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1.
Ophthalmology ; 127(4): 484-491, 2020 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31899032

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To measure low perfusion areas (LPAs) and focal perfusion loss (FPL) in the peripapillary retina using OCT angiography (OCTA) in glaucoma. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 47 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and 36 normal participants were analyzed. METHODS: One eye of each subject was scanned using an AngioVue (Optovue, Fremont, CA) 4.5-mm OCTA scan centered on the disc. En face nerve fiber layer (NFL) plexus angiogram was generated. With the use of custom software, a capillary density map was obtained by computing the fraction of area occupied by flow pixels after low-pass filtering by local averaging 21×21 pixels. The low-perfusion map is defined by local capillary density below 0.5 percentile over a contiguous area above 98.5 percentile of the normal reference population. The LPA parameter is the cumulative area, and the FPL is the percent capillary density loss (relative to normal mean) integrated over the LPA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Peripapillary retinal LPA and FPL. RESULTS: Among patients with POAG, 3 had preperimetric glaucoma and 44 had perimetric glaucoma, with visual field (VF) mean deviation (MD) of -5.14±4.25 decibels (dB). The LPA was 3.40±2.29 mm2 in those with POAG and 0.11±0.18 mm2 in normal subjects (P < 0.001). The FPL was 21.8%±17.0% in those with POAG and 0.3%±0.7% in normal subjects (P < 0.001). The diagnostic accuracy as measured by the area under the receiver operating curve was 0.965 for both LPA and FPL, with a sensitivity of 93.7% at 95% specificity. The repeatability as measured by intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.977 for LPA and 0.958 for FPL. The FPL had excellent correlation with VF MD (Spearman's rho = -0.843), which was significantly (P = 0.008) better than the correlation between NFL thickness and VF MD (rho = 0.760). The hemispheric difference correlation between FPL and VF (Spearman's rho = 0.770) was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than the hemispheric difference correlation between LPA and VF (rho = 0.595). CONCLUSIONS: The low-perfusion map and LPA and FPL parameters are able to assess the location and severity of focal glaucoma damage with good agreement with VF.


Assuntos
Glaucoma de Ângulo Aberto/fisiopatologia , Disco Óptico/irrigação sanguínea , Vasos Retinianos/fisiologia , Idoso , Pressão Arterial/fisiologia , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Angiofluoresceinografia , Glaucoma de Ângulo Aberto/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Pressão Intraocular/fisiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fibras Nervosas/patologia , Disco Óptico/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Prospectivos , Curva ROC , Células Ganglionares da Retina/patologia , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica , Tonometria Ocular , Transtornos da Visão/fisiopatologia , Testes de Campo Visual , Campos Visuais/fisiologia
2.
Am J Ophthalmol ; 212: 57-68, 2020 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31770516

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To simulate 24-2 visual field (VF) using optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA) for glaucoma evaluation. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: One eye each of 39 glaucoma and 31 age-matched normal participants was scanned using 4.5-mm OCTA scans centered on the disc. The peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer plexus capillary density (NFLP-CD, %area) was measured. The NFLP-CD and 24-2 VF maps were divided into 8 corresponding sectors using an extension of Garway-Heath scheme. RESULTS: Sector NFLP-CD was transformed to a logarithmic dB scale and converted to sector simulated VF deviation maps. Comparing simulated and actual 24-2 VF maps, the worst sector was in the same or adjacent location in the same hemisphere 97% of the time. VF mean deviation (VF-MD) was simulated by NFLP mean deviation (NFLP-MD). The differences between NFLP-MD and VF-MD in early, moderate, and severe glaucoma stages were -0.9 ± 2.0, 0.9 ± 2.9, and 5.8 ± 3.2 dB. NFLP-MD had better (P = .015) between-visit reproducibility (0.63 dB pooled standard deviation) than VF-MD (1.03 dB). NFLP-MD had a significantly higher sensitivity than VF-MD (P < .001) and overall NFL thickness (P = .031). CONCLUSIONS: OCTA-based simulated VF agreed well with actual 24-2 VF in terms of both the location and severity of glaucoma damage, with the exception of severe glaucoma in which the simulation tended to underestimate severity. The NFLP-MD had better reproducibility than actual VF-MD and holds promise for improving glaucoma monitoring. The NFLP-MD had better diagnostic accuracy than both VF-MD and overall NFL thickness and may be useful for early glaucoma diagnosis.


