Influence of Body Image, Risk of Eating Disorder, Psychological Characteristics, and Mood-Anxious Symptoms on Overweight and Obesity in Chilean Youth.

This study investigates the relationship between body image, eating disorders, psychological characteristics, and mood and anxiety symptoms in Chilean youth, with nutritional status, particularly overweight and obesity. With a sample of 1001 participants from five regions of Chile, aged 15 to 23 years. The Eating Disorder Inventory 3 (EDI-3), the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire Appearance Scales (MBSRQ_AS), and the Symptom Inventory Derogatis Revised (SCL90-R) and a sociodemographic questionnaire were used to analyze these variables. A model including nine exogenous (independent) variables and ten endogenous variables, based on a literature review, was evaluated by path analysis. The results show a significant association between factors such as sex, family history of overweight, self-classification by weight, and body dissatisfaction with body mass index (BMI). Eating behaviors such as overeating, and lack of appetite were also found to be influenced by interpersonal sensitivity, overweight preoccupation, and drive for thinness. The study underscores the importance of promoting a positive body image and addressing overweight/obesity from a combined health psychology and public health perspective, highlighting the need for interventions that consider nutritional status, and in particular overweight and obesity, as a phenomenon with multifactorial causes and maintainers.

Psychometric Properties of the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 (EDI-3) in Chilean Youth.

The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI)-3 test to evaluate eating disorders in young Chilean population. Methods: The sample consisted of 1,091 Chilean adolescents and young people (i.e., 476 men and 615 women) between 15 and 28 years old, from the metropolitan region, and four regions from the coast and south-central zone of the country. The reliability and factorial structure of the instrument were analyzed, replicating the confirmatory factor analyses of Brookings et al. (2020), evaluating four additional models that included bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), bifactor, and two-bifactor. Results: A majority of the subscales presented alphas and omegas equal to or greater than 0.70, with the exception of asceticism (α = 0.543, ω = 0.552) and interpersonal alienation (α = 0.684, ω = 0.695) scales, which are consistent with the values of the Spanish and Mexican non-clinical samples. The best fit indices were obtained by the ESEM two-bifactor model, with twelve specific factors corresponding to the EDI-3 subscales and two general orthogonal factors (i.e., risk subscales and psychological subscales), consistently with the theoretical basis.

[Parental feeding strategies in children with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID): Association with food refusal behavior]. / Estrategias parentales de alimentación en niños con un Trastorno de Evitación/Restricción de la Ingesta de Alimentos (ARFID): Asociación con la conducta de rechazo a los alimentos.

Avoidance/Restriction of Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is characterized by persistent avoidance and/or restriction of food intake, with three clinical presentations: lack of interest in food, selectivity based on sensory sensitivity, and fear of aversive consequences. The strategies used by parents during mealtimes may predispose or maintain the child's food refusal. OBJECTIVE: to determine the associa tion between parental strategies used during mealtimes and food refusal behavior in ARFID children. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Cross-sectional research. Non-probabilistic sampling was used for the selec tion of participants. Twenty-four parents whose children had been diagnosed with ARFID participa ted. ARFID subtypes were considered according to DSM-5 criteria: limited appetite, selective eating and fear of eating. Exclusion criteria were ARFID of organic cause and/or pervasive developmental disorders. The Child Eating Behaviors Questionnaire and the Child Feeding Questionnaire were used for data collection. RESULTS: An association was evidenced between the parental eating strategy of pressure to eat with food refusal behavior, and with child eating behaviors of emotional underfeeding (p = 0.046), slowness to eat (p = 0.016), refusal in front of food (p = 0.019) and satiety response (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Eating behaviors frequently perceived by parents with children diagnosed with ARFID are related to the dimension of negative approach towards food, such as satiety response, food refusal, slowness to eat and emotional underfeeding.

Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS) in Chilean Youth.

