Social determinants of health but not global genetic ancestry predict dementia prevalence in Latin America.

INTRODUCTION: Leveraging the nonmonolithic structure of Latin America, which represents a large variability in social determinants of health (SDoH) and high levels of genetic admixture, we aim to evaluate the relative contributions of SDoH and genetic ancestry in predicting dementia prevalence in Latin American populations. METHODS: Community-dwelling participants aged 65 and older (N = 3808) from Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Peru completed the 10/66 protocol assessments. Dementia was diagnosed using the cross-culturally validated 10/66 algorithm. Multivariate linear regression models adjusted for SDoH were used in the main analysis. This study used cross-sectional data from the 1066 population-based study. RESULTS: Individuals with higher proportions of Native American (>70%) and African American (>70%) ancestry were more likely to exhibit factors contributing to worse SDoH, such as lower educational levels (p < 0.001), lower socioeconomic status (p < 0.001), and higher frequency of vascular risk factors (p < 0.001). After adjusting for measures of SDoH, there was no association between ancestry proportion and dementia probability, and ancestry proportions no longer significantly accounted for the variance in cognitive performance (African predominant p = 0.31 [-0.19, 0.59] and Native predominant p = 0.74 [-0.24, 0.33]). DISCUSSION: The findings suggest that social and environmental factors play a more crucial role than genetic ancestry in predicting dementia prevalence in Latin American populations. This underscores the need for public health strategies and policies that address these social determinants to effectively reduce dementia risk in these communities. HIGHLIGHTS: Countries in Latin America express a large variability in social determinants of health and levels of admixture. After adjustment for downstream societal factors linked to SDoH, genetic ancestry shows no link to dementia. Population ancestry profiles alone do not influence cognitive performance. SDoH are key drivers of racial disparities in dementia and cognitive performance.

Advancements in dementia research, diagnostics, and care in Latin America: Highlights from the 2023 Alzheimer's Association International conference satellite symposium in Mexico City.

INTRODUCTION: While Latin America (LatAm) is facing an increasing burden of dementia due to the rapid aging of the population, it remains underrepresented in dementia research, diagnostics, and care. METHODS: In 2023, the Alzheimer's Association hosted its eighth satellite symposium in Mexico, highlighting emerging dementia research, priorities, and challenges within LatAm. RESULTS: Significant initiatives in the region, including intracountry support, showcased their efforts in fostering national and international collaborations; genetic studies unveiled the unique genetic admixture in LatAm; researchers conducting emerging clinical trials discussed ongoing culturally specific interventions; and the urgent need to harmonize practices and studies, improve diagnosis and care, and use affordable biomarkers in the region was highlighted. DISCUSSION: The myriad of topics discussed at the 2023 AAIC satellite symposium highlighted the growing research efforts in LatAm, providing valuable insights into dementia biology, genetics, epidemiology, treatment, and care.

Exploring the natural history of intrinsic capacity impairments: longitudinal patterns in the 10/66 study.

BACKGROUND: intrinsic capacity (IC) is a construct encompassing people's physical and mental abilities. There is an implicit link amongst IC domains: cognition, locomotion, nutrition, sensory and psychological. However, little is known about the integration of the domains. OBJECTIVES: to investigate patterns in the presentation and evolution of IC domain impairments in low-and-middle-income countries and if such patterns were associated with adverse outcomes. METHODS: secondary analyses of the first two waves of the 10/66 study (population-based surveys conducted in eight urban and four rural catchment areas in Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Peru, Mexico and China). We applied latent transition analysis on IC to find latent statuses (latent clusters) of IC domain impairments. We evaluated the longitudinal association of the latent statuses with the risk of frailty, disability and mortality, and tested concurrent and predictive validity. RESULTS: amongst 14,923 participants included, the four latent statuses were: high IC (43%), low deterioration with impaired locomotion (17%), high deterioration without cognitive impairment (22%), and high deterioration with cognitive impairment (18%). A total of 61% of the participants worsened over time, 35% were stable, and 3% improved to a healthier status.Participants with deteriorated IC had a significantly higher risk of frailty, disability and dementia than people with high IC. There was strong concurrent and predictive validity. (Mortality Hazard Ratio = 4.60, 95%CI 4.16; 5.09; Harrel's C = 0.73 (95%CI 0.72;0.74)). CONCLUSIONS: half of the study population had high IC at baseline, and most participants followed a worsening trend. Four qualitatively different IC statuses or statuses were characterised by low and high levels of deterioration associated with their risk of disability and frailty. Locomotion and cognition impairments showed other trends than psychological and nutrition domains across the latent statuses.

