Perceived Risk of Diabetes Among Vietnamese Americans With Prediabetes: Mixed Methods Study.

BACKGROUND: Vietnamese Americans have a relatively high risk of developing diabetes at younger ages, yet there are no published studies exploring their risk perceptions. OBJECTIVE: This mixed methods study describes perceived diabetes risk in the context of an underserved population. METHODS: This study was guided by the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation. Snowball sampling was used to recruit 10 Vietnamese Americans with prediabetes and achieve data saturation. Qualitative and quantitative descriptive methodologies with data transformation were used to analyze data from semistructured interviews and questionnaires to explore the dimensions of perceived diabetes risk. RESULTS: Participants were between the ages of 30 and 75 years with diversity also noted in diabetes risk factors. The 3 risk perception domains from qualitative data were risk factors, disease severity, and preventing diabetes. The main perceived diabetes risk factors were eating habits (including cultural influences), sedentary lifestyle, and family history of diabetes. Quantitative data supported qualitative findings of a low-to-moderate level of perceived diabetes risk. Despite the lower levels of perceived diabetes risk, Vietnamese Americans do believe that the severity of diabetes is a "big concern." CONCLUSIONS: Vietnamese Americans with prediabetes have a low-to-moderate level of perceived diabetes risk. Understanding the perceived diabetes risk in this population provides a foundation for diabetes prevention interventions that consider cultural influences on diet and exercise.

Incorporating Decision Simulation Technology in a Skin Cancer Prevention E-Training for Massage Therapists.

Decision simulation technology is known to augment health practitioner education and training; little is known about its use for educating lay health practitioners about cancer prevention. We report the development and evaluation of a decision simulation component of a skin cancer risk reduction electronic training (e-training) for massage therapists (MTs). Simulation facilitated tracking and analysis of MTs' selected dialog options leading to client-focused helping conversations (MT conversations intended to encourage client pro-health behavior) regarding skin cancer risk reduction. The tracking also enabled further assessment of the e-training competencies. We constructed five decision simulation cases in the DecisionSim™ online platform, mimicking MT-client encounters pertaining to skin cancer risk reduction, allowing MTs to apply training knowledge to initiate a helping conversation. We scored each simulation by tracking conversation pathways via selected dialog options (optimal, feedback required, suboptimal), analyzing total scores and real time spent on each case. MTs rated satisfaction with the simulations on a 5-point Likert scale. Eighty-one MTs completed the simulations in an average of 2.7 min. Most (91%) MTs selected feedback required or suboptimal dialog options for at least one of the five cases, often incorrectly choosing conversation statements reflecting their own feelings. The majority (86%) agreed/strongly agreed that they enjoyed the simulations (mean score 4.31); 92% found the simulations helpful to include in the training (mean score 4.36). Decision simulations integrated into e-training are useful for assessing lay practitioners' practical application of cancer risk reduction knowledge and skills and use of appropriate helping conversations.

Recruiting African American parents of school-aged children in a physical activity study: Lessons learned.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the recruitment strategies and lessons learned when enrolling African American parents/caregivers of school-aged children (ages 6-12 years) in an online survey of physical activity. With physical activity serving as a modifiable behavioral risk factor for several chronic diseases (obesity and cardiovascular diseases), little is understood regarding the influences on African Americans' physical activity participation to develop culturally appropriate physical activity interventions. Gaining a better understanding of physical activity influences is possible through research, yet recruiting and enrolling African Americans in health research is a challenge. METHODS: Over a three-month period, a multidimensional approach (distribution of flyers, community partnerships, network sampling, African American researcher, effective communication, and data collection procedures) was used for study recruitment. RESULTS: We exceeded our recruitment goal of 105 participants. A total of 127 African American parent/caregivers of school-aged children enrolled, which included both females/mothers (n = 87, 69%) and males/fathers (n = 40, 31%). Network sampling was the single most effective recruitment strategy for reaching this population. Lessons learned in this study includes considering participant burden and their comfort with technology, as well as gaining community trust. DISCUSSION: Lessons learned in recruiting African American parents provides a guide for future research. Efforts are needed to further increase the representation of African American males in health research.