The aim of this study is to analyze the factorial structure of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS) to determine the adjustment of the study structure proposed in the Spanish short version in a young, non-clinical Chilean population and to evaluate the possible influence of sex, age, and BMI on body image measurement. The sample consisted of 614 Chilean youth (259 male and 355 female) between 15 and 28 years old (M = 18.81; SE = 2.46), from the Metropolitan Region, and four regions of the coast and south-central zone of the country. The average Body Mass Index (BMI) was 22.5 kg/m2 (SD = 3.16). The model fit was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis (WLSMV) using the following: a model with a single general factor, a model with the five factors of the original version, a five-factor ESEM model, and a MIMIC model analyzed including sex, age, and BMI. The results show that the MIMIC sex, age, and BMI model presents an acceptable fit, observing that four factors, Appearance Orientation (AO), Body Areas Satisfaction (BAS), Overweight Preoccupation (OP), and Self-Classification Weight (SCW), are affected significantly for the sex variable, one for age, Appearance Evaluation (AE), and four for BMI (AE, BAS, OP, and SCW). In conclusion, MBSRQ-AS replicates the five-dimensional structure in a non-clinical sample of young Chileans; however, their scores are not invariant as they depend on sex, age, and BMI.

Contextos habituales de alimentación en edad temprana: estudio en díadas cuidador principal e hijo o hija / Usual feeding context in early childhood. Study of the caregiver-.baby dyed and the alimentary style of the main caregiver

Es importante investigar el inicio de la conducta alimentaria dadas las altas tasas de obesidad infantil a nivel mundial y en Chile. Diversas investigaciones dan importancia al rol que cumplen los padres en la formacion de hábitos alimentarios durante la primera infancia. Este trabajo pretende relacionar las características del contexto alimentario cotidiano en infancia temprana con la emocionalidad de la díada cuidador-bebé, y estilo alimentario del cuidador principal. Estudio descriptivo, correlacional y transversal. Observación por jueces expertos de 29 videograbaciones de díadas cuadador-bebé en una práctica alimentaria habitual. La media de edad de los/las niños/as fue de 2,12 años (DS= 0,48), la mayoría presentan un estado nutricional normal (51,7%), y el 62% eran varones. Cuestionarios aplicados: encuesta sociodemográfica, lista de chequeo de conductas alimentarias habituales, medición de estado socioemocional del niño (CBCL y ASQ-SE), sintomatología afectiva y alimentaria del cuidador principal (DASS 21 y DEBQ ). Las conductas alimentarias problemáticas más frecuentes de los niños son: rechazar comer alimentos específicos por textura/sabor y un estado emocional tenso durante la alimentación. Los síntomas depresivos y de estrés del cuidador se asociaron significativamente con el comportamiento del menor durante la práctica alimentaria cotidiana. Se observa una relación significativa entre la percepción de los estados emocionales del niño por parte de su cuidador, un contexto no habitual para realizar la práctica alimentaria y la actitud más directiva que asume el adulto durante la interacción alimentaria. Es necesario investigar la interacción alimentaria especialmente durante los primeros años de vida, momento en que se establecen los hábitos alimentarios.

It is important to investigate the beginning of eating behavior given the high rates of child obesity that exist all around the world and in Chile. A large number of investigations give importance to the role of parents in the formation of eating habits during early childhood. This work aims to relate the characteristics of the usual feeding context in early childhood with the emotionality of the caregiverbaby dyad, and the alimentary style of the main caregiver. Descriptive, correlational and transversal study. Observation by expert judges of 29 video recordings of caregiver-baby dyad in a habitual feeding practice. The average age of the children was 2.12 years (DS = 0.48), most of them had normal nutritional status (51.7%), and 62% were males. Applied questionnaires: socio-demographic survey, checklist of habitual eating behaviors, measurement of the child's socio-emotional state (CBCL Y ASQ-SE), affective and alimentary symptomatology of the main caregiver (DASS 21 Y DEBQ ). The most frequent problematic eating behaviors of children are: Reject to eat specific foods due to texture/flavour and a tense emotional state during the feeding. The depressive and stress symptoms of the caregiver are significantly associated with the behavior of the child during the habitual feeding practice. It is noted a significant relationship between the caregiver's perception of the child's emotional state, an unusual context to perform feeding practice and the more directive attitude assumed by the adult during the alimentary interaction. It is necessary to investigate the food interaction especially during the first years of life, when eating habits are established.