Discovery and validation of dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease mutations in populations from Latin America.

BACKGROUND: In fewer than 1% of patients, AD is caused by autosomal dominant mutations in either the presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), or amyloid precursor protein (APP) genes. The full extent of familial AD and frequency of these variants remains understudied in Latin American (LatAm) countries. Due to the rare nature of these variants, determining the pathogenicity of a novel variant in these genes can be challenging. Here, we use a systematic approach to assign the likelihood of pathogenicity in variants from densely affected families in Latin American populations. METHODS: Clinical data was collected from LatAm families at risk for DIAD. Symptomatic family members were identified and assessed by local clinicians and referred for genetic counseling and testing. To determine the likelihood of pathogenicity among variants of unknown significance from LatAm populations, we report pedigree information, frequency in control populations, in silico predictions, and cell-based models of amyloid-beta ratios. RESULTS: We identified five novel variants in the presenilin1 (PSEN1) gene from Brazilian and Mexican families. The mean age at onset in newly identified families was 43.5 years (range 36-54). PSEN1 p.Val103_Ser104delinsGly, p.Lys395Ile, p.Pro264Se, p.Ala275Thr, and p.Ile414Thr variants have not been reported in PubMed, ClinVar, and have not been reported in dominantly inherited AD (DIAD) families. We found that PSEN1 p.Val103_Ser104delinsGly, p.Lys395Ile, p.Pro264Se, and p.Ala275Thr produce Aß profiles consistent with known AD pathogenic mutations. PSEN1 p.Ile414Thr did not alter Aß in a manner consistent with a known pathogenic mutation. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides further insights into the genetics of AD in LatAm. Based on our findings, including clinical presentation, imaging, genetic, segregations studies, and cell-based analysis, we propose that PSEN1 p.Val103_Ser104delinsGly, p.Lys395Ile, p.Pro264Se, and p.Ala275Thr are likely pathogenic variants resulting in DIAD, whereas PSEN1 p.Ile414Thr is likely a risk factor. This report is a step forward to improving the inclusion/engagement of LatAm families in research. Family discovery is of great relevance for the region, as new initiatives are underway to extend clinical trials and observational studies to families living with DIAD.

Race, Genetic Admixture, and Cognitive Performance in the Cuban Population.

BACKGROUND: Population aging will lead to a dramatic increase in dementia prevalence, which will disproportionally affect racial minorities. The presence of racial differences in dementia prevalence has been widely reported in United States, but there are no relevant studies on this topic in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey, 2944 older Cubans were recruited at a community-based level aimed to identify the effects of self-identified race and genetic admixture on cognitive performance. Dementia diagnosis was established using 10/66 Dementia and DSM-IV criteria. APOE-ε4 genotype was determined in 2511 (85%) and genetic admixture was completed for all dementia cases and in a randomly selected sample of cognitive healthy participants (218 dementia cases and 367 participants without dementia). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of dementia was 8.7%, without large or statistically significant differences on dementia prevalence (p = .12) by self-identified race. Mean cognitive scores were similar across racial groups (p = .46). After controlling for age, sex, and education, greater proportion of African ancestry was not associated with cognitive performance (p = .17). CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence of an independent effect of self-identified race and/or population ancestry on dementia prevalence or cognitive performance. This suggests that observed differences in dementia prevalence among diverse populations may be driven primarily by social determinants of health.

A Brief Digital Cognitive Assessment for Detection of Cognitive Impairment in Cuban Older Adults.