Consumer Preference and Willingness to Pay for Direct-to-Consumer Mobile Teledermoscopy Services in Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate consumer preference and willingness to pay for mobile teledermoscopy services in Australia. METHODS: Consumers who were taking part in a randomised controlled trial comparing mobile teledermoscopy and skin self-examination were asked to complete a survey which incorporated a discrete choice experiment (DCE) and a contingent valuation question. Responses were used to determine their willingness to pay for mobile teledermoscopy services in Australia and their overall service preferences. RESULTS: The 199 consumers who responded were 71% female and had a mean age of 42 years (range, 18-73). The DCE results showed that consumers prefer a trained medical professional to be involved in their skin cancer screening. Consumers were willing to pay AUD 41 to change from a general practitioner reviewing their lesions in-person to having a dermatologist reviewing the teledermoscopy images. Additionally, they were willing to pay for services that had shorter waiting times, that reduced the time away from their usual activities, and that have higher accuracy and lower likelihood of unnecessary excision of a skin lesion. When asked directly about their willingness to pay for a teledermoscopy service using a contingent valuation question, the majority (73%) of consumers selected the lowest two value brackets of AUD 1-20 or AUD 21-40. CONCLUSION: Consumers are willing to pay out of pocket to access services with attributes such as a dermatologist review, improved accuracy, and fewer excisions.

Optimizing Texting Interventions for Melanoma Prevention and Early Detection: A Latin Square Crossover RCT.

INTRODUCTION: Text messaging is an effective way to reach large populations with health promotion support. This study aims to establish the optimal text messaging intervention to achieve behavior change in young adults at risk of skin cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Latin square crossover RCT. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Participants were women and men aged 18-40 years living in Queensland, Australia who owned a smartphone and had ≥2 skin cancer risk factors. INTERVENTION: Participants were enrolled from December 2018 to February 2019 and completed an eligibility survey. Eligible participants were randomized to 4 different text message interventions using a Latin square design with varying personalization, interactivity, and message frequency (February 2019‒July 2019). Each intervention lasted for 1 month; between interventions, participants had a 1-week washout period in which they completed an online questionnaire. Participants completed a 6-month follow-up online survey in January 2020. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures included self-reported sun protection habits and sunburns. RESULTS: A total of 277 (71.2% response rate) participants completed the 6-month follow-up. The sun protection habits index was significantly higher in all the 4 text messaging interventions (p<0.01 for each intervention) than at baseline, with similar sun protection habits improvements among all interventions (p=0.27). Sunburn rates decreased significantly over time (p<0.01 each intervention), with all the 4 interventions achieving reductions in sunburn rates during the intervention periods (p=0.78). Overall, the sunburn rates decreased from 40.3% at baseline to 7.0% at the end of the intervention, and at 6-month follow-up, it remained significantly below baseline levels at 23.5% (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Regular text messaging interventions result in significantly increased sun protection and decreased sunburn in young adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is registered at the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618001299291.

Breaking new ground? The dual (PhD-DNP) doctoral degree in Nursing.

PURPOSE: 1) Provide background information on the PhD-DNP dual doctoral degree, specifically historical perspectives and existing programs; 2) Describe one PhD-DNP program as an exemplar to illustrate program data challenges and solutions; and 3) Discuss the national landscape of the dual doctoral degree program. PRINCIPAL RESULTS: PhD-DNP dual doctoral degree programs have existed for 10 years; there are five known programs nationally. Reported here for one dual doctoral degree program are data collected from the program's inception (2010) through 2019. These data include demographic program characteristics, time to degree, and achievements during and after the program. Challenges pertaining to mentorship, progression to degree, socialization and student productivity also are described. Strategies for moving the dual degree forward nationally depend on a collaborative effort for data generation and collection from existing PhD-DNP programs. These data can be instrumental for seeking funding for dual doctoral degree programs. CONCLUSIONS: The dual PhD-DNP degree has not yet gained a foothold nationally. There is demand for the program by nursing doctoral students and availability of these programs is slowly increasing. National nursing leaders and organizations can consider developing metrics and collecting data that will lend support to future funding initiatives for the dual degree.

Alternate Nostril Breathing to Reduce Stress: An Option for Pregnant Women Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence?

