Hypoglycaemic and hypolipaemic effects of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (guar) in normal and diabetic guinea pigs.

Information available in literature is contradictory regarding the glycaemic and cholesterolaemic activities of various legume proteins. Present work deals with the study of the effect of 'Guar' feeding on serum total lipids, free and esterified cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids. Normal and alloxan induced diabetic guinea pigs were kept on the whole seed diet of 'Guar' for four weeks. Blood sugar and total lipid levels were found to be decreased significantly in normal and as well as diabetic animals; free and esterified cholesterol levels were also observed to be lowered significantly in normals, whereas esterified fraction alone was found to be lowered in diabetics. Significant fall in the levels of other lipids i.e., triglycerides, phospholipids and total lipids was also noticed.

Microarterial pattern of human kidney.

The study of microarterial pattern of human kidney by Butylbuterate and Microfil Silicone Rubber compound cast technique has been carried out. The arcuate arteries and their major intrarenal branches were seen running in the tissue tunnels (the area devoid of glomeruli and capillary plexus) not observed by any other worker in the field. The aglomerular giant arterioles arising from arcuate and interlobar arteries were observed. Afferent arteriole feeds glomerulus and afferent breaks up into capillary plexus. Aglomerular afferents have also been observed. Glomeruli were distributed right underneath the renal capsule. Vasa-recta, from arcuate artery and capillary plexus at the corticomedullary junction were running almost a straight course deep into the medulla unlike the observations of Castelli and Huelke (1968) who noticed the tortuous course. However the present study revealed that the vasa-recta become highly tortuous when they terminate by anastomosing with each other at the apex of the renal papilla. When a major artery pierces through the vasa-recta bundle near corticomedullary junction, the bundle divides into 2 and each half arches round that vessel to continue as a single bundle.

Intrarenal arterial pattern of human kidney--corrosion cast study.

Study of intrarenal arterial pattern of kidney by corrosion cast method has been carried out on 100 kidneys obtained from post mortem bodies. The abnormal origin of renal artery is rare --only 3 percent. Renal artery divided extrarenally in 71 percent, intrarenally in 16 percent and at the hilum in 11 percent cases into anterior and posterior divisions. Renal artery did not divide into 2 divisions but continued as anterior division and divided into upper, middle and lower segmental arteries in one percent. The branching pattern of anterior division shows 5 different variations. Posterior segmental artery showed 3 different patterns. Variations in the origin of apical segmental artery were divided in 7 types and that of lower segmental artery in 5 types. The variations in origin of upper and middle segmental arteries were also observed. There were variations in the intrarenal branching pattern of all the segmental arteries.

Anthropometry of angles of scapula.

Various angles viz. superior, medial, inferior, inferolateral, lateral, acromial and coracoid were studied in 42 scapulae of right side and 54 scapulae of left side. The angles have no correlation to that of opposite side. The correlation coefficient of each angle in relation to other angles on the same side was studied. Some of the angles showed significant correlation to that of the others.

Surface projection of arterial segments in the human kidney.

Study of intrarenal arterial segments of human kidney by the corrosion cast method has been carried out on 100 kidneys obtained within 24 h of death. The five arterial segments which are normally described, namely, apical, upper, middle, lower and posterior, were reduced to four in 46% of the kidneys due to either absence of the apical segment or fusion of the upper and middle or middle and lower segments. The number of segments was very rarely (1%) reduced to three due to the absence of the posterior and apical segments. The apical segment was absent in 15%. The upper and middle segments were combined in 14% and the middle and lower segments in 17%. The surface projections of different segments were variable depending upon the intrarenal branching pattern of the segmental arteries.

Study of diaphyseal nutrient foramina in human long bones.

A study was done to determine the number, size, direction, exact site and position of the nutrient foramina in human long bones. The position of all nutrient foramina observed was on the flexor aspect and was more or less around a fixed area, but the exact spot varied considerably. Two foramina were much more frequent in the femur, clavicle and humerus than in the other long bones. Three and four nutrient foramina have also been observed in few femora, clavicles and ulnae. Absence of a foramen has been observed in few humeri and radii. Variations have been observed in the direction of nutrient foramina only in lower limb bones. The nutrient foramina in long bones have been described as being directed towards the elbow and away from the knee. Our observations support this assumption except in 0.5% femora, 3.5% tibiae and 9.5% fibulae. Periosteal, muscular and vascular theories are discussed for the normal and abnormal direction of the foramina; the vascular theory offers the best explanation of all reported anomalies as well as of the normal fashioning of the nutrient canals.