BACKGROUND: Rapid technological advances offer a possibility to develop cost-effective digital cognitive assessment tools. However, it is unclear whether these measures are suitable for application in populations from Low and middle-income countries (LMIC). OBJECTIVE: To examine the accuracy and validity of the Brain Health Assessment (BHA) in detecting cognitive impairment in a Cuban population. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 146 participants (cognitively healthy = 53, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) = 46, dementia = 47) were recruited at primary care and tertiary clinics. The main outcomes included: accuracy of the BHA and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in discriminating between controls and cognitively impaired groups (MCI and dementia) and correlations between the BHA subtests of memory, executive functions, and visuospatial skills and criterion-standard paper-and-pencil tests in the same domains. RESULTS: The BHA had an AUC of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.91-0.98) in discriminating between controls and cognitively impaired groups (MCI and dementia, combined) with 0.91 sensitivity at 0.85 specificity. In discriminating between control and MCI groups only, the BHA tests had an AUC of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.90-0.99) with 0.71 sensitivity at 0.85 specificity. Performance was superior to the MoCA across all diagnostic groups. Concurrent and discriminant validity analyses showed moderate to strong correlations between the BHA tests and standard paper-and-pencil measures in the same domain and weak correlations with standard measures in unrelated domains. CONCLUSION: The BHA has excellent performance characteristics in detecting cognitive impairment including dementia and MCI in a Hispanic population in Cuba and outperformed the MoCA. These results support potential application of digital cognitive assessment for older adults in LMIC.

Risk Factors for Incident Dementia Among Older Cubans.

Introduction: Little is known about risk factors of dementia in Latin American countries. We aimed to identify socio-demographic, health and lifestyle risk factors of incident dementia in Cuban older adults. Methods: Data were from 1,846 participants in the Cuban cohort of the 10/66 Dementia Research Group. Participants completed questionnaires, health examinations, and cognitive tests at baseline (2003-2006) and 4.5 years later (2007-2010). Associations between risk factors (baseline) and incident dementia (follow-up) were examined using logistic regression. Results: Just over 9% of participants developed dementia. Overall, older age and low physical activity were associated with incident dementia. In those 65-74 years of age, depression, stroke and low physical activity were associated with incident dementia. In those ≥75 years of age, low physical activity, never eating fish, and smoking were associated with incident dementia. Conclusions: Modifiable lifestyle factors play an important role in developing dementia in Cuban older adults. This knowledge opens up opportunities for preventive strategies.

Dementia Research in the Caribbean Hispanic Islands: Present Findings and Future Trends.

During the last decade, the Caribbean Hispanic islands experienced accelerated demographic aging, representing the fastest aging region within Latin America. Age-related non-communicable diseases, including dementia, are now reported at high prevalence. The Caribbean islands share similar genetic ancestry, culture, migration patterns, and risk profiles, providing a unique setting to understand dementia in the Caribbean-Hispanics. This perspective article aimed to describe the impact of dementia in the Caribbean, at a local and regional level and reflect on research strategies to address dementia. We report on 10/66 project findings, described research projects and regional plans for the region. According to our results, the prevalence of dementia in the Caribbean is the highest in Latin America, with 11.7% in Dominican Republic, 11.6% in Puerto Rico, and 10.8% in Cuba. Preliminary data from new waves of the 10/66 study shows increasing numbers of dementia cases. Furthermore, dementia is expected to be one of the most serious medical and social issues confronted by Caribbean health systems. However, there is a scarcity of knowledge, awareness, and health services to deal with this public health crisis. In light of the new evidence, local and regional strategies are underway to better understand dementia trends for the region and develop policies aimed to decrease the impact of dementia. Implementation of our national plans is critical to deal with an aging population with high dementia rates. Current recommendations include emphasizing public health prevention campaigns to address modifiable risk factors and expand support to caregiver and family interventions.

Determinantes del estado de salud de la población y su influencia en el desarrollo de los trastornos cognitivos / Determinants of the health status of the population and its influence on the development of cognitive disorders

Introducción: Ante el envejecimiento acelerado de la población cubana los trastornos cognitivos se han convertido en creciente problema y un reto para nuestro sistema de salud. Objetivo: Describir la influencia de las determinantes del estado de salud de la población en el desarrollo de los trastornos cognitivos. Fuente de datos: Se consultaron 113 artículos en la Biblioteca Virtual Scielo y en las bases de datos Medline, Google Scholar, Cochrane y PubMed, en idioma Inglés y Español. Se seleccionaron 40, publicados en revistas nacionales e internacionales de gran impacto, por autores considerados expertos en esta temática. Síntesis de los datos: Además de factores biológicos y genéticos, existen determinantes psicosociales como el nivel educacional y los estilos de vida que pudieran incidir en la aparición y desarrollo de las demencias. Entre estos últimos, aparecen los hábitos tóxicos, las relaciones sociales, antecedentes de depresión, nivel socioeconómico y otros. Conclusiones: La influencia de los determinantes del estado de salud de la población en el desarrollo de los trastornos cognitivos, es notable. Es necesario el estudio de estos determinantes y su contribución a la puesta en marcha de estrategias de intervención comunitaria que ayuden, sobre todo, a la población más vulnerable a tener una mejor calidad de vida(AU).