BACKGROUND: Stress resulting from intimate partner violence (IPV) on pregnant women causes and sustains poor health and contributes to poor pregnancy and birth outcomes. Appropriate interventions to reduce stress in this population of women are warranted. OBJECTIVE: To present a systematic review and the state of the science of evidence on alternate nostril breathing (ANB) as a holistic intervention for stress reduction for pregnant survivors of IPV, framed by complex adaptive systems theory and psychoneuroimmunology. DATA SOURCES: Eight databases and reference lists of potential articles. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials published between January 2013 and July 2019. PARTICIPANTS: Adults. INTERVENTION: ANB. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHOD: PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. RESULTS: ANB is effective in reducing stress, as measured by psychological and biological indicators. LIMITATIONS: Studies were limited in ethnic and gender diversity, most of the populations being Asian Indian and predominately male. CONCLUSIONS: Use of ANB as a safe and effective holistic intervention for stress reduction shows promise, but research in pregnant survivors of IPV is limited. IMPLICATIONS: Stress reduction benefits may be significant for pregnant survivors of IPV and their fetuses, with minimal risk.

Accuracy of mobile digital teledermoscopy for skin self-examinations in adults at high risk of skin cancer: an open-label, randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Skin self-examinations supplemented with mobile teledermoscopy might improve early detection of skin cancers compared with naked-eye skin self-examinations. We aimed to assess whether mobile teledermoscopy-enhanced skin self-examination can improve sensitivity and specificity of self-detection of skin cancers when compared with naked-eye skin self-examination. METHODS: This randomised, controlled trial was done in Brisbane (QLD, Australia). Eligible participants (aged ≥18 years) had at least two skin cancer risk factors as self-reported in the eligibility survey and had to own or have access to an iPhone compatible with a dermatoscope attachment (iPhone versions 5-8). Participants were randomly assigned (1:1), via a computer-generated randomisation procedure, to the intervention group (mobile dermoscopy-enhanced self-skin examination) or the control group (naked-eye skin self-examination). Control group and intervention group participants received web-based instructions on how to complete a whole body skin self-examination. All participants completed skin examinations at baseline, 1 month, and 2 months; intervention group participants submitted photographs of suspicious lesions to a dermatologist for telediagnosis after each skin examination and control group participants noted lesions on a body chart that was sent to the research team after each skin examination. All participants had an in-person whole-body clinical skin examination within 3 months of their last skin self-examination. Primary outcomes were sensitivity and specificity of skin self-examination, patient selection of clinically atypical lesions suspicious for melanoma or keratinocyte skin cancers (body sites examined, number of lesions photographed, types of lesions, and lesions missed), and diagnostic concordance of telediagnosis versus in-person whole-body clinical skin examination diagnosis. All primary outcomes were analysed in the modified intention-to-treat population, which included all patients who had a clinical skin examination within 3 months of their last skin self-examination. This trial was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12616000989448. FINDINGS: Between March 6, 2017, and June 7, 2018, 234 participants consented to enrol in the study, of whom 116 (50%) were assigned to the intervention group and 118 (50%) were assigned to the control group. 199 participants (98 participants in the intervention group and 101 participants in the control group) attended the clinical skin examination and thus were eligible for analyses. Participants in the intervention group submitted 615 lesions (median 6·0 per person; range 1-24) for telediagnosis and participants in the control group identified and recorded 673 lesions (median 6·0 per person; range 1-16). At the lesion level, sensitivity for lesions clinically suspicious for skin cancer was 75% (95% CI 63-84) in the intervention group and 88% (95% CI 80-91) in the control group (p=0·04). Specificity was 87% (95% CI 85-90) in the intervention group and 89% (95% CI 87-91) in the control group (p=0·42). At the individual level, the intervention group had a sensitivity of 87% (95% CI 76-99) compared with 97% (95% CI 91-100) in the control group (p=0·26), and a specificity of 95% (95% CI 90-100) compared with 96% (95% CI 91-100) in the control group. The overall diagnostic concordance between the telediagnosis and in-person clinical skin examination was 88%. INTERPRETATION: The use of mobile teledermoscopy did not increase sensitivity for the detection of skin cancers compared with naked-eye skin self-examination; thus, further evidence is necessary for inclusion of skin self-examination technology for public health benefit. FUNDING: National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia).

Experiences of dual PHD-DNP nursing students during doctoral education.

