Long-read whole-genome analysis of human single cells.

Long-read sequencing has dramatically increased our understanding of human genome variation. Here, we demonstrate that long-read technology can give new insights into the genomic architecture of individual cells. Clonally expanded CD8+ T-cells from a human donor were subjected to droplet-based multiple displacement amplification (dMDA) to generate long molecules with reduced bias. PacBio sequencing generated up to 40% genome coverage per single-cell, enabling detection of single nucleotide variants (SNVs), structural variants (SVs), and tandem repeats, also in regions inaccessible by short reads. 28 somatic SNVs were detected, including one case of mitochondrial heteroplasmy. 5473 high-confidence SVs/cell were discovered, a sixteen-fold increase compared to Illumina-based results from clonally related cells. Single-cell de novo assembly generated a genome size of up to 598 Mb and 1762 (12.8%) complete gene models. In summary, our work shows the promise of long-read sequencing toward characterization of the full spectrum of genetic variation in single cells.

Spatiotemporal analysis identifies ABF2 and ABF3 as key hubs of endodermal response to nitrate.

Nitrate is a nutrient and a potent signal that impacts global gene expression in plants. However, the regulatory factors controlling temporal and cell type-specific nitrate responses remain largely unknown. We assayed nitrate-responsive transcriptome changes in five major root cell types of the Arabidopsis thaliana root as a function of time. We found that gene-expression response to nitrate is dynamic and highly localized and predicted cell type-specific transcription factor (TF)-target interactions. Among cell types, the endodermis stands out as having the largest and most connected nitrate-regulatory gene network. ABF2 and ABF3 are major hubs for transcriptional responses in the endodermis cell layer. We experimentally validated TF-target interactions for ABF2 and ABF3 by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing and a cell-based system to detect TF regulation genome-wide. Validated targets of ABF2 and ABF3 account for more than 50% of the nitrate-responsive transcriptome in the endodermis. Moreover, ABF2 and ABF3 are involved in nitrate-induced lateral root growth. Our approach offers an unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution of the root response to nitrate and identifies important components of cell-specific gene regulatory networks.

Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis: results obtained in the specialized laboratory of Clínica Universitaria Colombia from 2013 to 2019.

OBJECTIVE: Prenatal cytogenetic evaluation is a key tool for identifying alterations in pregnant women with high risk for fetal chromosomal abnormalities (CA). In Colombia, there are not large-scale reports about the prevalence and pattern of CA in prenatal cytogenetic analysis. METHOD: A descriptive study was performed from registers of prenatal cytogenetic analysis on amniotic fluid (AF), chorionic villus biopsy (CVS), and fetal blood (FB) samples sent to the specialized laboratory of the Clínica Universitaria Colombia between 2013 and 2019. RESULTS: The prevalence of CA was 20.9%. The trisomies 21, 18, 13, and monosomy X were the most frequent aneuploidies, and the derivative chromosomes were the most frequent structural abnormalities. Although the rate of CA was higher in women over the age of 35 years old; monosomy X, unbalanced rearrangements, and microduplications were associated with the group of women under the age of 35 (p < .05). Trisomies 21 and 18 were the most common aneuploidies identified by FISH and were found to be altered in 52% of the aCGH studies. Ultrasonographic markers associated with CA were the most frequent clinical indication. CONCLUSION: In Colombia, the invasive prenatal cytogenetic analysis continues being an important diagnostic tool available for pregnant women with high risk for fetal CA.

Plant ecological genomics at the limits of life in the Atacama Desert.