Introduction: The accelerated aging of the Cuban population is an alert to the high prevalence of dementias and other chronic diseases. Objective: To describe the influence of health status determinants of the population in the development of cognitive disorders. Data source: 113 articles in the Scielo Virtual Library and in Medline, Google Scholar, Cochrane and PubMed databases were consulted, both in English and Spanish. 38 of the selected were published in national and international magazines of great impact, by authors considered experts in this subject. Synthesis of data: In addition to biological and genetic factors, there are other psychosocial determinants such as education and lifestyles that may have an impact on the onset and development of dementia. Among the latter are toxic habits, social interactions, sleep, and depressive states. These states may be considered as a psychological reaction to incipient cognitive worsening or as an early manifestation of dementia. Conclusions: The influence of population´s health status determinants in the development of cognitive disorders is remarkable. Given the accelerated aging of the Cuban population, cognitive disorders become a growing health problem. More research is needed and the results of this may contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiological behavior of these disorders. It is necessary, through intersectoral work, the implementation of community intervention strategies that help above all most vulnerable population to have a better life quality(AU)

Determinantes del estado de salud de la población y su influencia en el desarrollo de los trastornos cognitivos / Determinants of the health status of the population and its influence on the development of cognitive disorders

Introducción: Ante el envejecimiento acelerado de la población cubana los trastornos cognitivos se han convertido en creciente problema y un reto para nuestro sistema de salud. Objetivo: Describir la influencia de las determinantes del estado de salud de la población en el desarrollo de los trastornos cognitivos. Fuente de datos: Se consultaron 113 artículos en la Biblioteca Virtual Scielo y en las bases de datos Medline, Google Scholar, Cochrane y PubMed, en idioma Inglés y Español. Se seleccionaron 40, publicados en revistas nacionales e internacionales de gran impacto, por autores considerados expertos en esta temática. Síntesis de los datos: Además de factores biológicos y genéticos, existen determinantes psicosociales como el nivel educacional y los estilos de vida que pudieran incidir en la aparición y desarrollo de las demencias. Entre estos últimos, aparecen los hábitos tóxicos, las relaciones sociales, antecedentes de depresión, nivel socioeconómico y otros. Conclusiones: La influencia de los determinantes del estado de salud de la población en el desarrollo de los trastornos cognitivos, es notable. Es necesario el estudio de estos determinantes y su contribución a la puesta en marcha de estrategias de intervención comunitaria que ayuden, sobre todo, a la población más vulnerable a tener una mejor calidad de vida(AU).

Introduction: The accelerated aging of the Cuban population is an alert to the high prevalence of dementias and other chronic diseases. Objective: To describe the influence of health status determinants of the population in the development of cognitive disorders. Data source: 113 articles in the Scielo Virtual Library and in Medline, Google Scholar, Cochrane and PubMed databases were consulted, both in English and Spanish. 38 of the selected were published in national and international magazines of great impact, by authors considered experts in this subject. Synthesis of data: In addition to biological and genetic factors, there are other psychosocial determinants such as education and lifestyles that may have an impact on the onset and development of dementia. Among the latter are toxic habits, social interactions, sleep, and depressive states. These states may be considered as a psychological reaction to incipient cognitive worsening or as an early manifestation of dementia. Conclusions: The influence of population´s health status determinants in the development of cognitive disorders is remarkable. Given the accelerated aging of the Cuban population, cognitive disorders become a growing health problem. More research is needed and the results of this may contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiological behavior of these disorders. It is necessary, through intersectoral work, the implementation of community intervention strategies that help above all most vulnerable population to have a better life quality(AU)

Cuba's Aging and Alzheimer Longitudinal Study.