BACKGROUND: Nursing doctoral education now includes an option with a growing national interest: the PhD-DNP dual degree. Although programs have existed for 10 years, little is known about experiences of dual PhD-DNP degree nursing students (DDNS) during doctoral education, including their perceptions of mentorship during coursework, comprehensive exams, and dissertation readiness. OBJECTIVE: To explore and describe the experiences of DDNS during hybrid dual doctoral education at one Southwestern university. METHOD: Using a qualitative descriptive design, DDNS (n = 4) at a Southwestern university were interviewed about their experiences during coursework and comprehensive examinations. RESULTS: Three categories fundamental to DDNS were identified through an inductive and deductive iterative process: coursework experiences, including the key findings of in-betweenness and isolation; mentorship; and comprehensive examination experience. Categories of dissertation readiness and DDNS recommendations were inductively derived. CONCLUSION: Current interest in the PhD-DNP dual degree underscores the importance of knowing more about the experiences of DDNS. The key findings of in-betweenness and isolation have previously not been described in the nursing literature and need to be considered for the DDNS. Facilitators and inhibitors, mentorship experiences, and mentor attributes affect progression of DDNS through coursework. Strategies for success for DDNS, faculty and program success are provided.

Is Teledermoscopy Ready to Replace Face-to-Face Examinations for the Early Detection of Skin Cancer? Consumer Views, Technology Acceptance, and Satisfaction with Care.

BACKGROUND: Previous cross-sectional research indicates high acceptance of mobile teledermoscopy-enhanced skin self-examination (SSE) by consumers based on the technology acceptance model (TAM) domains: perceived usefulness, ease of use, compatibility, attitude and intention, subjective norms, facilitator, and trust. However, no study has assessed this outcome longitudinally among people who actually used the technology in their own homes. METHODS: Participants were living in Brisbane, Australia, aged 18 years or older, and at high risk of skin cancer. Participants randomly assigned to the intervention group (n = 98) completed a self-administered questionnaire on mobile teledermoscopy acceptance for skin cancer detection both before use and after performing mobile teledermoscopy-enhanced SSE in their homes. The survey included a 25-item scale assessing seven TAM domains. Item scores ranged from 5 (strongly agree) to 1 (strongly disagree). Participants also answered survey questions on satisfaction with use of teledermoscopy, and a 9-item "thoughts about melanoma" scale that measures cancer worry. RESULTS: Participants were 19-73 years old, had high skin cancer risk, blue or grey eyes (53.1%), fair or very fair skin (88.8%), and previous skin cancer treatments (61.2%). Participants were more accepting of mobile teledermoscopy at baseline: mean TAM score of 4.15 (SE 0.05); their level of acceptance decreased significantly after teledermoscopy use: mean score 3.94 (SE 0.05; p = 0.001). In linear regression analysis, the decrease in TAM scores was similar across demographic and skin cancer risk categories. Ninety-two percent (n = 90) of participants agreed that mobile teledermoscopy was easy to use. The mean score of the "thoughts about melanoma" scale did not change significantly from baseline to follow-up. CONCLUSION: Consumers had high TAM scores before they used mobile teledermoscopy within a randomised control trial. At the end of the intervention period, TAM scores decreased, although participants' average score still indicated "agreement" that mobile teledermoscopy was acceptable.

Perceived Risk of Developing Diabetes in the General Population and Asian Americans: Systematic Review.

Introduction: The purpose of this systematic review was to explore perceived diabetes risk with foci on prediabetic persons and Asian Americans. Persons with prediabetes and of Asian descent are at higher risk for developing diabetes, but little is known about their perceived diabetes risk. Method: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guided this systematic review. Electronic searches were conducted in three databases. The authors conducted eligibility determination, data extraction, synthesis, and evaluation. Twelve articles were selected. Results: Key findings include (1) limited studies including Asian populations, (2) a low percentage of persons in the general population with moderate to high levels of perceived diabetes risk, (3) a lack of congruency between actual and perceived diabetes risk in the general population, and (4) no interventions effectively changing the level of perceived diabetes risk. Discussion: More studies regarding perceived diabetes risk are needed, especially with a focus on Asian Americans.