The Atacama Desert in Chile-hyperarid and with high-ultraviolet irradiance levels-is one of the harshest environments on Earth. Yet, dozens of species grow there, including Atacama-endemic plants. Herein, we establish the Talabre-Lejía transect (TLT) in the Atacama as an unparalleled natural laboratory to study plant adaptation to extreme environmental conditions. We characterized climate, soil, plant, and soil-microbe diversity at 22 sites (every 100 m of altitude) along the TLT over a 10-y period. We quantified drought, nutrient deficiencies, large diurnal temperature oscillations, and pH gradients that define three distinct vegetational belts along the altitudinal cline. We deep-sequenced transcriptomes of 32 dominant plant species spanning the major plant clades, and assessed soil microbes by metabarcoding sequencing. The top-expressed genes in the 32 Atacama species are enriched in stress responses, metabolism, and energy production. Moreover, their root-associated soils are enriched in growth-promoting bacteria, including nitrogen fixers. To identify genes associated with plant adaptation to harsh environments, we compared 32 Atacama species with the 32 closest sequenced species, comprising 70 taxa and 1,686,950 proteins. To perform phylogenomic reconstruction, we concatenated 15,972 ortholog groups into a supermatrix of 8,599,764 amino acids. Using two codon-based methods, we identified 265 candidate positively selected genes (PSGs) in the Atacama plants, 64% of which are located in Pfam domains, supporting their functional relevance. For 59/184 PSGs with an Arabidopsis ortholog, we uncovered functional evidence linking them to plant resilience. As some Atacama plants are closely related to staple crops, these candidate PSGs are a "genetic goldmine" to engineer crop resilience to face climate change.

Endovascular management of internal carotid artery dissection with associated aneurysm using a multilayer flow modulator.

Extracranial carotid artery dissection represents up to 22% of acute neurovascular disease in young patients. There are no specific guidelines regarding indication for endovascular management of carotid artery dissection with stenting and its complications. We describe three patients with carotid artery dissection and associated dissecting aneurysm who underwent endovascular stenting with the multilayer flow modulator. At 12-month follow-up, the dissecting aneurysms were resolved, and positive clinical outcome was achieved in all patients. Our results suggest that the multilayer flow modulator may be an alternative option for endovascular interventions in patients with carotid artery dissection and pseudoaneurysms because it favors laminar flow, and it may promote spontaneous healing of the wall by progressively reducing the vascular stress in the aneurysm wall. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Step-by-Step Construction of Gene Co-expression Networks from High-Throughput Arabidopsis RNA Sequencing Data.

The rapid increase in the availability of transcriptomics data generated by RNA sequencing represents both a challenge and an opportunity for biologists without bioinformatics training. The challenge is handling, integrating, and interpreting these data sets. The opportunity is to use this information to generate testable hypothesis to understand molecular mechanisms controlling gene expression and biological processes (Fig. 1). A successful strategy to generate tractable hypotheses from transcriptomics data has been to build undirected network graphs based on patterns of gene co-expression. Many examples of new hypothesis derived from network analyses can be found in the literature, spanning different organisms including plants and specific fields such as root developmental biology.In order to make the process of constructing a gene co-expression network more accessible to biologists, here we provide step-by-step instructions using published RNA-seq experimental data obtained from a public database. Similar strategies have been used in previous studies to advance root developmental biology. This guide includes basic instructions for the operation of widely used open source platforms such as Bio-Linux, R, and Cytoscape. Even though the data we used in this example was obtained from Arabidopsis thaliana, the workflow developed in this guide can be easily adapted to work with RNA-seq data from any organism.

Nitrate induction of root hair density is mediated by TGA1/TGA4 and CPC transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Root hairs are specialized cells that are important for nutrient uptake. It is well established that nutrients such as phosphate have a great influence on root hair development in many plant species. Here we investigated the role of nitrate on root hair development at a physiological and molecular level. We showed that nitrate increases root hair density in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that two different root hair defective mutants have significantly less nitrate than wild-type plants, suggesting that in A. thaliana root hairs have an important role in the capacity to acquire nitrate. Nitrate reductase-null mutants exhibited nitrate-dependent root hair phenotypes comparable with wild-type plants, indicating that nitrate is the signal that leads to increased formation of root hairs. We examined the role of two key regulators of root hair cell fate, CPC and WER, in response to nitrate treatments. Phenotypic analyses of these mutants showed that CPC is essential for nitrate-induced responses of root hair development. Moreover, we showed that NRT1.1 and TGA1/TGA4 are required for pathways that induce root hair development by suppression of longitudinal elongation of trichoblast cells in response to nitrate treatments. Our results prompted a model where nitrate signaling via TGA1/TGA4 directly regulates the CPC root hair cell fate specification gene to increase formation of root hairs in A. thaliana.

