Computational fluid dynamics analysis on endoscopy of main left coronary artery: An application of applied mathematics.

The endoscopy of a coronary arterial segment having a symmetric emergence of plaque at its innermost region is numerically modeled via computational fluid dynamics toolbox Open-FOAM. The considered left coronary artery for this model has a radius of 2 mm and span of 10 mm. The formation of plaque inside the artery that is a stenosis has length 2 mm and height 0.82 mm. The catheter used for this analysis has a diameter of 1 mm with a balloon over it with a height of 0.53 mm. The blood flow rate considered for this analysis has a range 2.00 ml/s to 2.50 ml/s. The fluid under consideration for this endoscopy review is the non-Newtonian Casson model. The mesh illustrations are arranged for the proposed model with numerical simulations of velocity, pressure profile and streamlines. The narrow channel formed due to assembly of stenosis and balloon over catheter inside this arterial segment has developed some swirling flow profile with turbulence effects just after the flow leaves the stenosis plus balloon region. Although this disturbance caused due to narrowing of channel has made the flow slightly turbulent, the flow eventually leaves the arterial segment again as a laminar flow. To cure coronary artery disease, catheterization, and balloon dilation of stenosed arteries is performed to locate the position and shape of stenosis. A catheter is inserted inside the body through a minor cut and then it is moved inside arteries to place it exactly at the stenosis location. A balloon is placed at front of that catheter and the stenosed region can be opened wide by using balloon dilation.

Statistical computation for heat and mass transfers of water-based nanofluids containing Cu, Al2O3, and TiO2 nanoparticles over a curved surface.

Nanofluid is a specially crafted fluid comprising a pure fluid with dispersed nanometer-sized particles. Incorporation these nanoparticles into pure fluid results in a fluid with improved thermal properties in comparison of pure fluid. The enhanced properties of nanofluids make them highly sought after, in diverse applications, consisting of coolant of devices, heat exchangers, and thermal solar systems. In this study hybrid nanofluid consisting of copper, alumina and titanium nanoparticles on a curved sheet has investigated with impact of chemical reactivity, magnetic field and Joule heating. The leading equations have converted to normal equations by using appropriate set of variables and has then evaluated by homotopy analysis method. The outcomes are shown through Figures and Tables and are discussed physically. It has revealed in this study that Cu-nanofluid flow has augmented velocity, temperature, and volume fraction distributions than those of Al2O3-nanofluid and TiO2-nanofluid. Also, the Cu-nanofluid flow has higher heat and mass transfer rates than those of Al2O3-nanofluid and TiO2-nanofluid.

Numerical analysis of slip-enhanced flow over a curved surface with magnetized water-based hybrid nanofluid containing gyrotactic microorganisms.

This article presents the two-dimensional flow of hybrid nanofluid comprising of gyrotactic microorganisms under the consequences of multiple slip conditions, magnetic field and thermal radiation across an elongating curved surface using porous media. The nanoparticles of TiO2 and Fe3O4 have dispersed in water for composition of hybrid nanofluid. Main equations of the problem are converted to ODEs by using an appropriate set of variables. Solution of the present model is determined with the help of bvp4c technique, which is explained in detail in the coming section. Validation of the current results is done versus the published work. The effects of various emerging factors on flow distributions have been considered and explained. Additionally, the slips conditions are incorporated to analyze various flow distributions. The present outcomes show that the rising magnetic factor lessens the velocity profile, whereas rises the temperature profile. The curvature factor has supported both temperature and velocity distributions. Growth in velocity, thermal, concentration, and microorganisms slip factors reduce the corresponding distributions. The greater impact of the embedded parameters is found on hybrid nanofluid flow when matched to nanofluid flow.

A fuzzy parametric model for decision making involving F-OWA operator with unknown weights environment.