Assuntos
Glaucoma/fisiopatologia , Campos Visuais/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Angiofluoresceinografia/métodos , Glaucoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Biológicos , Fibras Nervosas/fisiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Células Ganglionares da Retina/fisiologia , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica/métodos , Testes de Campo Visual
3.
Am J Ophthalmol ; 207: 99-109, 2019 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31170389

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To detect plexus-specific peripapillary retinal perfusion defects in glaucoma, using projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography (PR-OCTA). DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study. METHODS: One eye each of 45 perimetric glaucoma participants and 37 age-matched normal participants were scanned using 4.5-mm OCTA scans centered on the disc. The PR-OCTA algorithm removed flow projection artifacts in OCT angiograms. Five en face OCTA slabs were analyzed: nerve fiber layer plexus (NFLP), ganglion cell layer plexus (GCLP), superficial vascular complex (SVC [NFLP + GCLP]), deep vascular complex (DVC), and all plexi combined. Peripapillary retinal capillary density (CD) and vessel density (VD) were calculated using a reflectance-compensated algorithm. RESULTS: Focal capillary dropout could be visualized more clearly in the NFLP than in the other slabs. The NFLP, SVC, and all-plexus CD in the glaucoma group were significantly lower (P < 0.001) than in the normal group, but no significant differences in GCLP-CD and DVC-CD appeared between the 2 groups. Both NFLP-CD and SVC-CD had excellent diagnostic accuracy, as measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC = 0.981 and 0.976), correlation with visual field mean deviation (Pearson r = 0.819 and 0.831), and repeatability (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.947 and 0.942). Performances of NFLP-VD and SVC-VD were similar to the corresponding CD parameters. CONCLUSIONS: In this glaucoma group, reduction in perfusion was more pronounced in superficial layers of the peripapillary retina (NFLP and SVC) than in the deeper layers. Reflectance-compensated CD and VD parameters for both NFLP and SVC could be useful in the clinical management of glaucoma.


Assuntos
Angiofluoresceinografia/métodos , Glaucoma/diagnóstico , Disco Óptico/irrigação sanguínea , Células Ganglionares da Retina/patologia , Vasos Retinianos/patologia , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica/métodos , Idoso , Capilares/patologia , Capilares/fisiopatologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Fundo de Olho , Humanos , Masculino , Microcirculação/fisiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fibras Nervosas/patologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Vasos Retinianos/fisiopatologia
4.
J Am Med Inform Assoc ; 25(1): 40-46, 2018 01 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29036581

RESUMO

Objective: Outpatient clinics lack guidance for tackling modern efficiency and productivity demands. Workflow studies require large amounts of timing data that are prohibitively expensive to collect through observation or tracking devices. Electronic health records (EHRs) contain a vast amount of timing data - timestamps collected during regular use - that can be mapped to workflow steps. This study validates using EHR timestamp data to predict outpatient ophthalmology clinic workflow timings at Oregon Health and Science University and demonstrates their usefulness in 3 different studies. Materials and Methods: Four outpatient ophthalmology clinics were observed to determine their workflows and to time each workflow step. EHR timestamps were mapped to the workflow steps and validated against the observed timings. Results: The EHR timestamp analysis produced times that were within 3 min of the observed times for >80% of the appointments. EHR use patterns affected the accuracy of using EHR timestamps to predict workflow times. Discussion: EHR timestamps provided a reasonable approximation of workflow and can be used for workflow studies. They can be used to create simulation models, analyze EHR use, and quantify the impact of trainees on workflow. Conclusion: The secondary use of EHR timestamp data is a valuable resource for clinical workflow studies. Sample timestamp data files and algorithms for processing them are provided and can be used as a template for more studies in other clinical specialties and settings.