Varicela perinatal en el Hospital Puerto Lempira: reporte de un caso / Perinatal Varicella at Puerto Lempira Hospital. Case report

Antecedentes: La varicela es una enfermedad exantemática que se presenta predominantemente en la infancia, siendo muy contagiosa por lo que su presencia durante el embarazo, en el feto y el recién nacido pueden representar un verdadero problema. El primer caso de varicela congénita se informó ́ en 1878; ocurrió ́ en un recién nacido de un día de vida por lo que hizo pensar que la infección había sido adquirida in utero. Caso clínico: Se expone el caso de un neonato de 14 días de vida el cual es llevado a emer - gencias por presentar lesiones vesiculosas generalizadas acompañado de irritabilidad, sin ningún otro síntoma acompañante, con an - tecedente de su madre y su hermano mayor de presentar las mismas lesiones una semana antes del nacimiento, por lo cual se ingresó con el diagnóstico y tratamiento de varicela perinatal, con evolución satisfactoria a las dos semanas de tratamiento, sin complicaciones. Conclusión: El empleo temprano de Aciclovir oral contribuyo a la remisión satisfactoria del cuadro, aunado a la protección parcial por las IgG de la madre adquirida vía transplacentaria. La infección por VVZ en la embarazada se ha demostrado como un agente terató - geno reconocido y la varicela perinatal puede ser muy grave, pero aquí radica la importancia del periodo de gestación en la cual ocurre la transmisión, siendo la falta de control prenatal un detonante que contribuye al aumento de morbimortalidad perinatal...(AU)

Síndrome de Melas: correlación clínica con hallazgos imagenológicos en espectroscopia y tractografía, reporte de caso / Melas syndrome: clinical correlation with imaging findings in spectroscopy and tractography, case report

El síndrome de Melas es una enfermedad de herencia mitocondrial caracterizada por encefalopatía mitocondrial, acidosis láctica y eventos similares a ataque cerebrovascular, secundaria a una mutación en los genes que codifican las proteínas transportadoras de electrones, limitando la producción energética y generando disfunción multiorgánica, que afecta principalmente el sistema músculo esquelético y el sistema nervioso, lo que está en correlación con las características clínicas que presentan los pacientes. El diagnostico se basa en la sospecha clínica, los hallazgos paraclínicos e imagenológicos y la confirmación de la mutación a través del estudio genético. No existe tratamiento específico, se basa únicamente en el manejo sintomático y requiere apoyo multidisciplinario. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con antecedente de Melas, que ingresó por evento cerebrovascular isquémico bioccipital y correlación con hallazgos en neuroimágenes (espectroscopia y tractografía).

Melas syndrome is a disease characterized by mitochondrial inheritance of mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and events like stroke secondary to a mutation in the gene encoding the electron transport proteins limiting energy production and generating multiorgan dysfunction being affected mainly musculoskeletal system and the nervous system which correlates with the clinical characteristics presented by patients. The diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, laboratory, and imaging findings and confirmation of the mutation through genetic study. No specific treatment is Is available, but symptomatic treatment is needed and requires multidisciplinary support. We report a patient with a history of Melas who who had bioccipital cerebral ischemic event and correlation with findings in neuroimaging (spectroscopy and tractography).

Constructing simple biological networks for understanding complex high-throughput data in plants.

Technological advances in the last decade have enabled biologists to produce increasing amounts of information for the transcriptome, proteome, interactome, and other -omics data sets in many model organisms. A major challenge is integration and biological interpretation of these massive data sets in order to generate testable hypotheses about gene regulatory networks or molecular mechanisms that govern system behaviors. Constructing gene networks requires bioinformatics skills to adequately manage, integrate, analyze and productively use the data to generate biological insights. In this chapter, we provide detailed methods for users without prior knowledge of bioinformatics to construct gene networks and derive hypotheses that can be experimentally verified. Step-by-step instructions for acquiring, integrating, analyzing, and visualizing genome-wide data are provided for two widely used open source platforms, R and Cytoscape platforms. The examples provided are based on Arabidopsis data, but the protocols presented should be readily applicable to any organism for which similar data can be obtained.

Systems approach identifies TGA1 and TGA4 transcription factors as important regulatory components of the nitrate response of Arabidopsis thaliana roots.

