[Evaluation, teaching and learning]. / Evaluación, enseñanza y apprendizaje.

These observations center on the context of development that is the evaluation process. When the approach of education shifts from teaching to learning, the object to be evaluated changes too. Not only the quantity of what has been learned must be measured, but its quality as well. The student's performance must be evaluated, particularly in situations which present problems. Evaluation is a process that begins when the school sets its objectives and shapes the image of the health professional it desires to produce. The evaluation is a culmination of that process. There are evaluation techniques that are essentially observational, reactive, and mixed. The neutrality and objectivity of tests are discussed. Techniques must be used as instruments for learning and not be ends in themselves.

[A health system. Analysis and proposals]. / Sistema de saúde. Análise e propostas.

The author examines the health system of Brazil and points out the aspects that need to be changed for attainment of the World Health Organization's goal of health for all by the year 2000. To solve these problems the author proposes, i.a., full integration of the resources and coordination of the activities of the Ministry of Health and the National Social Security Institute of Medical Care with a view to active preventive coverage for educating the population, controlling the vectors of disease, improving the environment, vaccinating, monitoring expectant mothers and infant growth, etc. In addition, he advocates determining the proportion of the contribution to social security to be set aside for health purposes at a specific percentage and removing the cap on that part of the contribution so that the costs of medical care will be more equitably distributed.

Sistema de saúde. Análise e propostas / A health system. Analysis and proposals

The author examines the health system of Brazil and points out the aspects that need to be changed for attainment of the World Health Organization's goal of health for all by the year 2000. To solve these problems the author proposes, i.a., full integration of the resources and coordination of the activities of the Ministry of Health and the National Social Security Institute of Medical Care with a view to active preventive coverage for educating the population, controlling the vectors of disease, improving the environment, vaccinating, monitoring expectant mothers and infant growth, etc. In addition, he advocates determining the proportion of the contribution to social security to be set aside for health purposes at a specific percentage and removing the cap on that part of the contribution so that the costs of medical care will be more equitably distributed (Au)

Epidemiology and genetics of endemic goiter. I. Epidemiological aspects.

This study dealt with approximately 2,000 children and their parents living in a hyperendemic goiter area in Central Brazil, which is bounded by the jungle to the north and by a large plain to the south. The determination of goiter was made according to the methods and classification adopted by WHO. Conspicuous forms of goiter were found in 41% of the children examined. Multiple linear regression analysis showed an increase with age in the frequency of goiter in both sexes. Although data from the literature show that Mulattoes and Negroes have statistically higher frequencies of goiter than do Whites, our multiple linear regression analysis revealed no evidence for an effect of race on the endemism. There was no significant association with socioeconomic level. The presence of goiter in parents was shown to be statistically associated with its occurrence in the children.

[Formative evaluation of education]. / Evaluación formativa.

The formative evaluation tries to obtain, analyze and furnish information over the planning and development of a course, which is brought about through a continuous performance of the students during the course. This method allows for the adoption of corrective measures with reference to the course (presentation of other learning opportunities, preparation of instructive materials, revision of curriculum, etc.) and with reference to the student (studies prescribed). The formative evaluation may be fulfilled by means of repeated tests which the student himself will correct and, subsequently, will discuss with the professor; it can also be processed by means of the students self-evaluation, interacting with computer terminals. CLATES/Rio presents its experience employing minicomputers to allow for self-evaluation in bioscience courses.