[Cytologic diagnosis of hepatic tumors by examining puncture bioptates].

Data on cytological diagnosis of hepatic tumors (1996-2006) are evaluated. The potential of cytological examination for identification of the biological mechanism and histological pattern of such malignancies were demonstrated. Cytological examination of puncture bioptates established such diagnostic features as sensitivity (90%), specificity (88%), and effectiveness (89%) as well as prognostic significance of positive (99%) and negative (41%) results.

[Nucleolar organizers in the process of the malignant degeneration of bronchial epithelium]. / Iadryshkovye organizatory v protsesse malignizatsii bronchial'nogo éiteliia.

Nucleolus organizers (NO) of chromosomes in the cells of bronchial epithelium under cancer and other lung diseases have been studied. Bronchial smears were stained with nitric acid silver according to Howell and Black. It has been revealed that the most active NO more often reliably took place in bronchial epithelium in cancer that confirms at the cytogenetical level cytomorphologic signs of malignization detected by the authors before.

[Cytological diagnosis of lung cancer and precancer using the principal rules]. / Tsitologicheskaia diagnostika predraka i raka legkogo po reshaiushchim pravilam.

Analysis of clinical and morphological findings in 306 patients making use of a complex of modern methods at tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels enabled the authors to define the early precancer changes in the bronchial epithelium. The diagnostic value of precancer changes in the lungs and lung cancer was assessed by successive statistical analysis and mathematical estimations. Medical mathematical decisive rules have been developed and are proposed for practical use, which permit the diagnosis of precancer and cancer of the lungs with a high degree of reliability (87 and 89%, respectively).

[Objective cytological criteria in assessing the degree of the differentiation of breast cancer cells]. / Ob''ektivizatsiia tsitologicheskikh kriteriev v otsenke stepeni differentsirovki kletok raka molochnoi zhelezy.

Quantitative assessment of basic cytological and some morphometric parameters in punctates obtained from 98 cases of breast cancer showed well-differentiated tumors to have fairly small (126.7 microns 2) nuclei (63.1% of cells), a relatively small number of hyperchromatic and "bare" nuclei (29.6% each) and large nucleoli in the nucleus (9.6%); cell clusters prevailed (coefficient--2.56). Moderately differentiated tumor revealed a wider range of nucleus size, less clustering (coefficient--3.59) and more hyperchromatic (70.1%) and "bare" (49.4%) nuclei and large nucleoli (22.2%). Poorly differentiated carcinomas appeared even more pleomorphic due to increased number of cells (46.5%) containing large (140-260 microns 2) nuclei. The coefficient of clustering was 3.99 whereas the percentage of hyperchromatic and "bare" nuclei and large nucleoli-69.7, 52.1 and 17.4. The above figures may be used to evaluate the degree of tumor cell differentiation in individual patient.

[Morphometric features of breast cancer cells in the evaluation of the degree of tumor differentiation]. / Morfometricheskie osobennosti kletok raka molochnoi zhelezy v otsenke stepeni differentsirovki opukholi.

Morphometric study of the cell and nucleus surface as well as nucleus-cytoplasmatic ratio are performed in 80 patients with mammary carcinoma using a Soviet cytoanalyzer "Integral-2MT". Highly differentiated carcinomas are characterized by a domination (61.3%) of small nuclei (up to 120 microns 2). Moderately differentiated carcinomas are polymorphic by their composition: 43.3% nuclei up to 120 microns 2, 39.3% from 120 to 160 microns 2, remaining nuclei are of a large size. Poorly differentiated carcinomas are even more polymorphic due to high percentage of large nuclei--from 140 to 200 microns 2 and larger representing 46.5% cells. The analysis of nuclear size distribution allows estimation of the degree of cell differentiation in the tumour.

[Cytomorphology of malignant histiocytosis of the bones]. / Tsitomorfologiia zlokachestvennogo gistiotsitoza kostei.

Cytomorphologic signs of malignant histiocytosis of the bones are described in detail, that have not been reported in the Soviet literature before. Cytologic signs that permit a differential diagnosis between this condition and plasmacytoma and osteogenic sarcoma are presented.

[Objectivization of the cytologic signs of changes in the bronchial epithelium in cancer and noncancerous diseases of the lungs]. / Ob"ektivizatsiia tsitologicheskih priznakov izmenenii bronkhial'nogo épiteliia pri rake i nerakovykh zabolevaniiakh legkikh.