Weight determining of attributes is an important factor in decision support systems since it corresponds to the relative importance of each criteria which is necessary to be determined since all the attributes aren't equally important. The aim of this paper is to put forward a method for multi Criteria decision making (MCDM) problems based on three trapezoidal fuzzy numbers under completely unknown weights environment. Based on the idea that the attribute with a larger deviation value among alternatives should be assigned a larger weight, an optimization model based on maximizing deviation method is established. F-OWA is considered to be vastly superior from the existing operators which usually take into account only the relative significance of decision makers. F-OWA operator considers not only the ratings of attribute values but also their ordered position that is it not only signifies the decision makers but also values the individual assessments. We utilize fuzzy ordered weighted averaging (F-OWA) operator to compute the collective overall preference value of each alternative and select the most desirable one according to their expected score values. The presented method is more generalized since we have used TTFNs, which are more effective in capturing uncertainty than IT2FS, just like triangular fuzzy numbers have a better representational power than simple interval numbers. Moreover, an illustrative example is given for the justification of the proposed technique.

Effectiveness of thermal radiations and homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in Maxwell flow field across a rotating cylinder.

This paper investigates the impact of cubic autocatalysis on energy transport in Maxwell fluid flow induced into a rotating cylinder inspired by a solar radiative surface. The homogeneous-reaction is assumed to be furnished by the kinetics of isothermal cubic autocatalytic and the heterogeneous reaction by kinetics of first order. To prevent induced axial secondary flow, the cylinder's rotation is maintained at a constant rate. The characteristics of thermal radiation are also investigated to regulate the pace of heat transmission. A magnetic beam is projected in the upward radial direction to control the fluid momentum. A suitable flow ansatz is used to convert the entire physical problem of thermal energy transmission and fluid flow from partial differential equations (PDEs) to nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Results obtained numerically with the bvp4c approach are presented graphically and explained physically. It is observed that by flourishing the Reynolds parameter, the penetration depth decreases. Further, when the thermal relaxation period increases, the temperature field degrades. Moreover, when the homogeneous-heterogeneous reaction's strength is increased, a reduction in fluid concentration is shown.

Triple exponentially weighted moving average control chart with measurement error.

Measurement error (M.E) can have a substantial impact on quality control applications, diminishing the sensitivity to detect changes in the mean or variance of quality characteristics. To monitor shifts in process mean and dispersion, Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) and Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) control charts are commonly employed. In our research, we investigated the influence of M.E on the Triple Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (TEWMA) control chart. We assessed the performance of the control chart using Average Run Length (ARL) as the evaluation metric. To compute the ARL properties, we adopted the Monte-Carlo simulation method. A comparison section has been made to check the performance efficiency of the control chart with the existing EWMA control chart. The implementation of a control chart on a real data set is also presented.

Numerical simulations of heat generation, thermal radiation and thermal transport in water-based nanoparticles: OHAM study.

This study investigates the 3D flow properties and heat transfer of copper, titanium/ water nanofluids across a bidirectional surface under the impact of MHD. The thermophysical features of nanofluid are employed using the Tiwari and Das model. Boundary layer theory has simplified the resulting physical principles. By using the proper transformations, the complicated sets of connected PDEs have evolved into ODEs. Equations that have been modify by using OHAM. For various dimensionless component ranges between [Formula: see text].[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] the results are investigated computationally and graphically. It is observed that fluid parameters improve; they react differently from temperature and velocity profile. Additionally, thermal profiles decrease in comparison to greater Eckert and Prandtl numbers.

Analysis of the Time-Dependent magnetohydrodynamic Newtonian fluid flow over a rotating sphere with thermal radiation and chemical reaction.

This article presents the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a nanoliquid due to a rotating sphere at a stagnation point. The flow is considered to be influenced by the magnetic field, dissipative, thermally radiative, and chemically reactive. Also, the thermophoretic and Brownian motion influences are taken into consideration. Some restrictions in the present analysis are taken: like there is no-slip and convective conditions, joule heating, Hall effects and buoyancy-driven. The solution of the present analysis is derived through the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The significance of several physical parameters on velocities, thermal and concentration profiles are shown with the help of Figures. Also, the significance of different physical factors on skin frictions, local Nusselt number and Sherwood number are demonstrated with the help of Tables. The outcomes show that the Nusselt number is lower for the larger Brownian motion parameter, Eckert number, and thermophoretic parameter, while the increment in the thermal radiation parameter augmented the Nusselt number. It is established that the increasing rotation, magnetic and positive constant parameters have increased the velocity profiles along the x-direction while reducing the velocity profiles along the z-direction of the nanoliquid flow. The increasing positive constant parameter reduces the thermal graph of the nanoliquid flow. Furthermore, the intensifying Eckert number, thermophoresis, Brownian motion, and thermal radiation factor have escalated the thermal profiles of the nanoliquid flow.