Aging and Alzheimer is a prospective, longitudinal cohort study involving 2944 adults aged ≥65 years from selected areas in Cuba's Havana and Matanzas Provinces. This door-to-door study, which began in 2003, includes periodic assessments of the cohort based on an interview; physical exam; anthropometric measurements; and diagnosis of dementia and its subtypes, other mental disorders, and other chronic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors. Information was gathered on sociodemographic characteristics; disability, dependency and frailty; use of health services; and characteristics of care and caregiver burden. The first assessment also included blood tests: complete blood count, blood glucose, kidney and liver function, lipid profile and ApoE4 genotype (a susceptibility marker). In 2007-2011, the second assessment was done of 2010 study subjects aged ≥65 years who were still alive. The study provides data on prevalence and incidence of dementia and its risk factors, and of related conditions that affect the health of older adults. It also contributes valuable experiences from field work and interactions with older adults and their families. Building on lessons learned, a third assessment to be done in 2016-2018 will incorporate a community intervention strategy to respond to diseases and conditions that predispose to dementia, frailty and dependency in older adults. KEYWORDS Dementia, Alzheimer disease, chronic disease, aging, chronic illness, frailty, dependency, cohort studies, Cuba.

Propuesta de los criterios generales de valoración en preguntas de desarrollo para los residentes de Medicina Interna de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Finlay-Albarrán / Proposal of the general criteria of assessment in questions of large answers for Internal Medicines residents in Medical sciences Faculty Finlay Albarrán

Introducción: en nuestro país existe un plan de estudios de la residencia de Medicina Interna que incluye exámenes de promoción con un componente teórico de preguntas de desarrollo. Objetivo: proponer criterios generales de valoración en preguntas de desarrollo para los residentes de Medicina Interna en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Finlay-Albarrán. Material y Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo tecnológico en dos etapas: la primera, de creación de criterios generales de valoración de las preguntas; la segunda, de validación. La información procedente de los datos aparece en las tablas de resultados y su interpretación por los autores en el contenido de la discusión. Resultados: el tipo de preguntas que predominó fueron las relacionadas con la conducta a seguir y el diagnóstico positivo. Los problemas de salud más frecuentes incluidos en las preguntas fueron las enfermedades infecciosas y crónicas no transmisibles. Los indicadores de calidad de la respuesta más relevantes lo constituyeron el grado de completamiento para el que se establecieron criterios generales, los elementos fisiopatológicos, la expresión oral del examinado, el manejo de los resultados investigativos, la actualidad en la información, así como la organización de la respuesta. Conclusiones: se estableció la propuesta de los criterios generales de evaluación para los residentes de Medicina Interna en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas "Finlay-Albarrán", en aras de elevar el nivel de asimilación mediante preguntas a partir de problemas conceptuales o clínicos(AU)

Introduction: there is a plan of residents of Internal Medicine. This plan includes theoretical tests with question of large answers. Objective: to propose general criteria of assessment to large answer questions for Internal Medicine's residents belong to the Faculty of Medical Sciences "Finlay-Albarrán". Material and methods: we made a technological development´s research in two stages: the first one belonging to creation of general criteria of assessment of the questions; the second one of validation. Information appears in charts of the results and their interpretations are in the content of the discussion. Results: the main questions were about the behavior following by the positive diagnoses. The more frequent problems of health were infective disease and chronic illnesses. The most relevant quality indicators of answers were the completing, physiopathologys elements, and the students oral expression, the management of the researching results, the updated information and the organization of the answer. Conclusions: it was established a proposal of the general criteria of evaluation for Internal Medicine's residents belong to the Faculty of Medical Science "Finlay-Albarrán", in order to increase the level of assimilation by means of questions about conceptual or clinical problems(AU)

Influencia de la inteligencia emocional en los resultados académicos de estudiantes de las Ciencias Médicas / Emotional Intelligence and its influence on the academic results of the medical science students

Introducción: la inteligencia emocional (IE) es crucial para alcanzar el éxito en la vida, es por esto que, pese a su reciente descripción, la IE se ha convertido en uno de los temas más debatidos en psicología y más estudiados en neurología conductual, a pesar de lo anterior no se han hecho estudios sobre este tema en nuestro medio y menos aún se ha explorado su comportamiento en estudiantes de las Ciencias Médicas. Objetivo: determinar en qué grado los diferentes factores de la inteligencia emocional son importantes para el buen rendimiento académico en estudiantes de las Ciencias Médicas. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo en 150 estudiantes de Ciencias Médicas durante el período comprendido del 1ro septiembre de 2011 al 1ro de febrero 2012. Para explorar las dimensiones de la IE se utilizó la escala Trait Meta Mood 24. Resultados: la media de edad fue de 19,51 años; 76 por ciento de los estudiantes fueron del sexo femenino. El 55,4 por ciento obtuvo un cociente emocional entre 84-103 puntos. Se observó una influencia significativa de los niveles de inteligencia emocional alto en un mejor rendimiento académico, a la vez que en aquellos con cociente emocional bajo se observó una tendencia a resultados académicos negativos (X2= 3.87, Nivel de significación=5% o sea p˂ 0,05). Conclusiones: se encontró que en aquellos estudiantes con un cociente emocional alto predominaron los resultados académicos positivos(AU)

