruginosa with APS (200 mg/kg) treatment group, and they were sacrificed on postburn day 1, 3, 5, and 7, respectively, with seven animals at each time point. Magnetic microbeads were used to isolate peripheral blood Tregs and CD4(+) T cells. Phenotypes were analyzed by flow cytometry, and cytokine levels were determined with ELISA. In the burn plus P. aeruginosa group, forkhead/winged helix transcription factor p3 (Foxp3) expression on CD4(+)CD25(+)Tregs were strongly enhanced in comparison to the sham group, and the capacity of CD4(+)CD25(+)Tregs to produce interleukin (IL)-10 was markedly increased. Administration of APS to inhibit CD4(+)CD25(+)Tregs could significantly decrease expression of Foxp3 on CD4(+)CD25(+)Tregs, and IL-10 production in burned mice with P. aeruginosa infection. At the same time, proliferative activity and expression of IL-2 and IL-2Rα on CD4(+) T cells were restored. In contrast, anti-Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antibody could block the effect of APS on Tregs immune function. CONCLUSION: APS might suppress CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg activity, at least in part, via binding TLR4 on Tregs and trigger a shift of Th2 to Th1 with activation of CD4(+) T cells in burned mice with P. aeruginosa infection.

[The regulatory effect and mechanism of Astragalus polysaccharides on CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) dendritic cell].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate immunomodulatory effect of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on IL-12-secreting dendritic cell (DC) subset CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DC. METHODS: Spleen CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DC and CD4(+)T lymphocytes in BALB/c mice were purified by magnetic beads sorting, and were treated with 0 (as control), 50, 100, 200 µg/mL APS. Immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry were used to determine expressions of CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DC surface molecules, including CD40, CD80, CD86, I-A/E, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4. IL-12 level in CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DC culture supernatant was determined by ELISA. The CD4(+) T lymphocytes were divided into: normal control group, non-stimulation group (CD4(+)T lymphocytes cocultured with APS-unstimulated CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DC), high-dose APS stimulation group (CD4(+)T lymphocytes cocultured with 200 µg/mL APS-stimulated CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DC), high-dose APS stimulation+antibody 1 group (CD4(+)T lymphocytes cocultured with 200 µg/mL APS-stimulated CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DC and IL-12 antibody), high-dose APS stimulation+ antibody 2 group (CD4(+)T lymphocytes cocultured with 200 µg/mL APS-stimulated CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DC and IL-12 antibody isotype). Proliferation ability of CD4(+) T lymphocytes was determined with MTT method. IL-4 level as well as IFN-γ level in CD4(+)T lymphocyte culture supernatant was determined by flow cytometry. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: Compared with those in control, the expressions of CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DC surface molecules (except for CD86) on CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DC surface, as well as IL-12-secreting level with dose-dependence were increased in cells stimulated with 50, 100, 200 µg/mL APS. Proliferation ability of CD4(+)T lymphocytes in high-dose APS stimulation group was higher as compared with that in non-stimulation group (F = 13.438, P < 0.05). IFN-γ level in high-dose APS stimulation group \[(2784 ± 137) pg/mL\] was higher than that in non-stimulation group \[(1952 ± 101) pg/mL, F = 12.177, P < 0.05\]. IL-4 level in high-dose APS stimulation group was (172 ± 20) pg/mL, which was lower than that in non-stimulation group \[(193 ± 19) pg/mL, F = 11.963, P < 0.05\]. Proliferation ability of CD4(+) T lymphocytes, IFN-γ level, and IL-4 level in high-dose APS stimulation + antibody 1 group were all ameliorated when compared with those in non-stimulation group; while levels of the 3 indexes in high-dose APS stimulation + antibody 2 group were similar to those in high-dose APS stimulation group. CONCLUSIONS: APS can activate IL-12-producing CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DC, and further induce the activation of immune function of T lymphocyte with shifting of Th2 to Th1 in vitro. APS can enhance the immune response via promoting the phenotypic and functional maturation of CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DC.

High mobility group box 1 protein suppresses T cell-mediated immunity via CD11c(low)CD45RB(high) dendritic cell differentiation.

AIM: High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) has been identified as a late proinflammatory cytokine and plays a key role in immune regulation. However, it is not yet clear whether HMGB1 can induce the activation and differentiation of dendritic cell (DC) subsets and subsequently modulate immune function of T cells. This study was performed to investigate the effect of HMGB1 on the differentiation of splenic DCs and its influence on T cell-mediated immunity in terms of DC subsets CD11c(low)CD45RB(high) DCs and CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DCs in male BALB/c mice spleens in vitro. RESULTS: MACS microbeads were used to isolate splenic DCs, CD11c(low)CD45RB(high) DCs, CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DCs and CD4(+) T cells. The percentage of CD11c(low)CD45RB(high) DCs was significantly increased after treatment with HMGB1 compared to their counterparts (CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DCs). It was found that unlike the gradually increasing interleukin (IL)-12 secretion of CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DCs induced by HMGB1, CD11c(low)CD45RB(high) DCs showed a obvious dose-dependent response between IL-10 production and HMGB1 stimulation. In order to verify whether the alteration of CD4(+) T cells was mainly associated with the differentiation of splenic DCs mediated by HMGB1 to CD11c(low)CD45RB(high) DCs, anti-IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) or anti-IL-10R monoclonal antibody was used to inhibit the effect of CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DCs or CD11c(low)CD45RB(high) DCs in CD4(+) T cells mixed lymphocyte reaction culture. After treatment with anti-IL-12R or anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody in CD4(+) T cells+CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DCs or CD11c(low)CD45RB(high) DCs mixed lymphocyte reaction, the induction of these DCs on T cells was inhibited dramatically. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrated that HMGB1 might induce the differentiation of splenic DCs to CD11c(low)CD45RB(high) DCs followed by shifting of Th1 to Th2 with enhancement of T lymphocyte immune function in vitro. Also, the effect of HMGB1 on T cell differentiation to Th2 was not associated with the inhibition of IL-12 production in CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DCs.