Valoración y aprendizajes atribuidos al taller Mindful Eating en un grupo de mujeres en tratamiento de reducción de peso / EVALUATION AND LEARNINGS IN A GROUP OF WOMEN IN WEIGHT REDUCTION TREATMENT AS MINDFUL EATING

Las intervenciones en mindful eating están siendo cada vez más utilizadas para tratar problemáticas relacionadas con la alimentación. En población con sobrepeso y obesidad esta herramienta busca disminuir los síntomas de atracón, mejorar la regulación emocional y conciencia de los estados internos de hambre y saciedad. Objetivo: conocer la valoración y aprendizajes atribuidos al taller Mindful Eating en un grupo de mujeres en tratamiento de reducción de peso en un centro de salud privado. Método: enfoque metodológico cualitativo, de alcance exploratorio y descriptivo. Para recolectar los datos se utilizaron entrevistas en profundidad semi- estructuradas a 7 mujeres entre 22-54 años, analizadas desde el modelo de la Grounded Theory. Resultados: a partir del taller hubo cambios en el modo de relacionarse con la comida y el sí mismas. Antes del taller las participantes tenían una relación inconsciente con la comida; comer en piloto automático, comer emocional, atracones y modo de relacionarse consigo mismas desde la autocrítica y autocastigo. Posterior al taller, se describen cambios favorables en una relación consciente con la comida, destacándose mayor conexión interna, autocuidado y modo de relacionarse sí mismas autocompasivo. Discusión: las participantes tuvieron una valoración positiva del taller mindful eating, apreciando el rol contendor del grupo, ser una herramienta de utilidad y uso a largo plazo que posibilitaría un cambio hacia una relación más saludable con la comida y si mimas. Sería útil integrar esta herramienta en los programas de control de peso, monitoreando y reforzando continuamente los aprendizajes que los participantes hayan obtenido en el taller. Esta integración podría ayudar a los participantes a continuar utilizando herramienta y, al hacerlo, ayudarlos a integrar hábitos alimenticios más saludables a largo plazo.

Summary Mindful eating interventions are being increasingly used to treat eating behavior problems. In overweight and obese population this tool seeks to reduce symptoms of binge eating, improve emotional regulation, and increase awareness of hunger and satiety.Aim of the study: to investigate how a group of women in weight reduction treatment assessed a mindful eating workshop and what were the main learnings they had from the program. Method: qualitative approach with an exploratory and descriptive scope. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Participants were 7 women between 22-54 years old.  The data analysis was carried out using Grounded Theory model. Results: participants in the workshop reported changes in the way they relate to the food and themselves. Before the workshop, the participants reported not being aware of their relationship to the food, eating on autopilot, eating emotionally, bingeing, and being self-critical and punishing themselves. After the workshop, participants reported changes, experiencing increased awareness of their relationship with food, greater connection to the inner-self, and increased self-care and self-compassion. Discussion: participants had a positive assessment of the  minRPM Nº 11-2019.indd 798 13/12/19 12:50 LA PRENSA MÉDICA ARGENTINA Valoración y aprendizajes atribuidos al taller Mindful Eating en un grupo de mujeres en tratamiento… 799 V.105/Nº11 dful eating  workshop, highlighting the buffering effect of the group, considering mindfulness as a useful and long-term tool that would allow them to have a healthier relationship with food and with one-self. It would be useful to integrate this tool in weight control treatments, monitoring and reinforcing the learnings participants have from the workshop. Having this integration might help participants to continuing using the tool and, by doing that, helping them to integrate healthier eating habits in the long term.