Assuntos
Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial/organização & administração , Simulação por Computador , Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde , Oftalmologia/organização & administração , Fluxo de Trabalho , Algoritmos , Humanos
5.
JAMA Ophthalmol ; 135(11): 1250-1257, 2017 11 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29049512

RESUMO

Importance: Electronic health record (EHR) systems have transformed the practice of medicine. However, physicians have raised concerns that EHR time requirements have negatively affected their productivity. Meanwhile, evolving approaches toward physician reimbursement will require additional documentation to measure quality and cost of care. To date, little quantitative analysis has rigorously studied these topics. Objective: To examine ophthalmologist time requirements for EHR use. Design, Setting, and Participants: A single-center cohort study was conducted between September 1, 2013, and December 31, 2016, among 27 stable departmental ophthalmologists (defined as attending ophthalmologists who worked at the study institution for ≥6 months before and after the study period). Ophthalmologists who did not have a standard clinical practice or who did not use the EHR were excluded. Exposures: Time stamps from the medical record and EHR audit log were analyzed to measure the length of time required by ophthalmologists for EHR use. Ophthalmologists underwent manual time-motion observation to measure the length of time spent directly with patients on the following 3 activities: EHR use, conversation, and examination. Main Outcomes and Measures: The study outcomes were time spent by ophthalmologists directly with patients on EHR use, conversation, and examination as well as total time required by ophthalmologists for EHR use. Results: Among the 27 ophthalmologists in this study (10 women and 17 men; mean [SD] age, 47.3 [10.7] years [median, 44; range, 34-73 years]) the mean (SD) total ophthalmologist examination time was 11.2 (6.3) minutes per patient, of which 3.0 (1.8) minutes (27% of the examination time) were spent on EHR use, 4.7 (4.2) minutes (42%) on conversation, and 3.5 (2.3) minutes (31%) on examination. Mean (SD) total ophthalmologist time spent using the EHR was 10.8 (5.0) minutes per encounter (range, 5.8-28.6 minutes). The typical ophthalmologist spent 3.7 hours using the EHR for a full day of clinic: 2.1 hours during examinations and 1.6 hours outside the clinic session. Linear mixed effects models showed a positive association between EHR use and billing level and a negative association between EHR use per encounter and clinic volume. Each additional encounter per clinic was associated with a decrease of 1.7 minutes (95% CI, -4.3 to 1.0) of EHR use time per encounter for ophthalmologists with high mean billing levels (adjusted R2 = 0.42; P = .01). Conclusions and Relevance: Ophthalmologists have limited time with patients during office visits, and EHR use requires a substantial portion of that time. There is variability in EHR use patterns among ophthalmologists.


Assuntos
Centros Médicos Acadêmicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Eficiência Organizacional/normas , Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Oftalmologistas/estatística & dados numéricos , Oftalmologia/organização & administração , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Visita a Consultório Médico/estatística & dados numéricos , Oregon , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Tempo
6.
AMIA Annu Symp Proc ; 2016: 647-656, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28269861

RESUMO

Clinicians today face increased patient loads, decreased reimbursements and potential negative productivity impacts of using electronic health records (EHR), but have little guidance on how to improve clinic efficiency. Discrete event simulation models are powerful tools for evaluating clinical workflow and improving efficiency, particularly when they are built from secondary EHR timing data. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that these simulation models can be used for resource allocation decision making as well as for evaluating novel scheduling strategies in outpatient ophthalmology clinics. Key findings from this study are that: 1) secondary use of EHR timestamp data in simulation models represents clinic workflow, 2) simulations provide insight into the best allocation of resources in a clinic, 3) simulations provide critical information for schedule creation and decision making by clinic managers, and 4) simulation models built from EHR data are potentially generalizable.


