Guard-cell-targeted overexpression of Arabidopsis Hexokinase 1 can improve water use efficiency in field-grown tobacco plants.

Water deficit currently acts as one of the largest limiting factors for agricultural productivity worldwide. Additionally, limitation by water scarcity is projected to continue in the future with the further onset of effects of global climate change. As a result, it is critical to develop or breed for crops that have increased water use efficiency and that are more capable of coping with water scarce conditions. However, increased intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) typically brings a trade-off with CO2 assimilation as all gas exchange is mediated by stomata, through which CO2 enters the leaf while water vapor exits. Previously, promising results were shown using guard-cell-targeted overexpression of hexokinase to increase iWUE without incurring a penalty in photosynthetic rates or biomass production. Here, two homozygous transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) lines expressing Arabidopsis Hexokinase 1 (AtHXK1) constitutively (35SHXK2 and 35SHXK5) and a line that had guard-cell-targeted overexpression of AtHXK1 (GCHXK2) were evaluated relative to wild type for traits related to photosynthesis and yield. In this study, iWUE was significantly higher in GCHXK2 compared with wild type without negatively impacting CO2 assimilation, although results were dependent upon leaf age and proximity of precipitation event to gas exchange measurement.

Determination of trace sulfur in biodiesel and diesel standard reference materials by isotope dilution sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

A method is described for quantification of sulfur at low concentrations on the order of mgkg(-1) in biodiesel and diesel fuels using isotope dilution and sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-SF-ICP-MS). Closed vessel microwave-assisted digestion was employed using a diluted nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide decomposition medium to reduce sample dilution volumes. Medium resolution mode was employed to eliminate isobaric interferences at (32)S and (34)S related to polyatomic phosphorus and oxygen species, and sulfur hydride species. The method outlined yielded respective limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 0.7 mg kg(-1) S and 2.5 mg kg(-1) S (in the sample). The LOD was constrained by instrument background counts at (32)S but was sufficient to facilitate value assignment of total S mass fraction in NIST SRM 2723b Sulfur in Diesel Fuel Oil at 9.06±0.13 mg kg(-1). No statistically significant difference at a 95% confidence level was observed between the measured and certified values for certified reference materials NIST SRM 2773 B100 Biodiesel (Animal-Based), CENAM DRM 272b and NIST SRM 2723a Sulfur in Diesel Fuel Oil, validating method accuracy.

Gene loci in maize influencing susceptibility to chilling dependent photoinhibition of photosynthesis.

Variation in tolerance in chilling-dependent photoinhibition has been associated with a wide range of traits in comparative physiological studies. A sweet corn (Zea mays L.) population of 214 F(2:3 )families previously mapped to near-saturation with 93 RFLP DNA markers were subjected to low temperature and high-light events prior to measurement of the maximum dark-adapted quantum efficiency of PS II (F(v)/F(m)), to identify loci associated with variation in chilling-dependent photoinhibition. In the first assay with ten families varying in seedling growth and germination, significant differences were observed among families in their response to and recovery from exposure to high light at low temperature. All the 214 F(2:3) families from this population were then evaluated for tolerance of chilling-dependent photoinhibition in a controlled environment and then in three replicated trials in the field, each following naturally occurring chilling events during spring. The measured effects on F(v)/F(m) were analyzed with software that mapped segregating loci that regulate trait expression and linked to genetic markers (PLABQTL). QTL 3.096 (i.e. 96 cM on chromosome three) was consistently identified in both controlled environment and in the mean of the three field trails. Another QTL at 8.025, described the greatest percentage of total phenotypic variance (ca. 10%) for the mean reduction in F(v)/F(m) of all three periods of measurement in the field. A third QTL (4.136) showed a highly significant association in the third field trial. These three QTLs were closely associated with genes that have been mechanistically related to photoinhibition tolerance and repair. The results suggest that the ratio of F(v)/F(m) is an approach that may be used in establishing marker-assisted breeding for improved tolerance to chilling of maize in the light and in turn better early-season growth in cool temperate climates.