The cytologic and histologic material from 150 patients and specimens of their 450 bronchi have been analyzed to define the cytological, cytochemical, and histochemical parameters of changes in the bronchial epithelium in pulmonary carcinoma and non-cancer diseases. The data have been statistically processed. Staining according to Pappenheim, Papanicolau (modified by Soviet authors), with hematoxylin-eosin, Brachet's and Feulgen's tests, and detection of mucus and PAS-positive substances according to MacManus and Meyer have been employed in the study. Informative morphofunctional signs on the cytological and histochemical level have been distinguished, that may be used for the differential diagnosis between pulmonary carcinoma and non-cancer diseases.

[Complex diagnosis of breast cancer]. / Kompleksnaia diagnostika raka molochnoi zhelezy.

A comparison of the results of clinical, roentgenological, cytological and thermographic examination of breast cancer patients showed the X-ray procedure to be the most effective in making a reliable diagnosis. However, in advanced cases, and, particularly, with concomitant diffused hyperplasia of glandular or connective tissues of the breast, clinical and cytological examination should be preferred. Thermography should not be employed for early detection of breast cancer, since it gives a high percentage of false-negative and false-positive results. However, the best results assuring reliable diagnosis in 94.9% of cases are produced by a joint application of clinical, X-ray and cytological procedures.

[Functional activity of the regional lymph nodes in breast cancer patients]. / Funktsional'naia aktivnost' regionarnykh limfaticheskikh uzlov u bol'nykh rakom molochnoi zhelezy.

The study was concerned with the correlation between the reaction of T- and B-lymphocytes in regional lymph nodes, clinico-morphological pattern of tumor and immunological indexes. Three levels of functional activity of lymph nodes were established in 15,33 and 52% of patients, respectively, after an evaluation of the condition of structural and functional T- and B-dependent areas and the concentrations of T- and B-rosette-forming cells. An inverse correlation was observed between the functional activity of lymph nodes and the clinico-morphological criteria of tumor malignancy. Conversely, a direct correlation was established between cellular reactions in lymph nodes and the indexes of immune response in 52-85.7%. T-population of lymphocytes was shown to be a factor of antitumor defense. The role of lymph nodes in immunologic surveillance and the prognostic value of the said morpho-functional changes are discussed.

[Sinus histiocytosis of the regional lymph nodes as an indicator of antitumor resistance in breast cancer]. / Sinusovyi gistiotsitoz regionarnykh limfaticheskikh uzlov kak pokazatel' protivoopukholevoi rezistentnosti pri rake molochnoi zhelezy.

Sinusal histiocytosis (SH) of regional lymph nodes was examined in 100 patients with mammary gland carcinoma in relation to the clinico-morphological characteristics of the tumor and values of the immunity system of the patients. Among patients with SH (43.4%) 84.8% had tumors of the I and II degree of malignancy; moderately and highly differentiated carcinoma (57.4% and 36.0%, respectively), non-metastasizing tumors (63.4%) with marked stromal reaction (51.5%), moderate mitotic activity of tumor cells (5.5 +/- 0.73%) prevailed in the I stage of the process (42.4%). In 64.3% patients of this group the content of T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood was within normal range, in 56.6% the reaction of the delayed type hypersensitivity was positive. Weakening and lack of histiocytic reaction was accompanied by progression of the tumor, increase of cytomorphological and clinical criteria of malignancy, inhibition of the functional activity of lymph nodes, decreased immunological responsiveness. A possible role of SH in the anti-tumor defence and the prognostic importance of this morphological test are noted.

[Biological characteristics of breast cancers with various DNA content]. / Biologicheskie osobennosti raka molochnoi zhelezy s razlichnym soderzhaniem DNK.

Under study was the relationship between "the DNA accumulation index" (INDNA) determined microspectrophotometrically and some cytomorphological, histochemical, clinical characteristics of the tumor in 56 breast cancer patients. Cancer with high (5--8 c) and very high (more than 8 c) INDNA and marked heterogenicity of the population content are more active biologically as compared with neoplasms which have INDNA within the limits of 2 c and 3--4 c. INDNA may be used as an adjunct objective criterion of malignancy for making an individual prognosis in breast cancer patients.