A stratified flow of a non-Newtonian Casson fluid comprising microorganisms on a stretching sheet with activation energy.

A stratified flow may be seen regularly in a number of significant industrial operations. For instance, the stratified flow regime is typically used by gas-condensate pipelines. Clearly, only a limited set of working situations for which this flow arrangement is stable allow for the achievement of the stratified two-phase flow zone. In this paper, the authors are considered the laminar, steady and incompressible magnetohydrodynamic flow of a non-Newtonian Casson fluid flow past a stratified extending sheet. The features of bio-convection, Brownian motion, thermal radiation thermophoresis, heat source, and chemically reactive activation energy have been employed. The set of equations administered flow of fluid is converted into ordinary differential equation by suitable variables. A semi-analytical investigation of the present analysis is performed with homotopy analysis method. Endorsement of the current results with previous results is also investigated. The outcomes showed that the velocity distribution of the fluid flow lessens with higher Casson and magnetic factors. The temperature profiles of fluid flow shrinkage as the Prandtl number and Casson factor increase and enlarges with higher values of thermal radiation, magnetic, and Brownian motion factors. It is found that the growing thermophoretic and Brownian motion factors reduce the rate of thermal flow of the Casson fluid flow. In contrast, the increasing thermal stratification parameter increases the thermal flow rate of fluid.

Phytogenically Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) Potentially Inhibit the Bacterial Pathogens: In Vitro Studies.

The usefulness of nanoparticles (NPs) in biological applications, such as nanomedicine, is becoming more widely acknowledged. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are a type of metal oxide nanoparticle with an extensive use in biomedicine. Here, ZnO-NPs were synthesized using Cassia siamea (L.) leaf extract and characterized using state-of-the-art techniques; UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, and SEM. At sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels, the ability of ZnO@Cs-NPs to suppress quorum-mediated virulence factors and biofilm formation against clinical MDR isolates (Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Chromobacterium violaceum MCC-2290) was tested. The ½MIC of ZnO@Cs-NPs reduced violacein production by C. violaceum. Furthermore, ZnO@Cs-NPs sub-MIC significantly inhibited virulence factors such aspyoverdin, pyocyanin, elastase, exoprotease, rhamnolipid, and the swimming motility of P. aeruginosa PAO1 by 76.9, 49.0, 71.1, 53.3, 89.5, and 60%, respectively. Moreover, ZnO@Cs-NPs also showed wide anti-biofilm efficacy, inhibiting a maximum of 67 and 56% biofilms in P. aeruginosa and C. violaceum, respectively. In addition, ZnO@Cs-NPs suppressed extra polymeric substances (EPS) produced by isolates. Additionally, under confocal microscopy, propidium iodide-stained cells of P. aeruginosa and C. violaceum show ZnO@Cs-NP-induced impairment in membrane permeability, revealing strong anti-bacterial efficacy. This research demonstrates that newly synthesized ZnO@Cs-NPs demonstrate a strong efficacy against clinical isolates. In a nutshell, ZnO@Cs-NPs can be used as an alternative therapeutic agent for managing pathogenic infections.

Exact solutions via Prabhakar fractional approach to investigate heat transfer and flow features of hybrid nanofluid subject to shape and slip effects.

