Assessment of bioclimatic change in Kazakhstan, end 20th-middle 21st centuries, according to the PRECIS prediction.

We evaluate bioclimatic changes in Kazakhstan from the end of the 20th century until the middle of the 21st century to offer natural resource managers a tool that facilitates their decision-making on measures to adapt agriculture and environmental care to foreseeable climate change. We use climatic data from the "Providing REgional Climates for Impact Studies" (PRECIS) prediction and study them following the Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System (WBCS) of Rivas-Martínez. For three 25-year intervals (1980-2004, 2010-2034 and 2035-2059), we identify the continentality, macrobioclimates, bioclimates, bioclimatic variants, thermotypes, ombrotypes and isobioclimates of the study area. The results of the work allow us to: locate the territories where bioclimatic conditions will change, quantify the magnitude of the predicted climate changes, and determine the trends of predictable climate change. We present the results in maps, tables and graphs. For the 80-year interval, we identify 3 macroclimates, 3 bioclimatic variants, 10 bioclimates, 11 thermotypes, 10 ombrotypes and 43 isobioclimates. Some of those found bioclimates, thermotypes, ombrotypes and isobioclimates are only located in the E, SE and S mountains, where they occupy very small areas, that decrease in a generalized way as the 20th century progresses. Comparing the three successive periods, the following trends are observed: 36.2% of the territory increases in thermicity; 7.3% of the territory increases in continentality; 9.7% of the territory increases in annual aridity; 9.5% of the territory increases in summer aridity or mediterraneity; and generalized losses occur in the areas of all mountain isobioclimates. The climate change foreseen by the PRECIS model for the middle of the 21st century leads to bioclimatic homogenization, with 20.8% losses in bioclimatic diversity. We indicate on maps the locations of all the predicted bioclimatic changes; these maps may provide decision makers with a scientific basis to take necessary adaptation measures.

Neurofisiología de la diabetes mellitus: estudio de los potenciales evocados visuales y auditivos en una muestra de niños entre 6 y 16 años / Neurophysiology of diabetes mellitus. Study of visual and auditory evoked potentials in a sample of children between 6 and 16 years

Introducción. La diabetes mellitus (DM) es una enfermedad cuyas complicaciones a corto plazo (hiperglucemia e hipoglucemia) pueden afectar al normal funcionamiento neurofisiológico, especialmente cuando el control metabólico de la enfermedad no es el adecuado. Objetivos. Estudiar el rendimiento neurofisiológico de un grupo de niños diagnosticados de DM. Material y métodos. La muestra está formada por un grupo de 42 niños diabéticos (GD) y otro grupo control formado por 43 niños no diabéticos (GND). El GD se dividió en dos subgrupos: diabéticos precoces y diabéticos tardíos, dependiendo de la edad de diagnóstico de la enfermedad, antes o después de los 5 años. Pruebas. Se registraron potenciales evocados visuales (PEV) y potenciales evocados auditivos (PEA). Resultados. Se han obtenido diferencias en los registros de las latencias y amplitudes de los PEV entre el GD y el GND, cuando se estimulaba el ojo derecho en la derivación O1. También se han encontrado diferencias entre el GD y el GND en la amplitud de los PEV en la derivación O1 cuando era estimulado el ojo izquierdo. No se han encontrado diferencias en los PEA. Conclusiones. La DM puede producir ligeras alteraciones en la actividad bioeléctrica infantil, a pesar de que la enfermedad lleve poco tiempo de evolución(AU)

Introduction. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease in which short-term complications (hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia) can affect normal neuropsychological functioning, especially when the metabolic control of the disease is not adequate. Objectives. Neurophysiological study of the performance of a group of children diagnosed with DM. Material and methods. The sample consisted of a group of 42 children with diabetes (GD) and a control group of 43 children without diabetes (GND). The GD was divided into two groups: early diabetes and late diabetic, depending on the age at diagnosis of the disease, before or after 5 years old. Measurements. We recorded latencies and amplitudes of visual and auditory evoked potentials (VEP and AEP) Results. Differences were found in the records of the latencies and amplitudes of the VEP between GD and GND, when the right eye was stimulated in the derivation O1. Also were found Differences were also found between the GD and GND in the amplitude of the VEP in the derivation O1 when the left eye was stimulated. No differences were found in the AEP. Conclusions. Diabetes mellitus can cause slight alterations in bioelectric activity of children, despite the disease being of short term evolution(AU)