Vínculo madre/hija y su relación con insatisfacción corporal, modelos estéticos y conductas alimentarias / Mother/daughter attachment and its relationship with body dissatisfaction, aesthetic models and eating behaviors

Resumen Se analizó la percepción de conductas y actitudes maternas en las hijas y sus niveles de satisfacción corporal, conducta alimentaria e influencia de modelos estéticos corporales. Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, transversal, intencional, no probabilístico y de bola de nieve. Veintidós díadas madre/hija (n=44) completaron el IVP, CFC, CIMEC y E-TONA. Se efectuó un análisis estadístico descriptivo, cálculo de porcentajes y coeficientes de correlación mediante el programa SPSS. Las hijas percibieron principalmente un control materno sin afecto (31,8%); en el 18,2% ambas efectuaban dieta; 40,9% de las hijas versus 22,7% de las madres mostró alteración del esquema corporal, exhibiendo malestar, en el 63,6% (hijas) versus 45,5% (madres). La sobreprotección materna percibida por las hijas fue estadísticamente significativa (r=,513; p=,015). Los niveles de satisfacción corporal en ellas (r =,694; p=,000), la preocupación ponderal (r=,612; p=,002) y la imagen corporal (r=,707; p=,000), se correlacionaron directa y significativamente con los maternos y con agentes y situaciones que difunden el modelo estético de sus madres (r=,544; p=,009 y r=,625; p=,001, respectivamente). Se observó la percepción por las hijas de un control materno sin afecto con sobre-preocupación, además de alteración del esquema corporal de madres e hijas y una significativa influencia de modelos estéticos corporales.

Perception of maternal behaviors and attitudes in daughters and their levels of body satisfaction, eating behavior and influence of body aesthetic models were analysed. A quantitative, cross-sectional, intentional, non-probabilistic and snowball approach was used. Twenty-two mother/daughter dyads (n = 44) completed the PBI, BSQ, CIMEC and E-TONA. A descriptive statistical analysis, calculation of percentages and correlation coefficients were carried out using the SPSS programme. Daughters mainly perceived maternal control without affection (31.8%); in 18.2% both were on a diet; 40.9% of daughters versus 22.7% of mothers showed alteration of body scheme, exhibiting discomfort, in 63.6% and 45.5%, respectively. Maternal overprotection perceived by daughters was statistically significant (r =0.513, p = 0.015). Levels of body satisfaction in daughters (r = 0.694; p =0.000), weight concern (r =0.612; p =0.002) and body image (r =0.707; p =0.000), were correlated directly and significantly with those of mothers and with agents and situations that broadcast the aesthetic model of their mothers (r =0.544, p =0.009 and r =0.625, p =0.001, respectively). Daughters´ perception of a maternal control without affect with over-concern was observed, in addition to alteration of body scheme in mothers and daughters and a significant influence of body aesthetic models.

