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1.
Neurología (Barc., Ed. impr.) ; 35(8): 551-555, oct. 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-202168

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN: Pese a los recientes avances en el manejo agudo del ictus, se aplican terapias de reperfusión a menos de un 10% de los pacientes. Una de las causas es el retraso en la búsqueda de atención médica por el paciente y sus familiares, que analizaremos a continuación. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional, prospectivo, en pacientes consecutivos con ictus o accidente isquémico transitorio. Se recogieron parámetros sociodemográficos y clínicos, y datos sobre el retraso en la decisión, retraso prehospitalario y el tipo de contacto médico seleccionado. Se realizaron análisis descriptivo, bivariante y multivariante para determinar los factores relacionados con la búsqueda de atención médica en los primeros 15minutos. RESULTADOS: Se recogieron 382 pacientes. Un 24,9% decidió solicitar atención médica en los primeros 15 minutos. Lo favorecieron la severidad del evento (OR: 1,08; IC 95%: 1,04-1,13; p < 0,001), estar acompañado de un hijo (OR: 3,44; IC 95%: 1,88-6,27; p < 0,001) y el tratamiento con insulina (OR: 2,89; IC 95%: 1,35-6,20; p = 0,006). Los infartos lacunares (OR: 0,41; IC 95%: 0,17-0,97; p = 0,042), los infartos parciales de circulación anterior (OR: 0,43; IC 95%: 0,22-0,85; p = 0,015) y los cuadros monosintomáticos sin afasia o paresia de miembros (OR: 0,15; IC 95%: 0,033-0,724; p = 0,018) se relacionaron con retrasos mayores de 15 minutos. CONCLUSIONES: La severidad y estar acompañado de un hijo fueron los principales determinantes de una reacción inmediata. Futuras intervenciones deben promocionar una consulta inmediata independientemente de la severidad, así como incidir en un mayor abanico de síntomas


INTRODUCTION: Despite recent advances in the management of acute stroke, fewer than 10% of patients receive reperfusion therapy. One of the main reasons for such a low rate of administration is the delay on the part of patients and their families in seeking medical attention. This study aimed to analyse this delay. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted on consecutive stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Data on sociodemographic and clinical parameters, decision delay, pre-hospital delay, and first medical contact were collected. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with seeking medical attention within the first 15minutes of stroke or TIA occurrence. RESULTS: A total of 382 patients were included, 24.9% of whom had a decision delay of 15 minutes or less. Stroke severity (OR 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.13; P < .001), patient's son/daughter witnessing the event (OR 3.44; 95% CI, 1.88-6.27; P < .001), and insulin treatment (OR 2.89; 95% CI, 1.35-6.20; P = .006) were related to an immediate reaction. Lacunar infarcts (OR 0.41; 95% CI, 0.17-0.97; P=.042), partial anterior circulation infarcts (OR 0.43; 95% CI, 0.22-0.85; P = .015), and monosymptomatic events not involving limb paresis or aphasia (OR 0.15; 95% CI, 0.033-0.724; P = .018) favoured delays longer than 15 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: Severity of the event and presence of a son/daughter are the factors most frequently associated with an immediate response to stroke. Future interventions should emphasise the need for an immediate response irrespective of severity and include a wider spectrum of symptoms


Assuntos
Humanos , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/complicações , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/psicologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Filhos Adultos/psicologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo
2.
Neurologia (Engl Ed) ; 35(8): 551-555, 2020 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29279254

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Despite recent advances in the management of acute stroke, fewer than 10% of patients receive reperfusion therapy. One of the main reasons for such a low rate of administration is the delay on the part of patients and their families in seeking medical attention. This study aimed to analyse this delay. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted on consecutive stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Data on sociodemographic and clinical parameters, decision delay, pre-hospital delay, and first medical contact were collected. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with seeking medical attention within the first 15minutes of stroke or TIA occurrence. RESULTS: A total of 382 patients were included, 24.9% of whom had a decision delay of 15minutes or less. Stroke severity (OR 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.13; P<.001), patient's son/daughter witnessing the event (OR 3.44; 95% CI, 1.88-6.27; P<.001), and insulin treatment (OR 2.89; 95% CI, 1.35-6.20; P=.006) were related to an immediate reaction. Lacunar infarcts (OR 0.41; 95% CI, 0.17-0.97; P=.042), partial anterior circulation infarcts (OR 0.43; 95% CI, 0.22-0.85; P=.015), and monosymptomatic events not involving limb paresis or aphasia (OR 0.15; 95% CI, 0.033-0.724; P=.018) favoured delays longer than 15minutes. CONCLUSIONS: Severity of the event and presence of a son/daughter are the factors most frequently associated with an immediate response to stroke. Future interventions should emphasise the need for an immediate response irrespective of severity and include a wider spectrum of symptoms.