Introduction: Emotional Intelligence is consider crucial in order to get life success, now a days, EI is a very frequent topic on psychology and neurology studies, even dugout, there are not enough studies in our field of this matter and there are even less exploring the relationship between the EI and the academic results of the medical science studies. Objective: to assess the influence of EI in the academic results of the medical science studies. Material and methods: a prospective longitudinal study was conducted from September 2011 through February 2012, in a cohort of 150 Medical Science students in order to explore the dimensions of EI the Trait Meta Mood 24 scale was asses. Results: the average age was 19.5 years old; 76 percent were female and 55.4 percent present an emotional coefficient between 84 to 103 points. A high level of emotional intelligence was associated with better academic results at the same time in those with low emotional coefficient a tendency to negative academics results was observe (X2= 3.87, Signification Level=5% o sea p˂ 0,05). Conclusions: it was asses that those students with a high emotional coefficient tend to present positive academic results(AU)

Comportamiento de la conducta sexual durante el embarazo en un grupo de puérperas / Sexual Behavior during Pregnancy in a Group of Postpartum

Introducción: las relaciones sexuales durante el embarazo y sus consecuencias han estado sujetas durante largo tiempo a una considerable especulación. En Cuba, existen muy escasas referencias de estudios al respecto y los realizados en otros países, demuestran que el embarazo influye inexorablemente sobre la sexualidad de la mayoría de las personas.Objetivos: caracterizar la expresión de la sexualidad durante el embarazo en un grupo de puérperas.Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte trasversal, en el Hospital Ginecobstétrico Eusebio Hernández, durante el periodo comprendido entre el 1ro de noviembre de 2007 y 30 de marzo de 2008. Se escogió una muestra de 300 mujeres, se tuvo en cuenta que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión.Resultados: en la muestra se encontró que, 23 por ciento refirió un aumento de la actividad sexual durante el segundo trimestre, mientras que el resto refirió mantenerse igual. El 64 por ciento representó que la calidad de las relaciones sexuales era igual que antes del embarazo. El 89 por ciento planteó que las relaciones sexuales habían sido gratificantes, y el 92 por ciento consideró que las relaciones sexuales debían mantenerse durante el embarazo.Conclusiones: el deseo sexual se mantuvo en las pacientes estudiadas, pero la frecuencia de las relaciones sexuales, disminuyó, en la medida en que el embarazo avanzaba. La mayoría de las encuestadas evalúa de gratificante las relaciones sexuales en este período, manteniéndose la calidad y la forma preferida de las mismas. Una cifra no despreciable de ellas no había recibido información sobre el tema(AU)

Incidence of dementia and association with APOE genotype in older Cubans / Incidência de demência e associação com o genótipo APOE em idosos Cubanos

Objective: In an admixed population of older Cubans, the incidence and association of APOE and sociodemographic risk factors with dementia incidence was estimated. Methods: A single-phase survey (baseline) of all over 65-year-olds residing in seven catchment areas in Cuba (n=2944) was conducted between 2003 and 2007. Dementia diagnosis was established according to DSM-IV and 10/66 criteria. APOE genotype was determined in 2520 participants. An incidence wave was conducted 4.5 years after cohort inception in order to estimate incidence and associations with sociodemographic risk factors of the APOE ?4 genotype. Results: The incidence rate of DSM IV dementia was 9.0 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 7.2-11.3) and of 10/66 dementia was 20.5 per 1000 person-years (95% CI, 17.6-23.5). Older age, a family history of dementia and APOE e4 genotype were independent risk factors for incident 10/66 dementia. APOE genotype was associated cross-sectionally with dementiaprevalence, but the effect on the incidence of dementia was attenuated, and only apparent among those in the youngest age group. Conclusion: The incidence of dementia in the older Cuban population is relatively high and similar to levels reported in Europe and North-America. The study showed that the relationship between APOE e4 and incident dementia is stronger in the younger-old than the older-old and that this change must be taken into account in models of dementia.