[Differences in body image of young normal weight and overweight/obese people]. / Diferencias en imagen corporal de jóvenes con normopeso y con sobrepeso/obesidad.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a chronic and growing problem. Its study requires the understanding of multiple associated variables. Body image has an important role in the health condition. The purpose of this study was to compare the perception of body image of young normal weight and overweight/obese people. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A sample of 376 young men and women aged 18 to 25 was compared. Body mass index classified them in two groups: normal weight and overweight/obese. To evaluate body image participants answered the Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). To evaluate eating behavior they answered the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-3). RESULTS: Overweight/obese young people are less satisfied with their appearance and their body when it is evaluated separately. They evaluate their physical condition and their physical abilities badly. They show fewer behaviors intended to maintain or improve their physical appearance, perceive a worse diagnosis of their health and show less body satisfaction. They are more concerned about their weight and they are obsessed about thinness. In addition, women, compared to men, have a worse negative assessment of their body image. CONCLUSION: Despite the low assessment that overweight/obese students made in relation to their body, they are not willing to perform activities that allow them to change their condition. Further research is needed in order to develop preventive programs and more treatments that are effective.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la obesidad es un problema crónico y en aumento. Su estudio requiere comprender múltiples variables asociadas. La imagen corporal tiene un papel importante en esta condición de salud. El propósito de este estudio fue comparar la percepción de imagen corporal de jóvenes normopeso y con sobrepeso/obesidad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se comparó a 376 jóvenes de ambos sexos, de una muestra general y sin tratamiento, de entre 18 y 25 años de edad, clasificados por su índice de masa corporal en dos grupos: grupo normopeso y grupo sobrepeso u obesidad. Para evaluar imagen corporal, los participantes respondieron el Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) y el Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-3). RESULTADOS: los participantes con sobrepeso/obesidad están menos satisfechos con su apariencia y con su cuerpo cuando este es evaluado por partes, evalúan peor su estado físico y/o sus capacidades físicas, presentan menos conductas orientadas a mantener o mejorar su forma física, perciben un peor diagnóstico de su salud y tienen menor satisfacción corporal. Asimismo, están más preocupados por su peso, se autoclasifican más por su peso y presentan una mayor obsesión por la delgadez. Además, las mujeres, en comparación con los hombres, presentan una evaluación más negativa de su imagen corporal. CONCLUSIÓN: a pesar de la mala evaluación que los estudiantes con sobrepeso/obesidad realizan en relación a su cuerpo, no están dispuestos a realizar actividades concretas que les permitan cambiar su estado. Es necesario seguir investigando con el fin de desarrollar programas preventivos y de tratamiento más efectivos.

Diferencias en imagen corporal de jóvenes con normopeso y con sobrepeso/obesidad / Differences in body image of young normal weight and overweight/obese people

Introducción: la obesidad es un problema crónico y en aumento. Su estudio requiere comprender múltiples variables asociadas. La imagen corporal tiene un papel importante en esta condición de salud. El propósito de este estudio fue comparar la percepción de imagen corporal de jóvenes normopeso y con sobrepeso/obesidad. Material y métodos: se comparó a 376 jóvenes de ambos sexos, de una muestra general y sin tratamiento, de entre 18 y 25 años de edad, clasificados por su índice de masa corporal en dos grupos: grupo normopeso y grupo sobrepeso u obesidad. Para evaluar imagen corporal, los participantes respondieron el Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) y el Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-3). Resultados: los participantes con sobrepeso/obesidad están menos satisfechos con su apariencia y con su cuerpo cuando este es evaluado por partes, evalúan peor su estado físico y/o sus capacidades físicas, presentan menos conductas orientadas a mantener o mejorar su forma física, perciben un peor diagnóstico de su salud y tienen menor satisfacción corporal. Asimismo, están más preocupados por su peso, se autoclasifican más por su peso y presentan una mayor obsesión por la delgadez. Además, las mujeres, en comparación con los hombres, presentan una evaluación más negativa de su imagen corporal. Conclusión: a pesar de la mala evaluación que los estudiantes con sobrepeso/obesidad realizan en relación a su cuerpo, no están dispuestos a realizar actividades concretas que les permitan cambiar su estado. Es necesario seguir investigando con el fin de desarrollar programas preventivos y de tratamiento más efectivos (AU)

Introduction: Obesity is a chronic and growing problem. Its study requires the understanding of multiple associated variables. Body image has an important role in the health condition. The purpose of this study was to compare the perception of body image of young normal weight and overweight/obese people. Material and methods: A sample of 376 young men and women aged 18 to 25 was compared. Body mass index classified them in two groups: normal weight and overweight/obese. To evaluate body image participants answered the Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). To evaluate eating behavior they answered the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-3). Results: Overweight/obese young people are less satisfied with their appearance and their body when it is evaluated separately. They evaluate their physical condition and their physical abilities badly. They show fewer behaviors intended to maintain or improve their physical appearance, perceive a worse diagnosis of their health and show less body satisfaction. They are more concerned about their weight and they are obsessed about thinness. In addition, women, compared to men, have a worse negative assessment of their body image. Conclusion: Despite the low assessment that overweight/obese students made in relation to their body, they are not willing to perform activities that allow them to change their condition. Further research is needed in order to develop preventive programs and more treatments that are effective (AU)