Nitrate acts as a potent signal to control global gene expression in Arabidopsis. Using an integrative bioinformatics approach we identified TGA1 and TGA4 as putative regulatory factors that mediate nitrate responses in Arabidopsis roots. We showed that both TGA1 and TGA4 mRNAs accumulate strongly after nitrate treatments in roots. Global gene expression analysis revealed 97% of the genes with altered expression in tga1 tga4 double mutant plants respond to nitrate treatments, indicating that these transcription factors have a specific role in nitrate responses in Arabidopsis root organs. We found TGA1 and TGA4 regulate the expression of nitrate transporter genes NRT2.1 and NRT2.2. Specific binding of TGA1 to its cognate DNA sequence on NRT2.1 and NRT2.2 promoters was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. The tga1 tga4 double mutant plants exhibit nitrate-dependent lateral and primary root phenotypes. Lateral root initiation is affected in both tga1 tga4 and nrt1.2 nrt2.2 double mutants, suggesting TGA1 and TGA4 regulate lateral root development at least partly via NRT2.1 and NRT2.2. Additional root phenotypes of tga1 tga4 double mutants indicate that these transcription factors play an important role in root developmental responses to nitrate. These results identify TGA1 and TGA4 as important regulatory factors of the nitrate response in Arabidopsis roots.

Retiro temprano de esteroides en una cohorte de trasplante renal tratada con tacrolimus, mofetil micofenolato y basiliximab / Early steroid withdrawal in a renal transplant cohort treated with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and basiliximab

Antecedentes: No hay suficiente evidencia sobre la frecuencia de rechazo agudo y la función del injerto en los pacientes con retiro temprano de esteroides (RTE). El objetivo del presente estudio es comparar el efecto del RTE sobre la tasa de filtrado glomerular (TFG), la supervivencia/rechazo del injerto en receptores de una cohorte de tratados con tacrolimus/mofetil micofenolato, comparada con un grupo control. Material y métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva en 60 receptores de bajo riesgo inmunológico entre diciembre de 2005 y julio de 2010. Cohorte del estudio (C-RTE; N = 32), el RTE se hizo el 5o día mientras recibían tacrolimus/mofetil micofenolato. La cohorte control (C-C, N = 28) recibió prednisona/tacrolimus/mofetil micofenolato. Las variables clínicas, bioquímicas e histológicas fueron evaluadas al inicio del estudio, y a los 3, 6 y 12 meses de seguimiento. Se utilizó Kaplan-Meier y el modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox para evaluar la supervivencia. Las comparaciones entre cohortes fueron hechas por la t de Student y χ2. Resultados: Durante el seguimiento, la C-C muestra presión sanguínea significativamente mayor tanto sistólica (125 ± 10 frente a 114 ± 8) como diastólica (81 ± 8 frente a 72 ± 7), glucosa sérica (96 ± 13 frente a 86 ± 10), triglicéridos (177 ± 61 frente a 129 ± 34), colesterol total (183 ± 43 frente a 148 ± 34) y colesterol LDL (100 ± 22 frente a 87 ± 25). La C-C presentó una mayor proporción de uso de antihipertensivos (57 frente a 13 %) y de estatinas (27 frente a 9 %). La TFGe fue mejor en la C-RTE que en la C-C (85,4 ± 20,6 frente a 70,6 ± 17,0, p = 0,004). La frecuencia de rechazo agudo fue menor en la C-RTE. Conclusiones: La supervivencia del injerto, la TFG, la tasa de rechazo agudo y el perfil metabólico fueron mejores en la C-RTE que en la C-C (AU)

Background: Acute rejection and graft function have not been completely clarified in early-steroid-withdrawal (ESW) patients. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of early steroid withdrawal on GFR, graft survival/rejection in recipients in a cohort treated with tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil compared to a control cohort. Material and method: Retrospective cohort, in 60 low immunological risk recipients between December 2005 and July 2010. Study cohort (ESW-C N=32), steroid withdrawal was carried out after 5 days, while they were receiving tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil. The control cohort (C-C, N=28) received prednisone/tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil. Clinical, biochemical and histological variables were assessed at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months of follow-up. Kaplan-Meier and the Cox proportional hazards model were used to assess survival. Comparisons between cohorts were carried out by the Student's t and χ2 tests. Results: At follow-up, C-C displayed significantly higher systolic (125±10 vs. 114±8) and diastolic (81±8 vs. 72±7) blood pressure, serum glucose (96±13 vs. 86±10), triglycerides (177±61 vs. 129±34), total (183±43 vs. 148±34) and LDL-cholesterol (100±22 vs. 87±25). C-C had a higher proportion of antihypertensive (57 vs. 13%), and statins (27 vs. 9%) use. eGFR was better in ESW-C than in C-C (85.4±20.6 vs. 70.6±17.0, p=.004). AR frequency was lower in ESW-C. Conclusions: Graft survival, GFR, AR rate and metabolic profile were better in the ESW-C than in C-C (AU)

Early steroid withdrawal in a renal transplant cohort treated with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and basiliximab.