Assuntos
Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial/organização & administração , Simulação por Computador , Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde , Fluxo de Trabalho , Humanos , Oftalmologia/organização & administração
7.
JAMA Ophthalmol ; 133(9): 1045-52, 2015 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26203793

RESUMO

IMPORTANCE: Vascular factors may have important roles in the pathophysiology of glaucoma. A practical method for the clinical evaluation of ocular perfusion is needed to improve glaucoma management. OBJECTIVE: To detect peripapillary retinal perfusion in glaucomatous eyes compared with normal eyes using optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective observational study performed from July 24, 2013, to April 17, 2014. Participants were recruited and tested at Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University. In total, 12 glaucomatous eyes and 12 age-matched normal eyes were analyzed. The optic disc region was imaged twice using a 3 × 3-mm scan by a 70-kHz, 840-nm-wavelength spectral OCT system. The split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography algorithm was used. Peripapillary flow index was calculated as the mean decorrelation value in the peripapillary region, defined as a 700-µm-wide elliptical annulus around the disc. Peripapillary vessel density was the percentage area occupied by vessels. The data statistical analysis was performed from October 30, 2013, to May 30, 2014. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Variability was assessed by the coefficient of variation. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the 2 groups of eyes. Correlations between vascular and visual field variables were assessed by linear regression analysis. RESULTS: In 12 normal eyes, a dense microvascular network around the disc was visible on OCT angiography. In 12 glaucomatous eyes, this network was visibly attenuated globally and focally. In normal eyes, between-visit reproducibilities of peripapillary flow index and peripapillary vessel density were 4.3% and 2.7% of the coefficient of variation, respectively, while the population variabilities of peripapillary flow index and peripapillary vessel density were 8.2% and 3.0% of the coefficient of variation, respectively. Peripapillary flow index and peripapillary vessel density in glaucomatous eyes were lower than those in normal eyes (P < .001 for both). Peripapillary flow index (Pearson r = -0.808) and peripapillary vessel density (Pearson r = -0.835) were highly correlated with visual field pattern standard deviation in glaucomatous eyes (P = .001 for both). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for normal vs glaucomatous eyes were 0.892 for peripapillary flow index and 0.938 for peripapillary vessel density. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Using OCT angiography, reduced peripapillary retinal perfusion in glaucomatous eyes can be visualized as focal defects and quantified as peripapillary flow index and peripapillary vessel density, with high repeatability and reproducibility. Quantitative OCT angiography may have value in future studies to determine its potential usefulness in glaucoma evaluation.


Assuntos
Angiofluoresceinografia , Glaucoma de Ângulo Aberto/fisiopatologia , Disco Óptico/irrigação sanguínea , Vasos Retinianos/fisiopatologia , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Feminino , Gonioscopia , Humanos , Pressão Intraocular/fisiologia , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional , Acuidade Visual/fisiologia , Campos Visuais/fisiologia
9.
Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc ; 111: 34-45, 2013 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24167323

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To use optical coherence tomography (OCT) to measure corneal power and improve the selection of intraocular lens (IOL) power in cataract surgeries after laser vision correction. METHODS: Patients with previous myopic laser vision corrections were enrolled in this prospective study from two eye centers. Corneal thickness and power were measured by Fourier-domain OCT. Axial length, anterior chamber depth, and automated keratometry were measured by a partial coherence interferometer. An OCT-based IOL formula was developed. The mean absolute error of the OCT-based formula in predicting postoperative refraction was compared to two regression-based IOL formulae for eyes with previous laser vision correction. RESULTS: Forty-six eyes of 46 patients all had uncomplicated cataract surgery with monofocal IOL implantation. The mean arithmetic prediction error of postoperative refraction was 0.05 ± 0.65 diopter (D) for the OCT formula, 0.14 ± 0.83 D for the Haigis-L formula, and 0.24 ± 0.82 D for the no-history Shammas-PL formula. The mean absolute error was 0.50 D for OCT compared to a mean absolute error of 0.67 D for Haigis-L and 0.67 D for Shammas-PL. The adjusted mean absolute error (average prediction error removed) was 0.49 D for OCT, 0.65 D for Haigis-L (P=.031), and 0.62 D for Shammas-PL (P=.044). For OCT, 61% of the eyes were within 0.5 D of prediction error, whereas 46% were within 0.5 D for both Haigis-L and Shammas-PL (P=.034). CONCLUSIONS: The predictive accuracy of OCT-based IOL power calculation was better than Haigis-L and Shammas-PL formulas in eyes after laser vision correction.