Educational interventions for primary care providers to improve clinical skin examination for skin cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Skin cancer, the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States, is a serious health care concern. Early skin cancer detection improves prognosis; most common early detection approach is a comprehensive clinical skin examination (CSE). A CSE consists of skin cancer risk assessment, head-to-toe skin examination, and skin lesion assessment. Nurse practitioners (NPs) currently lack adequate training and confidence to conduct CSE. The goal of this systematic review was to learn more about published interventions targeting CSE training for primary care NPs and/or other primary care providers. The findings were categorized based on the established procedures for intervention development. METHODS: The databases PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, 10 articles were selected for data extraction. CONCLUSIONS: There is a paucity of articles that report rigorously developed interventions aimed at educating primary care NPs to conduct CSE. Existing CSE interventions were not tested for efficacy or effectiveness, and the implementation methods were weak or not reported. A synthesis of the review findings revealed inadequately reported sample characteristics, vague intervention goals, unspecified frequency or duration of interventions, and lack of standardized intervention protocols. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This review builds a foundation for more rigorously developed interventions to improve CSE and provides guidance for NPs to select education on CSE and other clinical foci. Future research will guide the development and evaluate the effectiveness of CSE education, which ultimately could improve skin cancer prognosis interventions and lack of standardized intervention protocols.

Web-Based Skin Cancer Prevention Training for Massage Therapists: Protocol for the Massage Therapists Skin Health Awareness, Referral, and Education Study.

BACKGROUND: Skin cancer, the most common cancer in the United States, is costly and potentially deadly. Its burden can be reduced by early detection and prevention activities. The scope of skin cancer requires going beyond traditional health care providers to promote risk reduction. Partnering with the nonbiomedical workforce, such as massage therapists (MTs), may reach more individuals at risk. MTs see much of their clients' skin and are amenable to performing skin cancer risk reduction activities during massage appointments. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to describe the Massage Therapists Skin Health Awareness, Referral, and Education protocol, presenting an overview of our systematic approach to developing rigorous e-training for MTs to enable them to be partners in skin cancer risk reduction. We also describe procedures for usability and feasibility testing of the training. METHODS: We developed an integrated electronic learning system that includes electronic training (e-training) technology, simulated client interactions, online data collection instruments, and in-person assessment of MTs' application of their training. RESULTS: A total of 20 participants nationally scored the e-training as high for usability and satisfaction. We have screened an additional 77 MTs in Arizona for interest and eligibility, and currently have 37 enrolled participants, of whom 32 have completed the Web-based training. CONCLUSIONS: The structured and rigorous development approach for this skin cancer risk reduction and brief behavioral intervention e-training for MTs begins to fill a gap in skin cancer risk reduction research. Iterative usability testing of our asynchronous Web-based training resulted in positive participant response. Our e-training approach offers greater learner accessibility, increased convenience, and greater scalability than the few existing programs and has the potential to reach many MTs nationally. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/13480.

Evaluating healthcare practitioners' views on store-and-forward teledermoscopy services for the diagnosis of skin cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to evaluate healthcare practitioners' views on and satisfaction with (i) digital image acquisition and storage and (ii) store-and-forward teledermoscopy services for the diagnosis of skin cancer in their clinical practice. METHODS: An online survey was conducted among 59 healthcare practitioners (GPs (n=17), dermatologists (n=22), dermatology registrars (n=18), a dermatology research fellow (n=1) and a plastic surgeon (n=1)) to assess usability of digital image acquisition and storage for when the imaging process is conducted by the healthcare practitioners themselves, or by their patients. The study identifies the enablers and barriers of this emerging mode of medical practice. A thematic analysis was used to extract key themes from open-ended responses, which involved identifying themes and patterns within and across participants. RESULTS: Thirty-four healthcare practitioners (58%) had previously used a mobile dermatoscope within their practice. Participants most appreciated its use in their practice for lesion monitoring (59%) and record keeping (39%). Challenges reported were the increased time to support the additional workload (45%), technical issues (33%) and cost of equipment (27%). Practitioners were unsure (36%) or did not advocate teledermoscopy for direct-to-consumer use (41%). Only 23% supported the use of direct-to-consumer teledermoscopy. CONCLUSION: While most practitioners are receptive to mobile teledermoscopy, there was less support for patient-initiated use, whereby the patient controls the imaging process. As technology improves rapidly it is important to evaluate practitioners' acceptance and satisfaction of evolving telehealth services, moving forward with models of practice where healthcare practitioners and other healthcare providers will feel comfortable engaging in telehealth services.

Implementation of Project Students Are Sun Safe (SASS) in Rural High Schools Along the Arizona-Mexico Border.