BACKGROUND: Acute rejection and graft function have not been completely clarified in early-steroid-withdrawal (ESW) patients. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of early steroid withdrawal on GFR, graft survival/rejection in recipients in a cohort treated with tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil compared to a control cohort. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective cohort, in 60 low immunological risk recipients between December 2005 and July 2010. Study cohort (ESW-C N=32), steroid withdrawal was carried out after 5 days, while they were receiving tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil. The control cohort (C-C, N=28) received prednisone/tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil. Clinical, biochemical and histological variables were assessed at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months of follow-up. Kaplan-Meier and the Cox proportional hazards model were used to assess survival. Comparisons between cohorts were carried out by the Student's t and c2 tests. RESULTS: At follow-up, C-C displayed significantly higher systolic (125 ± 10 vs. 114 ± 8) and diastolic (81 ± 8 vs. 72 ± 7) blood pressure, serum glucose (96 ± 13 vs. 86 ± 10), triglycerides (177 ± 61 vs. 129 ± 34), total (183 ± 43 vs. 148 ± 34) and LDL-cholesterol (100 ± 22 vs. 87 ± 25). C-C had a higher proportion of antihypertensive (57 vs. 13%), and statins (27 vs. 9%) use. eGFR was better in ESW-C than in C-C (85.4 ± 20.6 vs. 70.6 ± 17.0, p=.004). AR frequency was lower in ESW-C. CONCLUSIONS: Graft survival, GFR, AR rate and metabolic profile were better in the ESW-C than in C-C.

Systems approaches map regulatory networks downstream of the auxin receptor AFB3 in the nitrate response of Arabidopsis thaliana roots.

Auxin is a key phytohormone regulating central processes in plants. Although the mechanism by which auxin triggers changes in gene expression is well understood, little is known about the specific role of the individual members of the TIR1/AFB auxin receptors, Aux/IAA repressors, and ARF transcription factors and/or molecular pathways acting downstream leading to plant responses to the environment. We previously reported a role for AFB3 in coordinating primary and lateral root growth to nitrate availability. In this work, we used an integrated genomics, bioinformatics, and molecular genetics approach to dissect regulatory networks acting downstream of AFB3 that are activated by nitrate in roots. We found that the NAC4 transcription factor is a key regulatory element controlling a nitrate-responsive network, and that nac4 mutants have altered lateral root growth but normal primary root growth in response to nitrate. This finding suggests that AFB3 is able to activate two independent pathways to control root system architecture. Our systems approach has unraveled key components of the AFB3 regulatory network leading to changes in lateral root growth in response to nitrate.

Anuario estadístico 2012 / Statistical Yearbook 2012

Consta de siete capítulos, que incluye variables e indicadores más representativos de cada uno de ellos, para satisfacer las exigencias informativas, en los aspectos de laboratorios, principalmente en el área de salud. Las fuentes de información de este Anuario provienen de la compilación de la información que realizan los Centros Nacionales del INS en su trabajo con las DISAS/DIRESAS del Ministerio de Salud - MINSA, empresas públicas y privadas, usuarios en general; así como la proveniente de los órganos de apoyo del Instituto. Cabe mencionar, que los indicadores, acciones y detalle de algunas enfermedades, y la producción de los laboratorios de referencia nacional del INS, es información procedente de todo el país, no pretenden ser extrapolables como datos nacionales de prevalencia u otra dimensión(AU)

Morbilidad del recién nacido prematuro tardío durante su primer mes de vida comparado con el recién nacido de término / Late premature newborn, morbidity in the first month of life compared with term infants