Assuntos
Córnea , Cirurgia da Córnea a Laser , Implante de Lente Intraocular , Lentes Intraoculares , Miopia/cirurgia , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica/métodos , Idoso , Comprimento Axial do Olho/patologia , Córnea/anatomia & histologia , Córnea/fisiologia , Feminino , Análise de Fourier , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Miopia/fisiopatologia , Óptica e Fotônica , Facoemulsificação , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos
10.
Biomed Opt Express ; 3(12): 3127-37, 2012 Dec 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23243564

RESUMO

Optic nerve head (ONH) blood flow may be associated with glaucoma development. A reliable method to quantify ONH blood flow could provide insight into the vascular component of glaucoma pathophysiology. Using ultrahigh-speed optical coherence tomography (OCT), we developed a new 3D angiography algorithm called split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography (SSADA) for imaging ONH microcirculation. In this study, a method to quantify SSADA results was developed and used to detect ONH perfusion changes in early glaucoma. En face maximum projection was used to obtain 2D disc angiograms, from which the average decorrelation values (flow index) and the percentage area occupied by vessels (vessel density) were computed from the optic disc and a selected region within it. Preperimetric glaucoma patients had significant reductions of ONH perfusion compared to normals. This pilot study indicates OCT angiography can detect the abnormalities of ONH perfusion and has the potential to reveal the ONH blood flow mechanism related to glaucoma.

11.
Ophthalmology ; 114(3): 472-9, 2007 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17123617

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To describe a series of young to middle-aged men of Chinese origin who presented with a constellation of ocular findings suggestive of glaucoma, that were found to be stable over a 7-year period. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen 25- to 66-year-old male patients. METHODS: Medical records of the participants, of Chinese origin and referred for glaucoma evaluation over a 7-year period, were reviewed. All patients underwent complete ophthalmic examinations, stereo imaging of the optic nerves, and automated perimetry. Fewer than 5% of all patients seen in this practice were of Chinese origin. The patients were observed for the duration of the study in a single glaucoma clinic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual field (VF) changes or progressive optic nerve cupping suggestive of glaucoma. RESULTS: The patients had an average age of 38.9 years. Tilted discs were present in 75.0% (24/32) and peripapillary atrophy in 81.3% (26/32) of nerves. Cup-to-disc ratios ranged from 0.20 to 0.95 and averaged 0.56. The lowest intraocular pressure (IOP) in any patient at any time was 8 mmHg, whereas the highest was 29 (average range, 13.5-17.9). Intraocular pressure-lowering therapy had been used in 56.3% (9/16). There was a family history of presumed glaucoma in 25.0% (4/16) of patients. High myopia (>-6.00-diopter spherical equivalent [SE]) was present in 43.8% of eyes (14/32), and SEs ranged from -11.25 to +0.25. The most common VF defect was an arcuate defect, found in 31.3% (10/32) of patients. There were no females of Chinese origin with similar findings identified during this period. Neither optic nerve nor significant VF progression was found during the follow-up period, regardless of the use of IOP-lowering therapy. CONCLUSIONS: These young Chinese patients previously diagnosed with glaucoma or considered glaucoma suspects had stable ocular findings for up to 7 years, irrespective of IOP-lowering therapy. Their condition was associated with myopia and tilted discs. Many were being treated with IOP-lowering therapy for glaucoma, a condition they may not have had. Further prospective epidemiologic study is needed to determine whether such a constellation of nonprogressive findings is more common in young Chinese males than in the general population.


Assuntos
Asiático , Glaucoma/patologia , Glaucoma/fisiopatologia , Nervo Óptico/patologia , Campos Visuais , Adulto , Idoso , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico , Progressão da Doença , Glaucoma/complicações , Glaucoma/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Pressão Intraocular/efeitos dos fármacos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Miopia/complicações , Estudos Retrospectivos , Transtornos da Visão/etiologia , Testes de Campo Visual
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