The incidence of skin cancer is raising in Hispanics/Latinos, which is a concern for Hispanics/Latinos living in Arizona, a state with a high amount of ultraviolet radiation exposure. There is a dearth of research on skin cancer prevention education for Hispanic/Latino adolescents in high school. Using a community-based participatory research (CBPR) framework, academic and community partners conducted a project to adapt an existing efficacious skin cancer prevention program, Project Students are Sun Safe (SASS) and the current SASS online training model, for dissemination to predominantly Hispanic/Latino students attending high schools in rural southeastern Arizona, located along the Arizona-Mexico border. We assessed the feasibility of training some of these students as peer educators (n = 16) to implement the "Border SASS" lesson to their peers in high school classrooms (n = 198). Border SASS training and the classroom lesson were feasible for, and highly acceptable to, peer educators and classroom students. These students significantly improved skin cancer prevention knowledge scores and self-reported skin cancer prevention behaviors over a 3- to 4-month period post training and the intervention implementation. Here we report on the following: (1) academic-community partnership and adaptation of the SASS training model for rural Hispanic high school students, (2) training of the high school peer educators, (3) administration of the SASS lesson by the trained peer educators to high school students, and (4) further evaluation of peer educator training and classroom student outcomes.

Consumer Acceptance and Expectations of a Mobile Health Application to Photograph Skin Lesions for Early Detection of Melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Mobile teledermoscopy may facilitate skin self-examinations (SSEs) and further improve monitoring and detection of melanoma. OBJECTIVE: To assess consumer acceptability and expectations of a mobile health app used to: (i) instruct SSE and (ii) conduct consumer-performed mobile teledermoscopy. METHODS: People aged 18 years and above were invited to participate in either (i) an online survey or (ii) focus group in Brisbane, Australia. Participants were asked about their SSE practices, mobile teledermoscopy acceptance, and app design and functionality. The online survey responses and focus group discussions were coded by two researchers who conducted thematic analysis. RESULTS: Four focus groups were held with a total of 28 participants; 88 participants completed the online survey. The mean ages of participants in the focus group and online survey were 46 and 38 years, respectively. There were more males in the focus groups (61%, 17/28) compared to the online survey (19%, 17/88). Regular SSEs were conducted by 56 (64%) of the online survey participants. Barriers to SSE were forgetfulness (44%), low self-perceived risk of melanoma (25%) and low confidence in conducting SSEs (25%). The large majority of online survey participants (95%) would consider sending photos of their skin lesions to a medical practitioner via an app. Focus group participants reported that they would accept using mobile teledermoscopy; however, they would prefer to use it to monitor lesions between face-to-face consultations. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, participants had positive views on using mobile teledermoscopy to send images of skin lesions to a dermatologist or other medical practitioner.

Redesigning Skin Cancer Early Detection and Care Using a New Mobile Health Application: Protocol of the SKIN Research Project, a Randomised Controlled Trial.

Patients often detect melanoma themselves; therefore, regular skin self-examinations (SSEs) play an important role in the early detection and prompt treatment of melanoma. Mobile teledermoscopy is a technology that may facilitate consumer SSEs and rapid communication with a dermatologist. This paper describes the planned randomised controlled trial of an intervention to determine whether mobile technologies can help improve the precision of SSE in consumers. A randomised controlled trial will be conducted to evaluate mobile teledermoscopy-enhanced SSE versus naked-eye SSE. Participants in each group will conduct three home whole-body SSEs at baseline, 1 and 2 months, then present for a clinical skin examination (CSE) by a doctor after the 2-month SSE. Specifically, participants will identify skin lesions that meet the AC (asymmetry and colour) rule for detecting a suspicious skin spot. The primary outcomes are sensitivity and specificity of the skin lesions selected by the participants as needing attention by a doctor, compared to the clinical diagnosis by the dermatologist that will serve as the reference standard for this analysis. For the mobile teledermoscopy-enhanced SSE group, researchers will assess the number, location and type of lesions (1) sent by the participant via mobile teledermoscopy, (2) found at CSE or (3) missed by the participant. For the naked-eye SSE group, researchers will assess the number, location and type of lesions (1) recorded on their body chart by the participant, (2) found at CSE or (3) missed by the participant. Secondary outcomes are based on participants' self-reported data via online questionnaires.

A Survey of Licensed Massage Therapists' Perceptions of Skin Cancer Prevention and Detection Activities.