The core devotion of this study is to develop a generalized model by means of a recently proposed fractional technique in order to anticipate the enhancement in the thermal efficiency of engine oil because of the dispersion of graphene and magnesia nanoparticles. In addition to investigating the synergistic attributes of the foregoing particles, this work evaluates shape impacts for column, brick, tetrahedron, blade, and lamina-like shapes. In the primary model, the flow equation is coupled with concentration and energy functions. This classical system is transmuted into a fractional environment by generalizing mathematical expressions of thermal and diffusion fluxes by virtue of the Prabhakar fractional operator. In this study, ramped flow and temperature slip conditions are simultaneously applied for the first time to examine the behavior of a hybrid nanofluid. The mathematical analysis of this problem involves the incorporation of dimension-independent parameters into the model and the execution of the Laplace transform for the consequent equations. By doing so, exact solutions are derived in the form of Mittag-Leffler functions. Multiple illustrations are developed by dint of exact solutions to chew over all aspects of temperature variations and flow dynamics. For the preparation of these illustrations, the details of parametric ranges are as follows: [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]. The contribution of differently shaped nanoparticles, volume proportions, and fractional parameters in boosting the heat-transferring attributes of engine oil is also anticipated. In this regard, results for Nusselt number are provided in tabular form. Additionally, a brief analysis of shear stress is carried out for fractional parameters and various combinations of magnesia, graphene, and engine oil. This investigation anticipates that engine oil's hybridization with magnesia and graphene would result in a 33% increase in its thermal performance, which evidently improves its industrial significance. The enhancement in Schmidt number yields an improvement in the mass transfer rate. An increment in collective volume fraction leads to raising the profile of the thermal field. However, the velocity indicates a decreasing behavior. Nusselt number reaches its highest value ([Formula: see text]) for the lamina shape of considered particles. When the intensity of the buoyancy force augments, it causes the velocity to increase.

A theoretical analysis of the ternary hybrid nanofluid flows over a non-isothermal and non-isosolutal multiple geometries.

The current problem is concerned with the study of magnetohydrodynamic ternary hybrid nanofluid flow over two distinct geometries i.e., cone and wedge. The ternary hybrid nanoliquid with MHD has a lot of engineering and industrial applications. In polymer data processing, cone and wedge geometries are frequently utilized. Therefore, the present problem is designed to the flow of ternary hybrid nanoliquid over multiple geometries. Hybrid nanoliquids performed well in the heat transport rate as compared to the nanoliquid and conventional liquid. Here in this study, the idea of ternary hybrid nanoliquid is introduced to improve the energy and mass transmissions which show more satisfactory results in the thermal and mass transmission performance. The impacts of chemical reaction and thermal radiation are also executed in this model. The formulation of the present study is performed in the form of PDEs which are then transformed into the ODEs by using suitable similarity transformations. The homotopic analysis scheme is implemented for the semi-analytical solution of the existing model. Some major results that materialize from the present simplification are that; the tri-hybrid nanoliquid velocity is greater for the rising nanoparticles volume fractions. The enlargement in radiation parameter enlarged the tri-hybrid nanoliquid thermal profile. The mass transfer rate of the ternary hybrid nanoliquid is lesser for the Schmidt number and chemical reaction. Intensification in nanoparticles volume fractions and radiation parameter has increased the ternary hybrid nanofluid heat rate transfer for both cone and wedge geometries.

A comparative analysis of the time-dependent magnetized blood-based nanofluids flows over a stretching cylinder.

This article explores the analysis of magnetized blood-based nanofluids flows over an extending cylinder. The nanofluid contains copper, copper oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles which are mixed with blood. The mathematical model has been built-up in partial differential equations (PDEs) form and then changed into ordinary different equations by mean of suitable similarity variables and then has been evaluated by homotopy analysis method (HAM). The convergence of the applied technique is presented in graphical form. During the solution process, the influences of physical parameters like magnetic parameter, unsteadiness parameter, curvature parameter and thermal relaxation time parameter on the flow profiles have been investigated and depicted in Figures and Tables. The correctness of the present model has also been presented in tabular form. The results show that the greater curvature factor reduces the radius of cylinder due to which thickness of layer becomes thin at the boundaries and therefore the velocity distribution declines, while the greater curvature parameter has the increasing impact on the temperature distribution for constant wall temperature (CWT) case and decreases the temperature distribution for prescribed surface temperature (PST) case.

Irreversibility analysis with hybrid cross nanofluid of stagnation point and radiative flow ( T i O 2 + C u O ) based on engine oil past a stretchable sheet.