Assuntos
Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/complicações , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/psicologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Filhos Adultos/psicologia , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo
3.
Nutr. hosp., Supl ; 4(3): 44-51, mayo 2011. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-170973

RESUMO

El estreñimiento puede ser definido por defecación infrecuente y esfuerzo defecatorio excesivo. Las causas más habituales son la deshidratación, la dieta pobre en fibra, el consumo de determinados fármacos y las enfermedades debilitantes, circunstancias especialmente frecuentes en la edad geriátrica. El estreñimiento en anciano puede asociarse a complicaciones derivadas de la impactación fecal y otras derivadas del excesivo esfuerzo para conseguir la defecación. Para que se produzca deshidratación, virtualmente en todos los casos, debe existir una alteración en la percepción de la sed o en la capacidad de ingerir agua. Cuando el déficit de agua supera al de sodio el paciente desarrolla un síndrome clínico de hipernatremia/hiperosmolaridad que siempre está asociada a un aumento de la osmolaridad plasmática efectiva y, por tanto, con una disminución del volumen intracelular. Las causas desencadenantes en el anciano son la infección, el uso excesivo de diuréticos, el ictus, tratamiento con corticoides, situación de postoperatorio, la suspensión de un tratamiento antidiabético o la diabetes insípida. El tratamiento de rehidratación debe realizarse preferiblemente por vía oral y de forma lenta para evitar el daño neurológico. La corrección debe incluir agua y electrolitos (sales de sodio y potasio) y obliga a un cálculo preciso del aporte, sobre todo cuando está alterado el estado de conciencia y precisamos de tratamiento intravenoso, para evitar la sobrehidratación y las alteraciones electrolíticas. El tratamiento del estreñimiento incluye, además de la rehidratación, la educación del paciente en un patrón horario, postural y de ejercicio físico para reforzar la prensa abdominal. Un cambio en los hábitos alimentarios para aumentar el contenido en fibra alimentaria en la dieta aumenta el tamaño del bolo fecal, mejora la consistencia de las heces y disminuye las molestias abdominales. Así mismo, el uso de prebióticos, complementado con fibra fermentable, logra aumentar la masa fecal. Los alimentos de uso común ricos en fibra son el salvado de trigo, legumbres, harinas integrales, frutas y verduras. Las recomendaciones sobre el consumo de fibra son de 10 a 13 g/1.000 kcal siendo el 70-75% de fibra insoluble y un 25-30% de fibra soluble. El uso juicioso de fármacos con efecto laxante tiene un papel en el tratamiento del estreñimiento cuando éste no responde a las medidas higiénico-dietéticas. Existen cuatro grupos farmacológicos de uso habitual: laxantes con efecto osmótico, estimulantes del peristaltismo, emolientes y aumentadores del bolo fecal con distintas indicaciones. En el paciente de edad avanzada, podemos iniciar el tratamiento con lactulosa o lactitiol o recurrir directamente a fármacos estimulantes como bisacodilo, picosulfato sódico o senósidos. Los azúcares osmóticos serán los laxantes recomendados para el uso crónico. Debemos usar con precaución los laxantes estimuladores del peristaltismo, ya que la secreción de agua y electrolitos a la luz intestinal es responsable de episodios de hipotensión ortostática que pueden ocasionar caídas en el paciente anciano (AU)


Constipation can be defined as infrequent defecation and straining at stool. The most common causes are dehydration, low-fiber diet, use of certain drugs and debilitating disease, particularly common conditions in geriatric patients. Constipation in the elderly may be associated with fecal impaction and other complications deriving from excessive straining to pass stools. Dehydration occurs, in virtually all cases, with an alteration in the perception of thirst or water intake capacity. When the water deficit exceeds that of sodium, the patient develops clinical signs and symptoms of hypernatremia/hyperosmolality, always associated with an increase in effective plasma osmolality and consequent decrease in intracellular volume. Precipitating causes in the elderly are infection, excessive use of diuretics, stroke, treatment with corticosteroids, postoperative status, suspension of antidiabetic drugs or diabetes insipidus. Rehydration should preferably be oral and done slowly to prevent neurological damage. Treatment should include water and electrolytes (sodium and potassium salts) and requires accurate calculation of input to prevent overload and electrolyte imbalance, especially in the case of altered consciousness with the patient needing intravenous therapy. In addition to rehydration, the treatment of constipation includes educating the patient about bowel training to establish a regular pattern, posture and physical exercise to strengthen the muscles in the abdominal wall. A change in eating habits to increase dietary fiber content increases the size of the feces, improves stool consistency and reduces abdominal discomfort. Likewise, the use of prebiotics, supplemented with fermentable fiber, helps increase fecal mass. Commonly-used foods rich in fiber are wheat bran, beans, whole flour, fruit and vegetables. Recommended fiber intake is 10 to 13 g/1,000 kcal with 70-75% insoluble fiber and 25-30% soluble fiber. Judicious use of laxative drugs does have a role in the treatment of constipation if patients do not respond to the toileting / dietary measures. There are four commonly used drug classes: osmotic laxatives, peristalsis stimulants, emollients and fecal enhancers, with different indications. In the older patient, we can begin treatment with lactulose or lactitiol or go directly to stimulant drugs such as bisacodyl, cassia extracts or sodium picosulfate. Sugar osmotic laxatives are recommended for long-term use. Stimulating peristalsis laxatives have to be used with caution since secretion of water and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen can be responsible for orthostatic hypotension, causing falls in the elderly (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , Constipação Intestinal/dietoterapia , Desidratação/dietoterapia , Constipação Intestinal/etiologia , Hipernatremia/fisiopatologia , Fibras na Dieta , Ingestão de Líquidos , Laxantes/uso terapêutico
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