BACKGROUND: Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the US. Training massage therapists (MTs) in skin cancer prevention and detection creates opportunity for reducing skin cancer burden. Little is known about MTs' perceptions of skin cancer prevention and detection, their discussions of these topics with clients, or their referral recommendations for suspicious skin lesions. PURPOSE: We surveyed MTs' perceptions of their role in engaging in conversations about skin cancer prevention, viewing the skin for suspicious lesions, and referring clients with such lesions to health care providers. SETTING PARTICIPANTS RESEARCH DESIGN: We administered an online survey from 2015-2017 of licensed MTs practicing in the US and at least age 21 years (n = 102); quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed in 2017. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main variables assessed were MTs perceptions of (a) appropriateness for asking clients about skin cancer history, skin cancer prevention, suspicious lesion referral and follow-up; and (b) comfort with recognizing and discussing suspicious lesions, recommending a client see a doctor for suspicious lesion, and discussing skin cancer prevention. RESULTS: Quantitative data revealed that most MTs were amenable to discussing skin cancer prevention during appointments; few were engaging in these conversations. MTs were more comfortable discussing suspicious lesions and recommending that a client see a doctor than they were sharing knowledge about skin cancer and sun safety. Categories based on qualitative content analysis were: sharing information for the client's benefit, and concerns about remaining within scope of practice. CONCLUSIONS: MTs have boundaries for skin cancer risk-reduction content to include in a client discussion and remain in their scope of practice. These findings will help support a future educational intervention for MTs to learn about and incorporate skin cancer risk-reduction messages and activities into their practice.

Direct-to-consumer mobile teledermoscopy for skin cancer screening: Preliminary results demonstrating willingness-to-pay in Australia.

Introduction Internationally, teledermoscopy has been found to have clinical and economic efficacy. This study aims to identify the attributes of a mobile teledermoscopy service that consumers prefer. This preliminary study was set within a broader randomised control trial (RCT) investigating the effectiveness of direct to consumer mobile teledermoscopy. Methods We undertook a discrete choice experiment (DCE). The DCE comprised 24 choice sets, divided into in two blocks of 12. For each choice set, respondents were asked to make discrete choices between two opt-out choices and two skin cancer screening service options described by seven attributes. A mixed logit model was used to estimate preferences for skin cancer screening services. Consumer preferences weights were used to calculate marginal willingness-to-pay (WTP) for skin cancer screening services. Results The DCE was completed by 113 consumer respondents. Consumers' preference for dermatologist involvement in their diagnosis, increased accuracy, and reduced excisions were all statistically significant in driving choice between service models. Consumers preferred having a professional involved in their skin cancer screening, rather than performing a self-examination. Consumers were only WTP $1.18 to change from a GP visit to mobile teledermoscopy (diagnosis using a phone camera). However, they were WTP $43 to have their results reviewed by a dermatologist rather than a GP, and $117 to increase the chance of detecting a melanoma if it was present from 65-75% to 95%. Conclusion Skin cancer screening services which are delivered by health professionals, rather than skin self-examination, are preferred by consumers. Consumers were willing to pay for their preferred skin cancer screening method, especially if a dermatologist was involved.

Systematic review of advanced practice nurses' skin cancer detection knowledge and attitudes, clinical skin examination, lesion detection, and training.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Skin cancer is the most common malignancy in the United States; early detection reduces the public health burden. This systematic review updates the state of advanced practice nurses' skin cancer knowledge and attitudes, performance of and barriers to clinical skin examination (CSE), recognition of skin lesions, and related training activities. METHODS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement guided a search of eight literature databases that yielded 12 studies from 2010 to 2016. The United States Preventive Services Task Force's Levels of Certainty guided evidence assessment. CONCLUSIONS: The studies mainly targeted or included nurse practitioners. Collectively, participants had variable, suboptimal skin cancer knowledge, even after an intervention. A slight majority performed CSE during annual visits but agreed that CSE was important and within their scope of practice. Major CSE barriers were lack of time, training, and confidence. Participants who received training were more proficient in identifying suspicious versus benign lesions. Few skin cancer detection training opportunities for nurses exist. IMPLICATIONS: The level of certainty of the evidence for skin cancer detection by advanced practice nurses and their impact on the skin cancer problem remain low. These nurses would benefit from accessible and efficacious CSE and lesion training.