Ley de etiquetado de alimentos: opiniones de una muestra de chilenos / FOOD LABELING LAW: OPINIONS OF A CHILEAN SAMPLE

Frente a la expansión de la obesidad en Chile, se promulgó la ley de etiquetado de alimentos, que consiste en agregar en la cara frontal del producto etiquetas negras que señalen si excede en uno o más aspectos las indicaciones nutricionales recomendadas (sodio, azúcares, grasa saturada y calorías). El objetivo de este estudio es identificar las opiniones de personas acerca de la ley. Es un estudio mixto, con 296 participantes de ambos sexos, de distintas regiones de Chile, y de 15 o más años, que contestaron un cuestionario online. Un 53% sugería como mejora que se entregara más información acerca de las implicaciones concretas, un 43,9% señaló que la ley no impactaría sus conductas alimentarias y un 45,6% que sí las cambiaría. Existe consenso de que aún falta más información; los participantes, en su mayoría, estaban interesados en tener más conocimiento sobre lo que significa la alimentación saludable

Faced with the expansion of obesity in Chile, the food labeling law was enacted. Which consists in adding on the front of the product black labels that indicate if it exceeds in one or more aspects the recommended nutritional indications (sodium, sugars, saturated fat and calories). The aim of this study is to identify the opinions of people about this law. This study is upon a population of 296 participants of both genders and 15 years old and above, from different regions of Chile, who answered an online questionnaire. A further 53% suggested that more information be given about the specific implications, 43.9% said that the law would not switch their dietary behaviors and 45.6% would change them. The majority of participants think that they need more information and they would like to know the real meaning of healthy eating.

[Body image, psychological symptoms and eating disorders among Chilean adolescents and young adults]. / Comparación por sexo en imagen corporal, síntomas psicopatológicos y conductas alimentarias en jóvenes entre 14 y 25 años.

UNLABELLED: The construction of body image is crucial during adolescent development. Several studies show that body dissatisfaction is common, especially among women. This is a risk factor for eating behavior disorders. AIM: To describe psychological variables and dimensions about body image among adolescents and young adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three self-administered questionnaires, MBSRQ (Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire) that measures body image, Symptom Checklist (SCL-90) that measures the presence of psychological and psychiatric symptoms and the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-2), which measures eating problems, were applied to 1,438 students aged 19 ± 2.7 years (53% women) from three Chilean regions. RESULTS: Sixty five percent of respondents would like to weigh less. Compared with men, women have greater psychological distress, concerns about their appearance and their weight, are more obsessed with thinness, and have fewer behaviors aimed at solving these problems. CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of respondents want to lose weight. In addition, women have serious desires and search for thinness.

Comparación por sexo en imagen corporal, síntomas psicopatológicos y conductas alimentarias en jóvenes entre 14 y 25 años / Body image, psychological symptoms and eating disorders among Chilean adolescents and young adults

The construction of body image is crucial during adolescent development. Several studies show that body dissatisfaction is common, especially among women. This is a risk factor for eating behavior disorders. Aim: To describe psychological variables and dimensions about body image among adolescents and young adults. Material and Methods: Three self-administered questionnaires, MBSRQ (Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire) that measures body image, Symptom Checklist (SCL-90) that measures the presence of psychological and psychiatric symptoms and the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-2), which measures eating problems, were applied to 1,438 students aged 19 ± 2.7 years (53% women) from three Chilean regions. Results: Sixty five percent of respondents would like to weigh less. Compared with men, women have greater psychological distress, concerns about their appearance and their weight, are more obsessed with thinness, and have fewer behaviors aimed at solving these problems. Conclusions: A high percentage of respondents want to lose weight. In addition, women have serious desires and search for thinness.