The present study addressed the physical significance of the entropy generation for the mixed convection time-dependent flow of cross-hybrid nanoliquid due to the stretched surface at a stagnation point. The Plot for heat transport is discoursed by applying the role of thermal radiation under convective conditions. For hybrid nanofluid, engine oil is used as a base liquid with copper (II) oxide C u O and titanium dioxide T i O 2 nanoparticles. The existing model is framed in the highly partial differential equation system. The governing equations have been transformed into a set of ODS's using a similar scaling operation. Following this, the resulting ODEs are solved numerically through the BVP4c. The primary goal of this research is to analyze the results of varying the stretching ratio parameter ( λ ), Weissenberg parameter ( W e ), thermal radiation ( R d ), and Biot number ( B i ) for both pure T i O 2 and CuO +  T i O 2 / E O hybrid nanofluid, on the velocity, temperature, drag force, heat transfer as well as entropy generation, and Bejan number was studied. A drop in velocity is observed with increasing values of the W e and upsurge in velocity for rising value of unsteady parameter ( A ), while increasing values of both of these parameters are associated with rising temperatures. Copper and titanium oxide nanoparticles are used to increase Engine oil (EO) thermal enactment, making it a more useful base fluid. Further, some significant industrial and engineering applications are related to the present problem discourse.

Efficient class of ratio cum median estimators for estimating the population median.

In estimation theory, the use of auxiliary information significantly improves precision while estimating population parameters. In this paper, an efficient class of ratio cum median estimators of the population median is suggested using simple random sampling without replacement. The expressions for bias and mean square error of the proposed class are derived theoretically. The condition for the asymptotic optimum estimator is obtained with its bias and mean square error expressions. Under certain realistic conditions, the asymptotic optimum estimator is more proficient, based on analytical and numerical comparisons with some existing estimators that are members of the suggested class of estimators. The superiority of the proposed ratio cum median estimators is shown through real data applications. Such a new proposed estimator will be useful in the future for data analysis and making decisions.

MHD micropolar hybrid nanofluid flow over a flat surface subject to mixed convection and thermal radiation.

Hybrid nanofluids play a significant role in the advancement of thermal characteristics of pure fluids both at experimental and industrial levels. This work explores the mixed convective MHD micropolar hybrid nanofluid flow past a flat surface. The hybrid nanofluid flow is composed of alumina and silver nanoparticles whereas water is used as a base fluid. The plate has placed vertical in a permeable medium with suction and injection effects. Furthermore, viscous dissipation, thermal radiation and Joule heating effects are taken into consideration. Specific similarity variables have been used to convert the set of modeled equations to dimension-free form and then has solved by homotopy analysis method (HAM). It has revealed in this investigation that, fluid motion upsurge with growth in magnetic field effects and mixed convection parameter and decline with higher values of micropolar factor. Micro-rotational velocity of fluid is upsurge with higher values of micropolar factor. Thermal flow behavior is augmenting for expended values of magnetic effects, radiation factor, Eckert number and strength of heat source. The intensification in magnetic strength and mixed convection factors has declined the skin friction and has upsurge with higher values of micropolar parameter. The Nusselt number has increased with the intensification in magnetic effects, radiation factor and Eckert number.

Improved adaptive EWMA control chart for process location with applications in groundwater physicochemical parameters and glass manufacturing industry.

The adaptive exponentially weighted moving average (AEWMA) control charts are the advanced form of classical memory control charts used for efficiently monitoring small-to-large shifts in the process parameters (location and/or dispersion). These AEWMA control charts estimate the unknown shifts using exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) or cumulative sum (CUSUM) control charts statistics. The hybrid EWMA (HEWMA) control chart is preferred over classical memory control charts to detect early shifts in process parameters. So, this study presents a new auxiliary information-based (AIB) AEWMA (IAEWMAAIB) control chart for process location that estimates the unknown location shift using HEWMA statistic. The objective is to develop an unbiased location shift estimator using HEWMA statistic and then adaptively update the smoothing constant. The shift estimation using HEWMA statistic instead of EWMA or CUSUM statistics boosts the performance of the proposed IAEWMAAIB control chart. The Monte Carlo simulation technique is used to get the numerical results. Famous performance evaluation measures like average run length, extra quadratic loss, relative average run length, and performance comparison index are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed chart with existing counterparts. The comparison reveals the superiority of the proposed control chart. Finally, two real-life applications from the glass manufacturing industry and physicochemical parameters of groundwater are considered to show the proposed control chart's implementation procedure and dominance.

Transcriptome Analysis of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Provides Insight Into Heat Stress Responses.

Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br., being widely grown in dry and hot weather, frequently encounters heat stress at various stages of growth. The crop, due to its inherent capacity, efficiently overcomes such stress during vegetative stages. However, the same is not always the case with the terminal (flowering through grain filling) stages of growth, where recovery from stress is more challenging. However, certain pearl millet genotypes such as 841-B are known to overcome heat stress even at the terminal growth stages. Therefore, we performed RNA sequencing of two contrasting genotypes of pearl millet (841-B and PPMI-69) subjected to heat stress (42°C for 6 h) at flowering stages. Over 274 million high quality reads with an average length of 150 nt were generated, which were assembled into 47,310 unigenes having an average length of 1,254 nucleotides, N50 length of 1853 nucleotides, and GC content of 53.11%. Blastx resulted in the annotation of 35,628 unigenes, and functional classification showed 15,950 unigenes designated to 51 Gene Ontology terms. A total of 13,786 unigenes were allocated to 23 Clusters of Orthologous Groups, and 4,255 unigenes were distributed to 132 functional Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database pathways. A total of 12,976 simple sequence repeats and 305,759 SNPs were identified in the transcriptome data. Out of 2,301 differentially expressed genes, 10 potential candidate genes were selected based on log2 fold change and adjusted p value parameters for their differential gene expression by qRT-PCR. We were able to identify differentially expressed genes unique to either of the two genotypes, and also, some DEGs common to both the genotypes were enriched. The differential expression patterns suggested that 841-B 6 h has better ability to maintain homeostasis during heat stress as compared to PPMI-69 6 h. The sequencing data generated in this study, like the SSRs and SNPs, shall serve as an important resource for the development of genetic markers, and the differentially expressed heat responsive genes shall be used for the development of transgenic crops.

Study on pathogenicity and characterization of disease causing fungal community associated with cultured fish of Kashmir valley, India.

Cultured fisheries of developing countries are continously challenged by a number of pathogenic microbes. Among microbial diseases, fungal and fungal like pathogen outbreaks lead to negative social and economic impacts on stakeholders. The cultured fisheries of Kashmir valley are also facing challenge from fungal pathogens, leading to tremendous socio-economic lossess to the fish farmer community hence, yearns to boost the sector with efficient management strategy. Our study was aimed at investigating the diversity of fungal communities infecting cultured rainbow trout and carp fish species. We employed classical microbiology, macro and micro morphological characteristics, and molecular analysis (multilocus typing) for fungal identification. Also histopathological approach was used to examine the pathogenicity patterns of diverse fungal groups. The study revealed that the infection in fish was predisposed to both superficial as well as visceral organs. However, skin, gills and head were predominantly infected compared to internal organs. The microbiological investigation of infected fish by culture dependent approach helped us to obtain the total of 250 fungal isolates. Out of these isolates, 21 different species were identified belonging to three diverse fungal groups which mostly included 14 species among Ascomycetes, 03 species of Oomycetes and 04 species of Zygomycetes. The majority of fungi which were infectious to cultured fish of valley are biotrophic or opportunistic soil fungi, and some of them being exclusive pathogens of fish.

Quality assessment of springs for drinking water in the Himalaya of South Kashmir, India.

The present study describes the water quality scenario of some freshwater springs of South Kashmir during the two-year period (2013-2015) because of rising pollution risks endangering water resources globally. The accessibility to quality drinking water has become a challenge and is receiving renewed attention. A total of 96 samples from twelve springs were collected and analyzed for major drinking water quality parameters. Piper trilinear and Durov diagram depicted dominance of Ca-Mg-HCO3 hydrochemical facies and simple dissolution and mixing process. Water quality was falling in very good to excellent class and well within the desirable limits of WHO thereby indicating huge potential for meeting rising drinking water demand. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the generation of three components (PC1, PC2, and PC3) with higher eigenvalues of 3 or more (3-6) explaining 40, 21, and 17% of the overall variance in water quality data sets, respectively. The components obtained from PCA indicate that the parameters responsible for variations are mainly related to discharge, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (natural), nutrients (agriculture), and cation and anions (lithology). The results suggest that the hydrochemistry of springs is jointly controlled by lithology and anthropogenic inputs.