RESUMO
Point, linear and areal elements, which are two-dimensional and of a graphic nature, are the morphological elements employed when designing tactile maps and symbols for visually impaired users. However, beyond the two-dimensional domain, there is a fourth group of elements - volumetric elements - which mapmakers do not take sufficiently into account when it comes to designing tactile maps and symbols. This study analyses the effect of including volumetric, or 3D, symbols within a tactile map. In order to do so, the researchers compared two tactile maps. One of them uses only two-dimensional elements and is produced using thermoforming, one of the most popular systems in this field, while the other includes volumetric symbols, thus highlighting the possibilities opened up by 3D printing, a new area of production. The results of the study show that including 3D symbols improves the efficiency and autonomous use of these products.
Assuntos
Mapas como Assunto , Reconhecimento Fisiológico de Modelo , Adulto , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Impressão Tridimensional , Tato , Pessoas com Deficiência Visual/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Las técnicas de vigilancia, inteligencia y prospección tecnológica buscan capturar, asimilar y aplicar el conocimiento, recurriéndose con gran frecuencia a los diagramas. Para conocer cómo la transferencia de conocimiento puede estimular o bloquear el proceso creativo se diseñó una investigación experimental, buscando analizar el estado de la técnica y aportar nuevos caminos para la manifestación visual del conocimiento para mejorar e incrementar la calidad y cantidad de respuestas individuales o colectivas en las diferentes etapas del proceso creativo. El impacto de los distintos tipos de diagramas se midió utilizando el test de inteligencia creativa CREA. Se ha obtenido que el diagrama de tipo conexión, que es el menos frecuente, presenta los mejores resultados para estimular la creatividad. El análisis de dos casos de aplicación para encontrar alternativas para el desarrollo de productos, procesos y servicios tecnológicos, corrobora los buenos resultados que se obtienen de la combinación del método Delphi, para efectuar la prospección tecnológica, y los mapas mentales como diagrama con estructuras de conexión (AU)
Technological surveillance, intelligence and prospective techniques seek to capture, assimilate and apply knowledge, often making use of diagrams. An experimental study was set up to learn how knowledge transfer can stimulate or obstruct the creative process. The state of the art was assessed, and new ways to visually represent knowledge and increment the quality and quantity of individual and collective inputs through-out the different stages of the creative process were sought. The impact of the different types of diagrams was measured using the CREA creative intelligence test. The connection type diagram, which is the least frequent, was found to yield the better results in terms of creativity stimulation. The analysis of two case studies to find alternatives for the development of products, processes and technology services confirms the good results obtained by combining the Delphi method (for prospective purposes), and mental maps as instances of diagrams with a connected structure (AU)