Introducción: En los últimos años ha habido un incremento de recién nacidos cercanos a término; esta prematurez tardía se asocia con un aumento en la morbilidad y mortalidad neonatal, por lo que es interesante conocer las diferencias en la morbilidad de este grupo de pacientes, en comparación con los recién nacidos a término. Objetivo: Evaluar la morbimortalidad temprana y durante el primer mes de vida del prematuro tardío en comparación con el recién nacido a término. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio comparativo de dos cohortes de recién nacidos. Grupo 1: recién nacidos prematuros tardíos de 34 a 36.6 semanas de gestación, y Grupo 2: recién nacidos a término. Se compararon 15 variables relacionadas a morbimortalidad. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, para la comparación entre grupos t de Student y para comparar la morbilidad se determinó el riesgo relativo con el 95% de intervalo de confianza. Resultados: Se incluyeron 59 prematuros tardíos y 69 nacidos a término. De los factores maternos estudiados no hubo diferencias significativas. Respecto a los neonatos, existió un mayor riesgo del prematuro tardío para hiperbilirrubinemia (OR: 1.7 con IC 95% 1.1-2.65, reflujo gastroesofágico 1.8 con IC 95% 1.1-2.9 y dificultad en la alimentación (OR 1.66 con IC 95% 1.14-2.4). Conclusiones: Los riesgos de morbilidad encontrados en el prematuro tardío son aquellos que se presentan por su propia prematurez. No se encontró morbilidad en el prematuro tardío, secundaria a patología materna asociada.

Introduction: In recent years there has been an increase in the number of births of infants near term; this late prematurity is associated with increased neonatal morbidity and mortality, so it is important to know the differences in morbidity in this group of patients compared with term newborns, during the first month of life. Objective: To evaluate the early morbidity and during the first month of life of late preterm compared with term infants. Material and methods: We performed a comparative study of two cohorts of infants. Cohort 1: Late preterm infants from 34 to 36.6 weeks of gestation and Cohort 2; term infants. The morbidity was recorded during the first month of life, 15 variables were measure. We used descriptive statistic, for comparison between groups Student's t and to compare morbidity between groups the relative risk with 95% confidence interval. Results: We included 59 late preterm and 69 term infants. Of the maternal factors studied no statistically significant difference was found; respect to neonatal morbidity, we identified a great risk in the late preterm risk for hyperbilirubinemia (OR 1.7, CI 95% 1.1-2.65), gastroesophageal reflux (OR 1.8, CI 95% 1.1-289) and feeding difficulties (OR: 1.66, CI 95% 1.14-2.42). Conclusions: The risk of morbidity in late preterm found are those related to their own prematurity. In this study, there was no pathology associated with maternal morbidity in late preterm.

Guía metodológica para el diseño, ejecución y control de tareas docentes integradoras en Morfofisiología Humana / Methodological guide for the design, implementation and control of integrative assignments in the human morphophysiology discipline

Las tareas docentes integradoras facilitan el desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas y otras que conducen alperfeccionamiento del pensamiento crítico, necesarias para el intercambio y la confrontación de criterios porparte de los estudiantes y la constatación social de susavances en la asimilación de los contenidos. En este artículo se presenta una guía metodológica para eldiseño, ejecución y control de tareas docentes integradoras en Morfofisiología Humana como disciplinaintegrada en la enseñanza de las Ciencias Básicas Biomédicas en la Carrera de Medicina. Los aspectosesenciales del artículo se muestran en tres momentos: descripción de la guía, orientaciones para desarrollar losdiferentes pasos de esta y algunas consideraciones para facilitar su empleo. Un sistema de tareas docentesintegradoras con carácter grupal, concebido desde la perspectiva de una nueva metodología en el aula contribuye al aprendizaje centrado en el studiante, a partir de una óptica sistémica en su elaboración(AU)

Integrative assignments support the development of communication skills and other skills leading to theimprovement of critical thinking in students, a goal they need to meet in order both, to exchange and discusscriteria and to appreciate their social progress in the assimilation of contents. This article presents a methodological guide for the design, implementation andcontrol of integrative assignments in the Human Morphophysiology discipline. This subject is included in the Basic Biomedical Sciences in Medicine Studies. The key aspects of this article are provided in three stages: description of the guide, guidelines to develop its various steps and some considerations to facilitate its use. Anintegral tasks-based system to work in groups, conceived from a systemic perspective of a new methodology in the classroom, contributes to thedevelopment of student-centered learning(AU)

Anuario estadístico 2011 / Statistical Yearbook 2011

El presente anuario estadístico de periodicidad anual consta de siete capítulos, que incluye variables e indicadores más representativos de cada uno de ellos, el cual pretende satisfacer las exigencias informativas, en los aspectos que la institución trabaja, principalmente en el área de salud