Objetivo: Em uma população miscigenada de cubanos idosos, estimamos a incidência de demência e a associação entre o genótipo da APOE e os fatores de risco sociodemográficos na incidência de demência. Métodos: Realizamos uma pesquisa de uma fase (linha de base) de todos os idosos com mais de 65 anos residentes em sete áreas de Cuba (n=2944), de 2003 a 2007. O diagnóstico de demência foi estabelecido de acordo com os critérios do DSM-IV e do 10/66. O genótipo APOE foi determinado em 2520 participantes. Avaliação da incidência foi conduzida 4,5 anos após a linha de base, a fim de estimar a incidência e associações com fatores de risco sociodemográficos e o genótipo APOE 4. Resultados: A taxa de incidência de demência foi de 9,0 por 1000 pessoas-ano (IC 95% 7,2-11,3) de acordo com o DSM-IV e de 20,5 por 1000 pessoas-ano (IC95%, 17,6-23,5) de acordo com o 10/66. Idade avançada, história familiar de demência e genótipo APOE 4 foram fatores de risco independentes para a incidência de demência de acordo com os critérios do 10/66. O genótipo APOE foi associado com a prevalência de demência em estudo transversal, mas o efeito sobre a incidência de demência foi atenuado, e apenas aparente entre aqueles na faixa etária mais jovem. Conclusão: A incidência de demência na população cubana mais velha é relativamente alta, semelhante às relatadas na Europa e América do Norte. O estudo mostra que a relação entre APOE 4 incidente e demência é mais forte entre os idosos mais jovens e que esta alteração deve de ser considerada em modelos de demência.

Eficacia de la mifepristona como contraceptivo de emergencia al comparar dosis de 5 y 10 miligramos / Mifepristone Efficacy for Emergency Contraception When Comparing 5 and 10 Milligrams Doses

Introducción: los embarazos no deseados y los abortos en condiciones de riesgo para la mujer son en la actualidad un grave problema de salud a nivel mundial. La anticoncepción de emergencia puede contribuir a superar esta situación tan negativa, y por tanto a disminuir la mortalidad materna debido a esta causa.Objetivos: comparar la eficacia y seguridad como contracepción de emergencia de una dosis de 5 mg de mifepristona versus una dosis de 10 mg de mifepristona.Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo en el Hospital Docente Eusebio Hernández de La Habana en el periodo comprendido entre el 1º de enero de 2011 y el 1ro. de septiembre de 2012 donde se seleccionó una muestra de 300 mujeres distribuidas al azar en dos grupos que recibieron una dosis de 5 mg de mifepristona y el otro 10 mg de mifepristona, ambas administradas hasta 6 días (144 horas) como contracepción de emergencia. El estudio fue realizado a doble ciegas.Resultados: hubo predominio de las mujeres con 28 años como promedio, 75 por ciento refirió no utilizar anticonceptivos como razón para solicitar la anticoncepción de emergencia y 99 por ciento reportó el uso previo de un método de anticoncepción. Se reportó 1,2 por ciento de embarazos tanto en el grupo que utilizó 5 mg de mifepristona como en el de 10 mg de mifepristona.Conclusiones: con el uso de la dosis 5 mg de mifepristona se logran los mismos resultados contraceptivos que al utilizar 10 mg de este medicamento(AU)

Introduction: unwanted pregnancies and unsafe abortions for women are now a serious health problem worldwide. Emergency contraception can help overcoming this negative situation, and therefore to reduce maternal mortality due to this cause. Objectives: to compare mifepristone efficacy and safety as emergency contraception in a 5 mg dose versus a 10 mg dose. Methods: a prospective, longitudinal observational study was conducted at Eusebio Hernández Teaching Hospital in Havana from 1st January, 2011 to 1st September, 2012. A sample of 300 women was randomly selected into two groups. One group received a 5 mg dose of mifepristone and the other a 10 mg dose of mifepristone. Both doses were administered for 6 days (144 hours) as emergency contraception. The study was performed double blind. Results: there was a predominance of women of 28 years on average, 75 percent reported not using contraception as a reason for requesting emergency contraception and 99 percent reported previous use of a contraceptive method. 1.2 percent of pregnancies were reported in both, the group receiving 5 mg of mifepristone and in 10 mg mifepristone. Conclusions: same contraceptives results are achieved when using 5 mg dose of mifepristone as when using 10 mg of this medicine(AU)